Job Hazard Analysis, Incident Investigation, and Training Health and Safety Management Professional Certificate in Human Resources Job Hazard Analysis Job Hazard Analysis In a JHA, each basic step of the job is examined to identify potential hazards and to determine the safest way to do the job. 1
Why do a JHA? Takes advantage of experience and promotes consensus. Identifies undetected hazards and increases job knowledge. Helps determine appropriate PPE requirements. Provides the details for written safe work procedures. Serves as a teaching aid for initial job training. Serves as a briefing guide for infrequent jobs or operations. Provides a standard for health and safety inspections. Assists in completing comprehensive Incident investigations Elements of a JHA 1. Identify the job to be examined 2. Identify the steps or elements of the job 3. Identify the hazards connected with each key step 4. Identify the control(s) required in order to the perform the job safely. Step 1:Identify the Job Priorities: 1. Incident Frequency 2. Incident Severity 3. Incident Potential 4. New Jobs Non-routine Jobs 5. Job Changes 6. Routine Jobs 2
Step 2:Break into Key Steps Break job down into key steps...avoid: Too much detail, creating an unnecessarily large number of steps Too general, leaving basic steps out Example Changing a tire (not by an auto mechanic) Steps Too Detailed Pull off road Put car in park Set brake Activate emergency flashers Open door Get out of car Walk to trunk Put key in lock Open trunk Remove jack Remove Spare tire 3
Steps Too General Park car take off flat tire put on spare tire drive away Key Steps (Sufficient Detail) Park car, set brake remove jack & tire from trunk loosen log nuts jack up car remove tire set new tire jack down car tighten lug nuts store tire & jack Step 3:Identify the Hazards Parking Car Struck by Traffic Removing tire & jack Back Strain bang head on trunk Loosen lug nuts back/arm strain slip & fall Jacking up car car could fall off jack Setting new tire fingers pinched back strain Tighten nuts back strain slip & fall 4
Step 4:Select Controls Parking Car Struck by Traffic Park well off the roadway Removing tire & jack Back Strain Use proper lifting techniques bang head on trunk Be observant Select Controls Loosen lug nuts back/arm strain Use proper techniques slip & fall Be sure of footing Wear shoes with good traction Jacking up car car could fall off jack Select stable surface Select Controls Setting new tire fingers pinched Keep fingers away from pinch points back strain Tighten nuts Use proper lifting techniques back strain Use proper techniques slip & fall Use correct stance 5
Types of Controls Determine the kind of control required: Engineering Control Administrative Control Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Engineering Controls This is the preferred protection method. It has the ability to totally isolate the hazard. Examples: Machine Guards Sound deadening/dampening Shielding Computerizing or automating an operation Administrative Changes Not preferred, because it can sometimes be circumvented. Rescheduling work Changing a procedure Re-assignment to another work area. Requiring certain PPE to do a task 6
PPE This is the method of last resort because: the individual wears the barrier separating the employee from the health hazard. If this barrier fails, for whatever reason, the employee will come in contact with the hazard. This control is only effective when used and maintained properly. This control can also be circumvented. Implement the Control Engineering: Rebuild Equipment, Purchase proper tools, etc. Administrative: Revise policies, procedures, etc. PPE: Provide protective equipment Complete Job Hazard Analysis KEY STEP HAZARD HAZARD PROTECTION PROTECTION PROTECTION 7
Class Exercise JHA: Sharpening a blade on a lawnmower Develop Other Solutions Find a new way to do job Change physical conditions that create hazards Change the work procedure Reduce frequency of performing a job Redesign the Job Determine the work goal of the job, and then analyze the various ways of reaching this goal to see which way is safest. Consider work saving tools and equipment. 8
Should this Job be Redesigned? Change the Physical Conditions Tools, materials, equipment layout or location Study change carefully for other benefits (costs, time savings) Change Work Procedures What should the worker do to eliminate the hazard How should it be done? Document changes in detail 9
Reduce Frequency What can be done to reduce the frequency of the job?? Identify parts that cause frequent repairs - change Reduce vibration save machine parts Determine the Effects A job that has been redesigned may affect other jobs or work processes. Check or re-observe the new process once it has been redesigned Incident Investigation 10
Objectives You will be able to: Describe what an Incident is Identify the basic causes of an Incident Describe the steps involved in an Incident investigation Describe the various problem solving techniques of Incident investigation Describe reporting techniques What is an Incident? Most often an Incident is any unplanned event that results in personal injury or in property damage. Incident Investigation Will determine how and why of failures. Examine possible corrective action. Aid in the Incident prevention and elimination of a clearly identified hazard. Most important: Investigation is not intended to place blame. 11
