CREATION OF GIS SUPPORTED DATABASE IN IRRIGATION PROJECT MANAGEMENT Kemal Sulhi GUNDOGDU, Hasan DEGIRMENCI and Cigdem DEMIRTAS University of Uludag, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bursa,Turkey ABSTRACT: Irrigation is one of the most important input for an efficient and sustainable agricultural production. Irrigation experts are seeking the ways in which the water is used very efficiently. The first phase of this achievement is to increase in effectiveness of irrigation management. A providing large amount of data are of great necessity for management of large scale irrigation projects. Data must be collected, stored and interrelated with each other in such a way that the data are readily accessible and not superous. The aim of this study is to present a GIS based management information system of irrigation projects and its model. In order to provide the usage of database which is the main component of GIS in irrigation management, it is clarified that how to process graphical, numerical and alfa numerical data in an organisation and what are the necessary investigations in obtaining the results. KEYWORDS: GIS, Irrigation Management 1. INTRODUCTION The 2/3 of all water of the world is used in irrigation, and 40% of total agricultural production is obtained from irrigated areas. Due to unsustainable, insufficient management of irrigation projects to environment and health condition on the irrigated area are negatively affected, and desired socioeconomic conditions achieved. Consequently, project opponents and supporters are facing with could not be each other and discussing on whether establishment of new irrigation projects or rehabilitation of existing ones with efficient irrigation management. The main reason of positive and negative consequences about any irrigation project is inefficient management of irrigation projects. Information which helps to system manager must be easily accessible in irrigation management. Most of the data related irrigation is characterised geographically. Use of GIS of great importance in establishing databases for irrigation systems in order to have readily, accessible and not superfluous data, data must be collected, recorded and interrelated in systematic way. For that reason it is very important to organise database which is the basis of the information system. Despite many efforts and incentives in irrigation development, some important indicators such as irrigation ratio, production increase, and water use efficiency are under expectations. The most important tool for improvement of productivity is irrigation management having good agricultural production, research and irrigation technology (Sisodia, 1992). Elimination of deficiencies of management and organisation is seen as an important tool in solving the problems. Therefore, Monitoring and evaluation is getting importance more and more in the irrigation management (Huppert, 1988). According to most researches; main reason for poor performance of irrigation projects is lack of efficient irrigation management rather than technical deficiencies (Huppert, 1993). Therefore, The term of management is used very often in discussing problems related to irrigation project. The word management has various number of definition in related literature.
Water management term refers irrigation water storage, water distribution at the channel level and water delivery at the plot level, and monitoring and evaluation. Irrigation management is described as giving required amount of water to root zone at the exact time. Actually, irrigation management term is used as water management on the international literatures (Swendsen at al., 1983 and Svendsen, 1989). Monitoring ad evaluation is of special importance in water management. Water management requests a strong link between project management and the farmers. The effectiveness and productivity of management and/or monitoring and evaluation unit depends on success of co-operation between farmers and water management unit (Brügger, 1995). There is a strong agreement on M&E goal throughout implementation phase. The success of one of the units of irrigation management (For example, Monitoring and evaluation unit) depends on project activities such as observation and supervision. In the irrigation management, M&E plays an very important role on performance control and evaluation of irrigation project, data collection and results interpretation. In the circulation of project management, According to the evaluation results of collected data, it is decided on re-planning of the project or transferring to the user regular or organized data for project management and activities can be collected by monitoring in implementation phase (Krimmel, 1990). The aim of this study is to present a GIS database framework for efficient and sustainable management of publicly operated and transferred irrigation projects. Firstly, in this study is tried to determine most needed data for irrigation project management. Data structure is designed according to demand method which is valid in Turkey conditions. After determination of data about irrigation project management, data classification and standardisation were done. 2. MATERIAL AND METHOD 2.1. Material In this study, Arc/info ver. 7.1.2. was used as Geographical Information System Software. Arc Macro language was used to create user interface for user access to database. Thus, System user can easily run database on windows platform. 