ADD : UAE - DUBAI Mobile : DUBAI : +971-50 2053807 Now MIET Membership E-MAIL : ohke1@hw.ac.uk ::: embarako@sit.ac.ae ::: o.embarak@gmail.com PERSONAL INFORMATION Home Page: http://www.macs.hw.ac.uk/~ohke1/ Ossama Hashem Khamis Embarak Birth date : 20/9/1975. Gender Nationality : Male. : Egyptian. Main Skills & Objectives EDUCATION High Education 1. Computer Sciences Researcher 2. Information Professional Manager. 3. Information Technology Lecturer 4. Manage and Support s Operations. 5. Developer and Supervisor. 6. Projects Development Coordinator. 7. Computer Science Researcher. PhD Degree at Heriot-Watt University - UK. PhD Title New Technique for Intelligent Web Personalization Master Degree in Computer & Information Sciences Cairo University. Web usage mining (Data Mining) MSc Thesis title Web Personalization by Pattern Discovery from web usage " High Diploma in Computer Science from Institute of Statistical Studies and Researches (ISSR) - Cairo University. Graduation Projects : 1- Back Propagation Neural Network simulation using Matlab. Graduation degree Excellent 2- Net Work Educational Web Site using Dream waver, FrontPage, flash, others Graduation degree Excellent Graduation Year : 2002 Graduation Degree: Good. Membership IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 1
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION Certification Faculty University Department Graduation Year School of Heriot- PhD Degree Mathematics & Watt Computer & Computer Sciences University Information sciences UK Master Degree Institute of statistical Cairo Computer & Post Graduate Diploma International Membership Memberships: International Certificates studies and research Institute of statistical studies and research IEEE membership IEEE computer society membership IEEE communication membership IET membership as MIET member Certified Internet Webmaster (CIW) E-Commerce Designer (IBM) Cairo B.SC Commerce Cairo CIW Professional (Prosoft Learning Corporation) CIW Associate (Prosoft Learning Corporation) Information sciences Computer & Information sciences Business Administration General Grade 2011 Excellent 2005 Excellent 2002 First 1997 Good Qualifications & Training Programs IBM PROGRAM under supervision of Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, which include the following courses: (In a period of 9 Months) Business and Technical English. Principles of Marketing Management. MS Windows and Office. Computer Organization.. C++ Programming. Internet Fundamentals. Advanced HTML Authoring. Database Concepts and Design. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 2
Object Oriented Analysis and Design. Object Oriented Programming with C++. Windows 2000 Administration concepts and Implementation. JAVA Programming. E-Business Fundamentals. Design Methodology and Technology. JAVA SCRIPT Fundamentals. PERL Fundamentals. Fundamentals of CGI Programming Using PERL. Active Server Pages (ASP). Macromedia Dreamweaver Adobe PhotoShop Macromedia Flash CIW Internet Skills Certification (CIW Foundations) in the following sections. Internet business Fundamentals HTML Fundamentals Networking Fundamentals CIW Internet Skills Certification (CIW Application Designer) in the following sections: Network Security and Firewalls E_Commerce Site. Graduation project in IBM PROGRAM Programming Skills: E_Commerce Strategies & Practices. Cairo International Book Fair Web Site using dream waver, front page, flash, gif animation, home site, Photoshop. Visual VB.Net 2008 Visual C++ 2008 Visual C# 2008 Java Development Kit (JDK) Eclipse, NetBeans 6.8 2009) Visual VB.Net 2005 Visual C#.Net 2005 Visual VB.Net 2003 Visual C#.Net 2003 Visual Basic 6 C++ &Turbo C, C++ V 4.5 Developing Skills: Asp.Net 2008 Asp.Net 2005 using VB Asp.Net 2005 using C# Asp PHP v 1,3,4 Asp.Net 2003 Action Script Cs3 Java Script Asp VBScript Asp JavaScript Coldfusion Cs3 CSS Cs3 CGI using PERL PHP Dev_php2012 Php editor IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 3
Design Skills: Dream waver CS4.10 Asp.Net 2008 Photoshop CS4 MS Front page 2003 Photo Impact Flash CS4 Asp.Net 2005 Asp.Net 2003 1 2 3 flash player Cool 3D MS Front Page Dream waver 8.0 Jasc Animation Shop Photo Shop CS2 v 9.o Smart Draw 2009 Flash MX Home site Gif Animation HTML Swish/Flax PHP Designer Professional Microsoft Expression Web v 3.0 2009 MS Project & Visio 2003, Data Base Skills: Oracle Database 11g SQL Server 2008 SQL Server 2005 Sybase Power builder 8 MS Access 97-2010 MySQL Workbench 5.2 2010 Oracle Database 10g Statistics skills: Spss18.0 Eview V 7.00 Matlab 7.9 2009a Spss17.0 2009 Excelmodule Other Skills: Time Management Software and s Developer Statistical Analysis & Business Statistics Feasibility Study PHStat2: Add ins is a statistical analyses tool- VBA, MS Excel Based tool Environments: Windows 7 Windows vista Windows XP Linux Mint 8 Windows Server 2008 Windows Server 2003 Windows 2000 Fedora 12 2010 The OpenSolaris Operating 2009.06 Mandriva Linux 2010 LANGUAGES: Arabic (mother tongue). English (very good - Courses in General English and Conversation in AMIDEAST / Cairo). IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 4
