Advances in Biological In-Situ Remediation: Full Scale Applications in the Netherlands NORDROCS, September 2-21, 26, Malmö First joint Nordic Meeting on Remediation of Contaminated Sites Maurice Henssen, M.Eng., Marc van bemmel, M.Eng. Bioclear BV, Groningen, The Netherlands Tjark Huisman/Wim Hoitzing, DHV BV, Groningen, The Netherlands Experts in environmental and sustainable biotechnology Groningen, The Netherlands Established 1988 Technology, Innovation, Implementation 25 experts environmental technology, process technology, microbiology, biotechnology, ecology, chemistry, civil engineering, geohydrology Specialized in in-situ bioremediation and ecological risk assessment Natural or Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes organic carbon redox conditions presence of the right organisms ph Reductive Dechlorination route: PCE TCE C-DCE VC ethylene
zand leem zeer fijn/matig fijn zand matig grof zand zeer/uiterst grof zand zeer/uiterst grof zand W11 PbB-2 HBC W1 O-26 O-4C O-5C O-6C PbB-1 O-7C PbG Pb137 Pb44 klei klei EDAH DNAPL?? vml. stortgat m-m.v. 1m 2m 3m 4m 5m 6m Bacterial strain Dehalobacter restrictus Dehalospirillum multivorans Desulfuromonas chloroethenica Desulfitobacterium sp. Dehalococcoides ethenogenes (D.E.) Specific DNA Degradation to C-DCE C-DCE C-DCE C-DCE Ethene - Pre-investigation of sites - Monitoring of processes in the soil and water Case 1: Total Concept Evenblij at Hoogeveen site and Almelo site Description of sites: lack of dechlorinating bacteria, therefore bioaugmentation of soil and groundwater Contaminated site Evenblij - pure product in upper layer - plume > 2. m 3 - no Natural Attenuation and no complete dechlorination after carbon source addition MARCONISTRAAT Transfer of degradation capacity from bioreactor to the soil: Infiltration of organisms Full scale dechlorinating bioreactors
zand leem zeer fijn/matig fijn zand matig grof zand zeer/uiterst grof zand zeer/uiterst grof zand W11 PbB-2 HBC W1 O-26 O-4C O-5C O-6C PbB-1 O-7C PbG Pb137 Pb44 klei klei EDAH DNAPL?? vml. stortgat m-m.v. 1m 2m 3m 4m 5m 6m 5 A, t= 5 Present situation VOC [µmol] VOC [µmol] 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 3 time (days) PCE TCE c-dce VC ethylene ethane total methane A, t=4 weeks 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 3 time (days) methane [µmol] methane [µmol] D.e. = <1*1 3 /ml Increase of the capacity in groundwater within 4 weeks D.e. = 6*1 6 /ml MARCONISTRAAT Remediated zone Plume (up to 5, µg/l PCE) clean (< 2 µg/l) Soil volume 2, m 3 (length 2 m; depth 5 m) More than 99% degradation in 9 months! Present: Source zone stimulation by carbon source injection Almelo site Development of technique (2-3 years): Fixed system, 1 m 3 volume Mobile system, 3 ft container System Logisticon Watertreatment T=: ph: 6.4-7. Sulfate: 75 13 mg/l GW PCE: 15, to several hundreds of µg/l Characterisation TOC: 14-18 mg/l No dechlorinating organisms Molecular analysis
1, Site Kongevej, Copenhagen Concentration (µg/l) 1, 1,,1 6-okt-3 14-jan-4 23-apr-4 1-aug-4 9-nov-4 17-feb-5 28-mei-5 5-sep-5 14-dec-5 PER+TRI+CIS+VC Ethene+ethane February 1, 24 April 8, 24 June 2, 24 October 5, 24 July 7, 25 November 3, 25 PCE (µg/l) 15. 7. <,1,2 <,1 <,1 TCE (µg/l) < 4 1.3 <,1 <,1 <,1 <,1 cis- DCE (µg/l) < 4 1.3 1. 45,76,3 VC (µg/l) < 4 NA NA. 23,8,13 Ethylene (µg/l),2 4 57,9 2.1 NA NA Ethane (µg/l) 1,3 2 13,4 6, NA NA Case 2: Appingedam Degradation high concentrations PCE Estimation source zone: 5 6 kg PCE Ethylene.2 Ethana.6 Iron 1 Sulfate 12-16 Methane 16, PCE 2, TCE 38, C-DCE 13, VC 15, Ethylene 3,3 Ethane 2,1 Iron 5 Sulfate 28 Methane 13, Half life values NA: PCE 3 days TCE 29 days C-DCE 1,1 days VC 4-5 days PCE <1 TCE <1 C-DCE <5 VC 4 Ethylene 33 Ethane 11 Iron.7 Sulfate <8 Sulphide 1 Methane 17,
Conceptual model: lower flux to sandlayer by increasing biodegradation in source zone concentratie µmol/kg ds 75 625 5 375 25 125 4 3 2 1 chloride-index concentratie µmol/kg ds 75 625 5 375 25 125 4 8 12 16 2 24 28 tijd (weken) PER TRI c-dce VC etheen tot Cl-index 4 8 12 16 2 24 28 tijd (weken) 4 3 2 1 chloride-index Acceleration enhanced vs NA: Lab factor 2, Field factor 4-5 PER TRI c-dce VC etheen tot Cl-index Direct injection of carbon source (lactate and molasses) and nutrients 1998 23
Site Götarp, South-Sweden 23 25 Case 3: Large scale enhanced dechlorination in urban area (1 hectares) Longest horizontal drain 4 metres at 6 and 12 mbgl Photo s, schemes and design: Promeco, Beek en Donk
Change in redox conditions, necessary for dechlorination Vinyl chloride 1 m-mv 1 m-mv +3 tot +45 mv -15 tot mv +15 tot +3 mv -3 tot -15 mv tot +15 mv tot +15 mv T= situation 6 months after start up Ethylene Site Mälarstranden, Västeräs City of Västeräs, JM, PEAB
Remarks and conclusions Good pre-investigation necessary: show capacity use for design prevent problems in full scale application phase Bioremediation can be very powerful and fast Use the strength of nature! Thanks for your attention