The Three Basic Causes Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions Personal Factors Environmental Factors Basic Causes Unsafe Act Indirect Causes Unsafe Condition Direct Causes Unplanned release of energy and/or Hazardous material Incident Personal Injury Property Damage Be Prepared Develop contingency plans prior to the Incident. Designate an investigator This person should only be responsible for investigating. Should have a good working knowledge of operating procedures. Be equipped with the right tools to do the job thoroughly. Class Exercise 12
Questions In the course of fact finding and interviewing it is important to ask: Who What Where When Why Record the Facts Interview witnesses as soon as possible. Document the Incident scene before any changes are made. Take photos Draw scaled sketches Record measurements Gather support documents such as maintenance records, reports, production schedules or process diagrams. Record the Facts Keep all notes and remarks in a bound notebook or three ring binder. Record: Pre-Incident conditions Incident sequence Post-Incident conditions Document victim location, witnesses, machinery, energy sources and other contributing factors. 13
Record the Facts Even the most insignificant detail may be useful. Document and then document some more. The investigator should be concentrating solely on the investigation at hand. Interviewing Excellent source of first hand knowledge. May present pitfalls in the form of: Bias Perspective Embellishment It is important to maintain a clear thought process and control of the interview. Interviewing Get preliminary statements as soon as possible from all witnesses. Locate the position of each witness on a master chart (including the direction of view) Explain the purpose of the investigation (Incident prevention) and put each witness at ease. 14
Interviewing Let each witness speak freely and take notes without distracting the witness (use a tape recorder only with consent of the witness). Use sketches and diagrams to help the witness. Emphasize areas of direct observation and label hearsay accordingly. Record the exact words used by the witness to describe each observation. Interviewing Word each question carefully and be sure the witness understands. Identify the qualifications of each witness (name, address, occupation, years of experience, etc.). Supply each witness with a copy of their statements (signed statements are desirable). Class Exercise 15
Problem Solving Techniques Change Analysis This technique emphasizes change to correct the problem. Examination of deviations from the norm are scrutinized. Consider all problems to result from some unanticipated change. Analyze the changes to determine its cause. Problem Solving Techniques Change Analysis Use the following steps in this method: Define the problem (What happened?). Establish the norm (What should have happened?). Identify, locate, and describe the change (What, where, when, to what extent). Specify what was and what was not affected. Identify the distinctive features of the change. List the possible causes. Select the most likely causes. Problem Solving Techniques Job Hazard Analysis JHA s are reviewed during the investigation if a JHA has been conducted for the job involved in an Incident. A JHA is performed if one is not available to determine the events and conditions that led to the Incident. 16
Problem Solving Techniques Job Hazard Analysis Job Safety Analysis Job: Incipient Firefighting Date: Title of Worker Who Performs Job: Foreman or Supervisor: Analysis By: Department: Section: Reviewed By: Required and/or Recommended Personal Protective Equipment: Sequence of Basic Job Steps Potential Accidents or Hazards Recommended Safe Job Procedures 1. Remove fire extinguisher from wall bracket 1. Unit is heavy and awkward 1. Get a firm grip with both hands before removing to handle to prevent dropping the unit 2. Carry to fire 2. It weighs 29 lbs. 3 Operate the unit to extinguish the fire 3. Dropping unit 2. Lift properly and lower to walking position 4. Place used extinguisher near exit door of fire 4 Arm strain 3. Be sure you can carry the unit; if you can t get area to be picked up for servicing help 5. Back strain 6. Pinch hand on handle 7. Cut finger on pin 8. Shoot water into face 9. Empty extinguishers are easy to upset 10. It upset, they roll and cause tripping hazards 4. walk briskly to fire, being alert for slipping and tripping hazards 5. Hold to support extinguisher while removing the safety pin 6. Grip firmly to avoid dropping 7 Be sure discharge is always directed at the fire area 8 Place used extinguisher in approved location 9 Complete any reports required by the company Investigation Report An Incident investigation is not complete until a report is prepared and submitted to the proper authorities. Suggestion of items to include in your report: Next Slide Investigation Report Background Information Account of the Incident (What happened?) Discussion (Analysis of the Incident - HOW; WHY) Recommendations (to prevent a recurrence) for immediate and longrange action to remedy: 17
Discussion of OSHA Investigated Incidents Information collected through OSHA Incident investigations are available at the website: http://www.osha.gov/cgi-bin/inv/inv1 Session Info Tools and resources Investigations 1. http://www.osha.gov/sltc/accidentinvestigation/index.html 18