EXPERIENCES Information Technology Senior Lecturer in Sharjah Institute of Technology (SIT ), United Arab Emirates, Sharjah, (Sep. 2008- Now) Web site: http://www.sit.ac.ae Tel: +971 (06) 558 9999 Fax: +971 (06) 558 9996 E-mail: embarako@sit.ac.ae Sharjah institute of technology provide vocational BTEC Higher National Diploma in Computing (ICT s Support, Software Development) awarded under the UK Edexcel and BTEC brand. London Qualifications are implemented as well the education & assessment programmes are supervised and evaluated by internal verification members and by BTEC external verification UK members. 1. Lecturer (teach subjects in the IT department for higher national diploma) 2. Internal verifier (verify assignments of some other teachers based predetermined criteria) 3. Assessor (prepare required assignments, revise and correct Main duties assignments, and asses students performance) 4. Supervise graduate students projects 5. prepare units assignments strategy 6. prepare units scheme of work 7. prepare units Lesson plans and handouts 8. Create students portfolio A Lecturer in SIT is responsible for teaching the following subjects Understand the systems analysis life cycle. Use systems analysis tools and techniques such as Analysis context diagrams, data flow diagrams, flow charts, entity relation diagrams, state transition diagram etc. Perform a system investigation. Investigate functional and data modeling. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 5
Design and develop code using programming methods. Use modularization appropriate to the chosen Programming Concepts Using VB.Net 2008 Database Design Concepts Data Analysis and Design MS Office Solution Development Using VB.Net 2008 Visual Programming Using VB.Net 2008 programming language. Produce appropriate documentation for a given program application Create and apply appropriate test schedules. Understand database environments. Use and manipulate appropriate database software. Design a database. Demonstrate the database. Understand data models and database technology. Design a relational database to meet user requirements. Use manipulation and query tools and techniques. Implement and test database design. Apply Visual Basic skills. Understand design issues of Office solutions. Build solutions in Office applications. Use FrontPage to publish Office solutions. Use visual objects. Design a variety of visual applications. Use advanced features of a visual development environment to implement an application. Use suitable testing methods in a visual environment. Identify information needs within an organization Information s Information s Project Software Development Project Compare a range of information systems Examine the tools available for information processing Evaluate the information systems within an organization. Develop a project plan to an agreed specification Develop a solution using applications software Implement solution using applications software Present and evaluate project. Develop a plan for a project to an agreed specification Develop a solution for the project Implement the solution to the system Present and evaluate the project. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 6
Assess the design and functionality of existing and established e-business sites Website Design E-Business Strategy Other subjects Examine a range of web authoring tools for creating multimedia websites Develop an integrated set of web pages/frames Develop interactive applications on a web server. Analyze the impact on the business Plan implementation strategy Explain measures for protection of the business Examine future developments in e-business. 1. Project Management 2. E-Business Development 3. E-Business Technology 4. E-Business Project 5. Quality s 6. Personal Skills Development 7. Financial s 8. Management in IT 9. End-User Support 10. Work Experience 11. Human Computer Interface 12. Professional Development 13. Knowledge s Computer Science Lecturer in Computer College, United Arab Emirates Dubai (Sep. 2005 Sep 2008). Web site: http://www.cc-uae.com/ Tel: +971 (0) 4 282 6880 Fax: +971 (0) 4 282 6902 Computer Science Lecturer is responsible for teaching the following subjects Computer system Information system Program Deign Computer Architecture Micro Computer Introduction to Programming (C++) Students projects supervision Abstraction and Modeling Business Mathematics & Statistics Problem Solving Network Fundamentals Programming Languages as C++ Data base RDBMS Introduction to information system IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 7
