. Writenet Paper No. 14/2002 : & - Oliver Roy (CNRS), 2003 Writenet, -. Practical Management (UK). e-mail: writenet@gn.apc.org,... Writenet.. ISSN 1020-8429
. 1. 3 2. 3 2.1 : ; 3 2.2.. 6 3. :. 8 3.1 Pashtun. 10 3.2 Pashtun.. 11 4. 13 5... 14 6. :.. 16 7... 17 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, CH 1211 Geneva Switzerland e-mail: HQES00@unhcr.ch Web Site: http://www.unhcr.ch 2
1. - 23 (1978-2001) - -. ( -,, Talibans) - ( )., - - -. :, : -. - 1960.,. -. 19, 1978 1989. 2. 2.1 ;,. 1881 1978 ( Amir Abdurrahman ) -., - ( 18 1928-1929). - -, 1928 Daud 1978,. (1928-1929), (1919, - ), (1973, ) ( 1924 1947). 1881 -,. 1933 1978 ( Safi 1947, Panjshir 1975). :,. 1970-3
. laisser passer -. - : -,,,,, ( ) -,, -,, )., -, - (Pashtun). 1924 1928 Amanullah /. 1928 1978 -.,. (Loya Jirga) 2002,,,. 1922 1992 -, - (, ).,. de facto Pashtun,., -, -. 2001 -.,.,. Taliban -. (1994) - 4
. Najibullah (1985-1992), -,. 1987 Jamiat-I-Islami,., Ahmad Shah Masud -, -., Abdul Rashid Dostum, 1992.. : 1990 Hizb-I-Wahdat - Hazaras,, -. Hizb-I-Islami Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Abu Nidal 1994 Taliban., Hizb-I-Islami Taliban - 2001. Taliban. - (Sharia),. (madrasa) salafi, -.,,. (, ).,, -. Taliban :., (, Pashtun) - ( ). - (Al Qaeda) -. Taliban,. Taliban -, - 5
, -. 2.2., - 1747.. -, - Hazaras -. ( Amu-Darya - ). Durand -., Herat -,, Jalalabad Kandahar. 23,,,.,. -.,. -,, - (, ). - ( - Panjashiri ). ( Dushanbe ). -. -,. -,,,.,, -. 20. 1978,. -.., (Khalq, Pashtun). 6
( Ahmed Shah Masud), Hazaras ( Hizb-I-Wahdat) ( Abdul Rashid Dostum) - 1992 2001 ( ) -. Pashtuns. «-» Pashtuns (Khalq, Hizb-I-Islami, Taliban). - - Pashtuns. ( ) -. - Pashtuns Urdu Dari (), Pashtun - Dari. -, -., -. -, -., -.. Pashtuns - Pashtuns, - 20. Hazaras., Ismail Khan Abdul Rashid Dostum.,,, - - ( Pashtunistan, ).,, - : -,., - (Panjshiris, Kandaharis, Heratis, Kumar Paktya). - -. 7
3. : 1 -.,»,». -., -,, -, ( - ), ( ) - 2001 - ( Taliban). -,.. ). -..., 20, -., ( Ismailis Kayan ). - - : -., - ( Taliban «-» ). :, Karamali Samangan Ismailis,. : -. -, 1 -. 8
. Pashtun Khost Islamabad ( Psdshah Khan Zadran) -, -.,. - -. Ismail Khan, Abdul Rashid Dostum Karim Khalili., ). -,., -, -., - -. -., -. -,. Rashid Dostum Rasul Pahlawan. 1987 Rasul Pahlavan Mujaheddin Dostum, -. 1987 Rasul Pahlawan - Dostum 1990. - Abdul Malik Pahlawan 1992 - Dostum, Taliban 1997 1998.. Ahmad Masud - Panjshir Karim Khalili Hazarajat, Ismail Khan, Rashid Dostum Haji Abdul Qadir ( Nangrahar).. : Mazar-I-Sharif Atta Mohammed, Hazaras - Hisb-I-Wahdat Rashid Dostum.. Ahmad Masud Ismail Khan 9
.. -. ( Masud Dostum), ( ) -.. Ismail Khan 10.000... -,.. - :,. -, ( 1992, 1996, 2001), Herat 1995, Mazar-I-Sharif 1997, 1998 2001. Al Qaeda Kunduz 2001, Gardez Anaconda 2002). H, -. Ismail Khan, Haji Qadir Ahmad Masud Panjshir., -. 3.1 Pashtun. ( -, Hamid Karzai). -,., -,,, jirgas. 10