2.2. Method In order to establish a database in irrigation project management, main steps were given in table 1. Initially, It was tried to determine the database which is used in irrigation project management herein. For that purpose, the management systems of irrigation network which is operated or transferred by government were evaluated. Graphical and non-graphical data such as land ownership, topography, soil, road network, irrigation system, drainage system, land use pattern was determined and collected for creation of information system. Table 1: Main steps of creation a GIS-supported database in irrigation project management 1. Data Determination 2. Data Classification 3. Data Organisation 4. Determination of Data Features and Contents 5. Determination of Relationship Between Data 6. Determination of Analysis 7. Creation of Flow chart 8. Creation of GIS Database On the other phase, data classification which is used on the irrigation management and M&E of irrigation systems was done. M&E of irrigation systems is one of the very important phases of irrigation management. Database components was classified according to data type,
data feature, usage frequency, usage level. Some of the database components can be obtained from results of questionnaire, field works, available results of public and private sector. After data classification and organisation phase, contents of attribute table of graphical and non-graphical data types was tried to determine for each geographical object. Geographical data is a data which connected with location and it includes location and shape information of the geographical object. There are two forms on the structure of geographical data that are extensively used raster and vector formats (Burrough 1986). There are three geographical feature on both forms: point, line and polygon. These features are separately identified on the raster and vector forms (Scott, 1993). There are some specific features of geographical objects. These features are called as attribute. Attribute data defines geographical object and its details. Classified graphical data was transferred to GIS-environment so that data has become a main component of irrigation management works. Every graphical data is created on separate coverage to make easy analysis and queries to set relationship between data. Some of the data is non-graphical (numerical and Alfa numerical data). These data's types can be expressed as character, integer number, real number or date. Info tables was created to analysis, to query and to relate numerical and Alfa numerical data. Key field on attribute table or Info table was used to have relationship between different tables. After determination of the coverage and info tables of irrigation management information system, relationship between coverages and info tables were created. Thus, Relationships can be set when user works on the coverage to info table or when user works info table to coverage. Therefore, Analysis and queries can realise easily. Needed queries and analysis were determined after determination of all components of information system. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSS Databases components which will be created for irrigation project management were considered in two different groups: Permanent project data and yearly changing project data. Permanent project data was shown in table 2. Permanent project data constitutes basic database of the model and this data is entered to the system only ones for each irrigation project. Table 2. Permanent Project Data Map data Water resource Project border Irrigation system Drainage system Road System Land ownership map Soil map Topographical map Construction map Watertable observation wells map Info data Land ownership data Irrigation Channel data Drainage Channel data Road system data Meteorolojical station data Climatological data Cropdata Soil data Personnel data Annual project data is obtained depending on irrigation season. These data can be obtained monthly, daily or hourly. Classified data as yearly project data was given on Table 3.