Software Engineering Business Statistics Project programming I, II Time Management Accounting information system General accounting Students' Projects Supervisor ( supervision and prepare projects papers and evaluations ) Exams papers preparations and correction E-Commerce specialist in Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) a research Institute affiliated to the Ministry of Scientific Research (2004: 2005). Arab Republic of Egypt Cairo Web site : http://www.cmrdi.sci.eg/ Tel : +2 02 5010640 /1/2/3 Fax : +2 02 5010639 5011185 One and a half year of industrial experience as an e-commerce specialist with the following responsibilities: Prepare and reveal the Institute Online Web Site 1. Collect data about the institute different departments. 2.Made required data analysis. 3. Design the web site forms. 4. Implementation using several software tools such as Dream waver, Flash, Flax etc. 5. Testing and reveal the web site. 6. Made required update & maintenance of the web site content and structure. Prepare & Install a software system application for the technical services unit 1. Collecting data about the technical services department and the services that is provided to industrial or services sectors. 2. Made the analysis for the collected data. 3. Design the system Forms, data base, Reports, searching, Adding, Updating, Deleting,.etc., using Visual Basic Programming Language. 4. Implementation using VB Programming language, Photoshop etc. 5. Testing the system and modifying it based on the requirements and based on the practical view. 6. Install the system and maintaining it. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 8
Prepare and install a system for all Departments of the Institute 1. Collecting data about the institute departments. For each department a. The departments purposes b. Technical services provided by the department c. Published Thesis and projects d. Current projects and the future projects. e. Available devices documentation. f. The departments staff information. 2. Made required analysis for the collected data. 3. Design the system forms and database and its relations, Reports, searching mechanisms. 4. Implementation using several software tools such as Visual Basic, Photoshop, several Report tools..etc. 5. Testing and installing the system. 6. Made any required maintenance. Instructor of Computer Science in CAIRO INSTITUTE FOR WIRELESS AND ELECTRONIC STUDIES Affiliated to National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority. Cairo Egypt (2003: 2005). Tel: (+202) 3534-4000 Fax: (+202) 3534-4155 Instructor of computer is responsible for teaching the following subjects Operating systems (windows) Data Base (using Access and SQL) Internet Fundamentals Programming C++, ASP,PHP, VB, etc. Maintenance and Hard Ware Supervisor for Student s projects Micro Soft Office Web Design (CIW) tools Networks Fundamentals Web Developing tools Basics of computer science Exams preparations and correction IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 9
Instructor of Computer Science in AFRO ARAB INSTITUTE Cairo Egypt (2001: 2003) Tel: 02 26849459-02 24830782 Instructor of computer is responsible for teaching the following subjects Micro Soft Office Data structure Internet Fundamentals Programming C++, ASP,PHP, VB, etc. Maintenance and Hard Ware Supervisor for Student s projects Data Base (using Access and SQL) Web Design (CIW) tools Net works Fundamentals Web Developing tools Basics of computer science Exams preparations and correction Programmer and lab trainer in International Technology Company (ITC) ( July 1999: Dec 2003 Part time ) Study and develop the required systems. Prepare and implement training courses in computer science Training labs. Supervise the trainers projects. Web Designer & Web Developer & Programming Skills. Develop several systems using several programming language. Implementing the Software Development Life Cycle SDLC Water Fall Model. Prepare and Supervise online web sites projects in several fields Computer specialist in The Royal Village Resort for about 4 years experience (1997-2001). Help Desk in OS, MSOffice, Spreadsheets, maintenance hardware maintenance. Prepare reports regarding to engineers accounts and construction calculations process. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 10
