CONTENTS TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AND SAFETY POLICIES INTRODUCTION 1. Traffic Accidents in General 1 2. Promotion of Traffic Safety and Accident Trends 3 3. The Future Direction of Traffic Safety Measures 6 BOOK 1 TRAFFIC ACCIDENT SITUATION Chapter l. Road Traffic Accidents 13 Section l. General Situation of Road Traffic Accidents and Trends in Vehicle Traffic 13 1. Changes in traffic accidents 13 2. Trends in vehicle traffic 19 3. Present road conditions and changes in traffic safety facility conditions 26 4. Road traffic accidents in various foreign countries 32 Section 2. Analysis of Road Traffic Accidents in 1979 33 1. General conditions 33 2. Traffic accidents, by area 33 3. Numbers of traffic accidents, by month 36 4. Traffic accident, by day of week 36 5. Analysis of fatal accidents 40 6. Traffic accidents involving pedestrians, by age group 43 7. Traffic accidents involving cyclists, by age group 44 8. Traffic accidents, by day or night 46 9. Traffic accidents on expressways 46 Appendix 49 Chapter 2. Railway Accidents 55 1. Trends in railway traffic 55 2. Railway accidents 57 Chapter 3. Disaster at Sea 61 1. Trends in marine transport 61 2. Disasters at sea and rescue 61 Chapter 4. Aviation Accidents 67 1. Trends in aviation traffic 67 2. Aviation accidents 67

BOOK 2 TRAFFIC SAFETY MEASURES Introduction: TO IMPROVE COMPREHENSIVE TRAFFIC SAFTY MEASURES 71 1. Improvement of the traffic safety promotion system 71 2. Establishing traffic safety programs 72 3. Traffic safety measures by the Central Traffic Safety Measures Conference and the Head Office for Traffic Policy 73 Part 1. MEASURES RELATED TO LAND TRAFFIC SAFETY 76 Chapter l. Financial Measures Related to Traffic Safety 76 1. National budget for traffic safety measures 76 2. Other budgets for traffic safety measures 81 Chapter 2. Measures Related to Road Traffic Safety 82 Section 1. Improvement and Enrichment of the Road Traffic Environment 82 1. Improvement of traffic safety facilities 82 2. Promotion of rational traffic controls 90 3. Controls of parked vehicles on roads 96 4. Proper road use 97 5. Securing children's playgrounds 97 6. Measures for the safe use of bicycles 99 Section 2. Spreading Traffic Safety Concepts in Communities 101 1. Promotion of traffic safety education 101 2. Promotion of traffic safety campaigns 106 3. Promotion of Seat Belt Use 113 4. Cultivation of leadership and activities of private organizations 115 Section 3. Toward Safer Driving 118 1. Driver's education 118 2. Safe driving on the job 124 3. Promotion of measures to prevent traffic accidents involving large-sized trucks 130 4. Collecting and organizing road traffic information 135 Section 4. Maintenance of Vehicle Safety 137 1. Revisions of technical standards related to vehicle safety 137 2. Improvement of inspection and maintenance of vehicles 138 Section 5. Bringing Traffic Under Control. 141 1. Rational and effective traffic guidance and control 141 2. Enforcement of the traffic control system 143 3. Tightening-up investigations of traffic crime and traffic accident management 146 4. Prosecuting of traffic offenders 149 Section 6. Improvement of the First Aid and Emergency Medical Services 153 1. Improvement of the first aid system 153 2. Improvement of emergency medical facilities 156

Section 7. Rationalization of Automobile Accident Compensation 161 1. Coverage of traffic accident compensation 161 2. Aid activities for traffic victims concerning compensation problems 170 Section 8. Promotion of Highway Traffic Safety Science and Technology 176 1. Planning the budget at the Science and Technology Agency 176 2. Research surveys conducted by the Prime Minister's Office 176 3. Research conducted at the National Research Institute of Police Science of the National Police Agency 177 4. Research studies at the Civil Engineering Test Laboratory of the Hokkaido Development Agency's Hokkaido Development Bureau 178 5. Research studies at the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry 178 6. Research studies at the Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport 179 7. Research studies at the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency 180 8. Research studies at the Public Works Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction. 180 Chapter 3. Railway Traffic Safety Measures 182 Section 1. Improvement of the Railway Traffic Environment 182 Section 2 Safe Railway Operation 183 1. Education and training of railway employees 183 2. Improvement of train operation control system 183 3. Supervision and guidance for railway enterprisers 183 4. Improving weather reports 184 5. Dissemination of information concerning the prevention of railway accidents, 184 Section 3. Assuring the Safety of Railway Rolling Stock 184 1. Improvement of the safety of railway rolling stock structures and equipment 184 2. Improving inspection procedures of railway roiling stock 184 3. Implementation of the Japan Industrial Standards concerning railway rolling stock 185 Section 4. Reinforcement of Rescue Systems in Case of Emergency 185 Section 5. Promotion of Science and Technology Related to Railway Traffic Safety 185 1. Research and development activities at the Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport 185 2. Research by the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency 186 3. Research by the Japanese National Railways 186 Chapter 4. Traffic Safety Measures for Railway Crossings 187 1. Railway crossing conditions 187 2. Measures for preventing railway crossing accidents 188 3. Improvement of traffic control at crossings 189