Paktya, Padshah Khan Zadran -,,, Jadran,,., - 2002 Hamid Karzai. Karzai, Taliban., 2002 Taliban. -. - Karzai -, Padshah ( Wardak Gardez Taj Mohammed Wardak, Taniwal Khost Akbar Taniwal), Jadran Padhsah -.,. 2001, Gul Agha Shirzai, Kandahar Taliban Mullah Naqib Ullah. Naqib, Alikozay Shirzai, Gul Agha., Pashtun Alikozay Pashtun Amanullah Khan ( Pashtun Shindand) Ismail Khan., Gul Agha - Karzai. Pashtun ( - ) -.,. -. - 2002 Al Qaeda. -. 3.2 Pashtun Pashtun Pashtun - ( Taliban)., - 11
,. -. - : o Ahmad Masud Mohammed Fahim Panjshir, Rashid Dostum Shiberghan, o Atta Mohammed Mazar-I-Sharif, o Karim Khalili Bamiyan ( ). Ismail Khan. Herat, -. Herat, Afzali,. Ismail Khan, -., ( 100.000 $ ),. Ismail Khan - -. O Ahmad Masud (Shura-ye-nazar) ( ), -,, (Jamiat-I-Islami). Jamiat Badakhshan, Masud. -. 1992 - -,,. Masud Mohammed Fahim, -. : - Panjshiris «Panjshiri»,. -. Masud Panjshir «-», -. Panjshiri Fahim Panjshir. Panjshir. Rashid Dostum, Ismail Khan, -,, - 12
. Dostum Jawzjani, Shibergham. - Shibergham,. Dostum. - -. Dostum, Mohammed Atta,. ( ). ( Mohammed Fahim). Dostum Atta.,. Dostum. Karim Khalili -, Hizb-I-Wahdat, Hazaras -. 1998, Sayid Mohammed Akbari (Qizilbash, Hazara) Taliban, Hizb-I-Wahdat,. Hizb-I-Wahdat -.,,., Khalili -. 4.,,, -,.., Khalili. -., -. ( Ismail Khan). -, -.,. 13
,. -,.,, (ISAF) - -. - (Fahim, Dostum, Ismail Khan, Khalili). - ( Fahim),,. -. -, Pajshiris.,,. -. Pashtun, -,. - - -, Pashtuns Pashtuns,. Karzai, - - Daoud, Taliban, -. -.,. 5. - -..., ( 1998, ). (,., - ) - Hamid Karzai ( - ) ( ). 14
-.. -,,,. Hamid Gul Nasrullah Babar,. -,. -, - Pashtun -. - 1947 1978.,. -. : -,,. Pashtuns: 1994, Hizb-I- Islami Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Taliban. : -, Al Qaeda. -. ( ), : Inter-Services Intelligence,. - Taliban 1998 2001 -. 11 2001, :,, Al Qaeda Taliban, Pashtun,, Hekmatyar - Karzai - (ISAF),, : - Taliban Pashtun, 15
-, «Jihad», -, Al Qaeda, Pashtun - Baluchistan -, - Pashtun,, -.,,,.., Karzai. ( Pashtun). -. 6. :. - : Al Qaeda,, Herat.., 1933 1973. - ( - ). 30 Pashtun - : ( Khalq), Hizb-I-Islami Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Taliban., -, - ). - / - 16
,. ( ) Fahim,,. - Taliban Al Qaeda,. - - -.., -, -.,,,.,, -,,. 7. Afghan News, 15.8.1987 George, M. Profile : Ismal Khan, BBC News Online, 2.12.2002 Griffiths, J. C., Afghanistan : A History of Conflict, London : Carlton Books, 2001 Giustozzi, A., War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978-1992, Washington DC : Georgetown University Press, 2000 Rashid, A. Afghanistan: Warlord, Profiteer, Ideologue, Chief, Far Eastern Economic Review, 16.5.2002 Roy, O., Islamic Radicalism in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Writenet for UNHCR, January 2002, The Implications of the Taliban Power in Afghanistan, Writenet for UNHCR, April 1998, Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, L Afghanistan : Islam modernitée politique, Paris, May 1985 Rubin, B. R., The Fragmentation of Afghanistan, New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2002. 17