Written Books Statistics for Measuring Trends of Web Users The Internet has become the primary vehicle for business communications, it provide a huge volume of information and services to sites visitors. In order to understand site visitors behavior and preferences, this book discuss different statistical analysis tools that can be used to analyze usage data, and determine users preferences and interests, which will lead to site modification, adaptation, and improvements. Web Recommendati on s With the explosive growth of information sources available on the world wide web, it has become necessary for users to utilize automated tools to find desired information resources, and to track and analyze their usage patterns. In this book, we discuss different recommendation systems used methodologies. Web Privacy & Recommendati on s Database Design Concepts Personalization systems aim to provide proper recommendations to its visitors. It can be particularly effective when the user identifies himself explicitly to the web site. Individuals appreciate personalization and find it useful. However, personalization raises a number of privacy concerns ranging from user discomfort with a computer inferring information about them based on their purchases to concerns about identity thieves, or the government gaining access to their personal profiles. This book demonstrates relationship between personalization systems and privacy, as well as discusses different suggested solutions. This book demonstrates database design concepts; show the usage of databases in commercial and non-commercial environments. Understand data models and database technology. Design a relational database to meet user requirements. Use manipulation and query tools and techniques. Implement and test database design. Visual Programming Information Projects This book demonstrates how to Use visual objects. Design applications and develop code using programming methods. Use modularization appropriate to the chosen programming language. Produce appropriate documentation for a given program application Create and apply appropriate test schedules. Use advanced features of a visual development environment to implement an application. Use suitable testing methods in a visual environment. This Book discuss how to develop a project plan to an agreed specification, Develop a solution using applications software, Implement solution using applications software, Present and evaluate project. In this book, we discuss systems analysis life cycle. Use systems analysis tools and Analysis techniques such as context diagrams, data flow diagrams, flow charts, entity relation diagrams, state transition diagram etc. Perform a system investigation. Investigate functional and data modeling. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 11
Software Project Issue Credit Card This book aims to provide a proper exploration for how to develop a software system specially for issuing bank credit card; this book is a project-based book that concentrates on different steps required for developing credit card system. Publications & Presentations. 1. Ossama. E, David. C, Preventing the Privacy Problem via Integration of Users Preferences and Semantic Structure, 4 th international conference on Developments in E-s engineering - DeSE2011-Special Session: Advanced Interaction Technology. Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2011, pp. 211 217, 2011. 2. Ossama. E, David. C, Detecting Vicious Users in Recommendation s,4 th international conference on Developments in E-s Engineering - DeSE2011-Track 03: e-business and Management innovations. Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 205 211, 2011. 3. Ossama. E, David. C, Using Semantic of ontologies for solving cold start in E-Commerce applications, ICITST 2011, 6th International Conference on Internet Technology and Secured Transactions - Multimedia & Web Services. Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 301 307, 2011. 4. Ossama. E, David. C, Feedback waves for Robustness analysis in Recommendation s, ICITST 2011, 6th International Conference on Internet Technology and Secured Transactions - Multimedia & Web Services. Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 307 313, 2011. 5. Ossama. E, David. C, Semantic Structure for Preventing Privacy Problem in recommendation systems, ICITST 2011, 6th International Conference on Internet Technology and Secured Transactions - Multimedia & Web Services. Abu Dhabi, UAE,, pp. 313 319, 2011 6. Ossama. E, David. C, A Method for Solving the Cold Start Problem in Recommendation s, 7th international conference on innovations in information technology (Innovations 11) Communication. Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 239 244, 2011. 7. Ossama. E, David. C, Integration of Users Preferences and Semantic Structure to Solve the Cold Start Problem, 7th international conference on innovations in information technology (Innovations 11) Communication. Abu Dhabi, UAE, pp. 245 250, 2011. 8. Ossama E., s for Intelligent Web Personalization, Heriot-Watt University, computing college seminars, Edinburgh, UK, 7th August 2008. 9. Ossama E., A Suggested New Technique to solve the cold start problem in Web Personalization s, Heriot-Watt University, computing college seminars, Edinburgh, UK, December. 10. Ossama E., A Suggested New Technique for Intelligent Web Personalization, Heriot-Watt University, computing college seminars, Edinburgh, UK, April. 11. Ossama E., Web Personalization system by Pattern Discovery from web usage (user model), Institute of statistical studies and research, Cairo University, Egypt, August 2005. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 12