Table 3. Irrigation Project Yearly Data Land Use Data Irrigation Project Irrigation Channel Drainage Channel Maintenance Data Watertable Level Groundwater EC Water charges Daily Water Requirement Personnel Equipment Use Other To obtain relationship between yearly project data and permanent project data, an appropriate framework was established. For example, to enter water demand data to system for the year 2002, Planting crops can select from plant info database. System will have a connection with parcel database so that annual data about parcel can be entered to the system. Crop to be planted can be selected from plant information database. Plant specifications such as growing period, crop coefficient, root depth etc. were given in plant information database. When entering plant cropping time, harvest time of every plant can be calculated by plant information database according to plant growing periods. Yields and crop prices are entered by users. Consequently, All information will be saved in an information file for year 2002. As it is shown Figure 1, attribute table of irrigation system coverage and information table of hydraulic data on irrigation system channels can be interrelated through the use NAME field of database. Content of database information system was given in following flowchart (Figure 2). Irrigation System Irrigation System Attribute Table Field name Width Type Dec. NAME 35 C - FNODE# 4 B - TNODE# 4 B - LPOLY# 4 B - RPOLY# 4 B - LENGTH 8 F 5 SULAMA# 4 B - SULAMAID 4 B - MAINNAME 35 C - SEKONDERNAME 35 C - TERSIYERNAME 35 C - Figure 1: Irrigation channel attribute and info tables Irrigation System Info Table Field Name Width Type Dec. NAME 35 C - LEVEL 1 I - QUA 12 N 3 CHANNELTYPE 25 C - CHANNELCOVER 25 C - TOPWIDTH 12 N 3 BOTTOMWIDTH 12 N 3 DEPTH 12 N 3 HAV 12 N 3 SLOPE 5 N 3 SEVEGIMI 12 N 3 RIGHTBAN 12 N 3 LEFTBAN 12 N 3 ROUGH 12 N 3 Created database provides the user to inquiry information related irrigation project in GIS environment. Either Permanent data or yearly changing data can be inquired in database. Some of example of queries are as follows: - Parcel irrigated by selected channel and its size - Crop pattern under selected channel - Selected channel specifications. - Channels which irrigate selected parcel - Crop pattern under selected parcel - Selected parcel specification. - Water structures in project area - Maintenance locations on channel - Parcels belongs owners.
Irrigation Project Management Database DATA ENTERING Query of Project Data Permanent Data Yearly Changing Data Querying of Permanent Data Querying of Yearly Changing Data Figure 2. Contain of irrigation project management information system as flowchart CROPWAT software package was used in determining the water requirements of each parcel and irrigation time. After calculation of plant water requirements, water requirements of each seconder and tertiary channel were determined considering efficient rainfall, water application efficiency, and conveyance efficiency. Main indicators are water supply ratio and irrigation efficiency for evaluation of system efficiency in irrigation management. In agricultural efficiency evaluation, irrigation ratio, planned and realised crop pattern were evaluated in tables. Groundwater level, irrigation and drainage water quality, non-agricultural use are the main indicators for evaluation of environmental efficiency. The main indicators for socio-economic efficiency are water fee collection ratio, operation-maintenance cost, personnel cost and agricultural production value. Created database is able to calculate indicators. 4. LITERATURE BRÜGGER, A.P., (1995): Monitoring und Evaluierung (M&E) als Management Instrument in der Bewassaeung. Mitteilungen Lehrsthul für landwirtschaftlichen Wasserbau und Kulturtechnik, Uni Bonn, Heft 6, Bonn, 1995. BURROUGH, P.A. (1986): Principles of Geografhical Information System for Land Resources Assestment. Oxford University Clerandon Pres, 346 s. HUPPERT, W. (1998): Ein konzeptioneller Beziehungsrahmen für ein situationskonfermes und dienstleistungsorientirtes Management von Bewasserungssystemen. Dr-Ing Dissertation, Lanw, Fak, der RFWU Bonn, Lehrstuhle f. Landw. Wasserbau u. Kulturetechnik, Bonn 1998. KRIMMEL, P., (1990): Toward an Institutionalization of Monitoring and Evaluation pf Project Impact. Schriftenreihe des Fachbereichs Internationale Agrarentwicklung der TU Berlin, Nr, 130 Pagang/ Berlin, Novenber 1990. SCOTT, S. (1993): Water and Sustainable Agricultural Development. DVWK Bulletin 19, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg/Berlin 1993. p. 19-50. SISODIA, J.S. (1992): Performance Monitoring Study of The Warabandi System of Irrigation Management in Chambal Area. Ind. Jn. Of Agri. Econ. Vol. 47 No. 4 Oct-Dec 92, 1992
SVENDSEN, M. Et al (1983): Meeting the challenge for Beter Irrigation Management Horizons, March 1983. SVENDSEN, M. (1989): The Changing Concept of Management in Irrigation Entwicklung und landlicher Raum 2/89, 1986.