Part 2. MEASURES RELATED TO MARINE TRAFFIC SAFETY 190 Section 1. Improvement of the Marine Traffic Environment 190 1. Improvement of harbors, fishing ports and shipping lanes 190 2. Improvement of technical standards of harbor facilities 190 3. Improvement of navigation markers 191 4. Rationalization of marine traffic control 191 5. Improvement of information service and navigation control at Tokyo Bay 192 6. Improvement of the traffic environment related to giant tankers 192 Section 2. Complete Dissemination of Knowledge Concerning Marine Traffic Safety 192 1. Dissemination of sea disaster prevention concepts 192 2. Guidance for non-governmental marine organizations 193 Section 3. Assuring Safe Ship Transportation 193 1. Nautical specialists 193 2. Improving education for ship personnel 193 3. Control of proper shipping service 194 4. Improvement of ship personnel working conditions 195 5. Improvement of ship personnel system and other improvements 195 6. Improvement of the pilot system 196 7. Clearing-up of maritime accident causes and administrative disposition of nautical specialists 196 8. Improving information concerning marine traffic 199 Section 4. Improving the Safety of Ships 201 1. Improving the safety standards related to ship structures and equipment 201 2. Improvement of the ship inspection system 201 Section 5. Promoting Marine Traffic Discipline 202 Section 6. Improvement of the Marine Accident Rescue System 202 1. Improvement of the marine accident information gathering and processing system 202 2. Improvement of the marine accident rescue system 203 3. Improvement of maritime disaster prevention system 203 Section 7. Appropriate Damage Compensation 205 1. Liability for injury to ship passengers 205 2. Oil pollution damage liability 205 Section 8. Promotion of Science and Technology Related to Maritime Traffic Safety. 208 1. Arrangement of expenses for research and development at the Science and Technology Agency 208 2. Research at the Ship Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport 208 3. Research at the Port and Harbor Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport 209 4. Research at the Electronic Navigation Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport 210 5. Research at the Maritime Safety Agency 210 6. Research at the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency 210

Part 3. POLICIES ON AVIATION TRAFFIC SAFETY 211 Section 1. Improving the Air Traffic Environment 211 1. Improving and reinforcing aviation safety control 211 2. Building up and equipping of aviation traffic control facilities 211 3. Establishing better air communication facilities 213 4. Implementation of flight inspection 214 5. Airport improvement 214 Section 2. Toward Safety Aircraft Operation 218 1. Training and development of qualified personnel and testing for their flight suitability 218 2. Building up education and training facilities for flight safety personnel 218 3. Reform of aircraft flight operations 219 4. Improvement of air traffic information supply 219 Section 3. Improving Aircraft Safety 220 1. Instituting a more thorough aircraft inspection system 220 2. Equipping and maintaining aircraft 220 Section 4. Aviation Traffic Safety Policies at the Defense Agency 221 1. Operation of aircraft 221 2. Aviation personnel 221 3. Maintenance and service of aircraft 221 4. Airport and aviation safety facilities 221 5. Systems of emergency assistance and rescue 222 Section 5. Building-up a Rescue and Emergency System 222 1. Emergency firefighting and rescue services at airports 222 2. Improvement of search and rescue systems 222 Section 6. Improving the System of Compensation for Damages 224 Section 7. Promotion of Science and Technology in Aviation Traffic Safety 225 1. Research at the Science and Technology Agency 225 2. Research conducted at the Ministry of Transport's Electronic Navigation Research Institute 225 3. Research at the Ministry of Transport's Institute for Technical Research on Airport and Harbors Facilities 226 4. Research at the Traffic Safety and Nuisance Research Institute of the Ministry of Transport 227 5. Research at the Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency 227 6. Research on the cause of aircraft accidents 227