Attended Presentations & Workshops Presentations Place Date The Future of Energy- Alternative & Future Trends Examining Education from a Cognitive Perspective Workshop on Application of signal processing. Rules to be followed to avoid privacy issues in web personalization and recommendation systems Web Personalization systems Architecture Web Recommendation systems Web Recommendations and Privacy Issues Log Analysis Process ( Server Log Files) Web Personalization s Text classification techniques Web Usage Mining Web Design and Developing Workshop (IBM) University of Sharjah, Sharjah Tatweer forum, UAE University of Sharjah, UAE American University in Sharjah (AUS) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) 7 th May 2009 7 th May 2009 April 2008 Feb 2005 Feb 2005 Feb 2004 Feb 2004 November 2004 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Feb 2003 Cairo Egypt April 2002 IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 13
Projects involved: Project Place Date Web Personalization from first click [ a research project in progress ] Children library system As a supervise Demo system Log analyzer software system (for server log files analysis ( for PHD purposes) CMRDI institute software system for staff Publications and researches etc.[windows application software] CMRDI online web site::: http://www.cmrdi.sci.eg/ CMRDI system for Technical Services Unit [Windows application software] Back Propagation Neural Network application using Matlab 3.5 [for graduation purposes pre master study] Online net work tutorial and E-learning application [ web site for graduation purpose computer and information science High diploma] Cairo international book fair [web site for graduation purposes IBM developer course] Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh Campus - UK From Oct : in progress Computer college Sep Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh Campus - UK Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) a research Institute affiliated to the Ministry of Scientific Research. Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) a research Institute affiliated to the Ministry of Scientific Research. Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI) a research Institute affiliated to the Ministry of Scientific Research. Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) Institute of statistical studies and research ( Cairo University) IBM, Cairo Egypt July July 2005 Dec 2004 Aug 2004 May 2003 May 2002 March 2002 IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 14
Project Supervisor Samples of supervised projects during the last three years Project Place and Descriptions Date Electronic Shop Is a system that give a proper interface to determine purchased items by buyers, as well as ability to modify and reselect items and showing each item prices, and calculate the total purchasing cost. 2010 Conversion Calculator Is a system that provide ability to convert between different distances (Area, Length, Volumes, etc), as well as give ability to be modified and customized by users. 2010 Currency Exchanger Is a system that convert between different currencies, with a proper interface, as well as to customize the system by give ability to modify currencies prices as well as to add a new currencies. Calculate the converted value (purchase or sell) based on conversion values between different currencies and based on type of operation (purchase or sell). 2010 Assignment Grading Is a system to calculate subjects grading by read different subjects assignment grades (pass, merits, and distinction), validate entered data to ensure the correctness of entered data, and then show the final grading for subjects. 2009 Amanda Restaurant Car Renewal Is a system to manage customers meal orders, by select proper meal items and show each meal items prices, as well as calculate the meal total value and detect the delivery time. Is a system for car renewal, by detect car status, car insurance, car registration and renewal, use data validation and validate sequence of operations where car should be pass technical checking at beginning, and then do the insurance required and then pay any fines and then do registration. 2009 2009 IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 15
Math Operator Is a system to perform several mathematical operations, validate entered data and store it in an array, then perform some statistical operations. 2008 Library management system Financial Market Public Library management system Dubai Shopping Festival Prepare a library management system to store and update books data and magazines etc also cataloging and borrowing operations. (stand alone system using VB.Net) How stocks and bonds operations in the market, implementation on Dubai financial market etc. (web site application using ASP and FrontPage 2003) How public library systems operate, main adv. And disadvantages of their current systems, update the current systems to fulfill the current requirements. (stand alone system using VB.Net) Describe and explain the main operations in this festival and what are the main draw backs which can we solve by implementing an updated system.(stand alone system using VB6) 2008 Children Library Online skill detection for UAE schools What type of children library systems, main characteristics and implementation using the appropriate design and functions, etc. (web site application using ASP and Dream waver 9) Online system which serve ministry of education to detect the shortage of required skills and activities for their schools, main activities and its standards (sports, social, environmental, healthy, etc) and the required skills for teachers, etc. (web site application using ASP and FrontPage 2005) Charity system Stand alone system for storing all contributions and how such contributions are being spent for different projects, etc. (stand alone system using VB6) TAMWEEL Stand alone system for operations related to funding of different projects in real life, etc. (stand alone system using VB6) Summer IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 16
LIBRARY SYSTEM COLLEGE WEB SYSTEM - implementation on COMPUTER COLLEGE CHILDREN LIBRARY SYSTEM - SCHOOL SECTOR CHILDREN LIBRARY SYSTEM - GOVERNOMEN TAL SECTOR Online Booking Reservation Emergency Alternations Shares system implementation on the premier company Transportation system Archiving House Motor Sales Real Estate E -Tourism Guider Investor Trading in Dubai Financial Market Library system operations cataloging, indexing, borrowing.etc. (stand alone system using VB6) A web site with a common functionality such as registration, selecting courses, detecting student marks, and his/ her remaining courses, his/her current GPA, etc A library system as a school tool for learning, especially for children secondary level. A library system for children comparing to the current children system in governmental sector implantation to Dubai government. Hotel reservation, flight ticket reservation.etc. Web site. Patient recording and manipulation (stand alone system using VB6) All Shares and Bonds operations, such as creating a customer account, make a purchasing and buying processes, etc. (stand alone system using VB6) A system for transportations operations such as determine the transportation costs, assign a truck path, assign driver, etc. (stand alone system using VB6) A system for handling old historical photos in UAE implementation to Archiving house in Dubai government. A stand alone system for motor sales operations Real estate stand alone system for rent, sale, time sharing.etc. real estate operations. An e-tourism web site, which provide updated guide to all visitors related to hotels, rent cars, etc. A web site system for operations in Dubai financial market. Summer Summer Summer Summer Summer Summer IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 17
Mission Handler Patient Registration Appointment Car Insurance Employment Life Insurance Open a personal account bank system Issue credit card system Online web site for Sharjah Ladies Club Sandra Online Optic Shop Online auction for scrap sales Online Meeting Rooms Reservation in DTC Online Hotel Reservation Registration system Online Meals Orders for Amanda Restaurant A web site system for printers, and computers maintenance. for patient recording and monitoring. (stand alone system using VB6) A system for recording and manipulation of all operations related to car insurances.. (stand alone system using VB6) A system for detecting any shortage in the available skills and the requirements to hire new skills. (stand alone system using VB6) Line insurance system. (stand alone system using VB6) A system for online creating a personal bank account instead of using a paper and manual procedures. (stand alone system using VB6) A system for creating and manipulating credit card operations.. (stand alone system using VB6) An online system for creating a registration and renew registration for ladies in sharjah ladies club. An online web site for optics sales and maintenance. An online system for scrap sales. An online system for monitoring meeting rooms in a specific hotel or public places for coordinating and reservations. An online system for selecting a hotel room view and style and make a reservation as well as payment using online payment method. a school registration system. (stand alone system using VB6) An online system for make orders online for meals and determines his or her mail components as well as makes online payments. IEEE membership IET membership, MIET member 18