Chldrn s bs nrss bwn hory & pracc A dscusson of commonly ncounrd nsons and possbl soluons basd on nrnaonal bs nrss praccs and polcy srags snc 2004 A sudy of h Chldrn s Rghs Knowldg Cnr Commssond by h Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn Rsarch Hann Op d Bck Karn Hrbos Sara Lmbrchs Nl Wllms Coordnaon Kahy Vlgh
Chldrn s bs nrss bwn hory and pracc A dscusson of commonly ncounrd nsons and possbl soluons basd on nrnaonal bs nrss praccs and polcy srags snc 2004 Ths sudy was commssond o h Chldrn s Rghs Knowldg Cnr by h Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn n lgh of h prparaons of h Europan confrnc bs nrss of h chld n lgh of h 25 h annvrsary of h Und Naons Convnon on h Rghs of h Chld (Brussls, 9-10 Dcmbr 2014).
Admnsrav offc Chldrn s rghs knowldg cnr Korrjkssnwg 14 Groud floor room 0.11 9000 Ghn Blgum Phon: +32 (0)9 243 24 70 nfo@kk.b www.kk.b Char Chldrn s rghs knowldg cnr Lang Snsraa 31 9000 Gn Blgum Board Dr. Ddr Rynar (prsdn) Unvrsy collg Ghn Prof. dr. Johan Pu (vc-prsdn) Unvrsy of Luvn Prof. dr. Wour Vandnhol Unvrsy of Anwrp Dr. Lv Brad Ghn Unvrsy Prof. dr. Els Dumorr Unvrsy of Brussls Saff Ms. Kahy Vlgh (coordnaor) Dr. Hann Op d Bck Ms. Sara Lmbrchs Ms. Nl Wllms Ms. Karn Hrbos Chldrn s Rghs Knowldg Cnr, Augus 2014
0. TABLE OF CONTENT I. Inroducon 1. Why hs rpor? 2. Th bs nrss of h chld n nrnaonal human rghs law 3. Wha knd of nrss ar a sak? II. Mhodology 1. Invnory of (nrnaonal) chld bs nrss projcs n polcy and pracc snc 2004 2. Conn analyss of nvnord projcs III. Dscrpon. Chld bs nrss projcs n polcy and pracc (2004-2014) 1. Problm samn 2. Transvrsal hms 3. Subsanv hms 4. Rcapulaon: a brd s y vw on chld s bs nrss projcs snc 2004 IV. Analyss. Chld bs nrss from hory o pracc: nsons 1. Workably of a vagu and gnrals concp 1.1. Subsanv and procdural lmns of bs nrss drmnaon 1.2. Subsanv: xplcang h basc prspcv 1.3. Subsanv: avodanc by ngav lmns, rsk assssmn and focus on procdural lmns 1.4. Procdural: a clar dcson-makng srucur 1.5. Procdural: h us of mdaon mchansms o cra undrsandng for dffrn prspcvs and o larn abou wha s bs for h chld 1.6. Procdural: h mporanc of muldscplnary ranng, ducaon and monorng 2. Conflc of nrss 2.1. Chldrn and hr parns 2.2. Chldrn, h govrnmn and h broadr socy 3. Harng chldrn s vocs: nsurng a jus and qual parcpaon 3.1. Purpos 3.2. Conx Lf changng vs. vryday dcsons Mcro vs. mso lvl 3.3. Sakholdrs 3.4. Mods of parcpaon and hr rlaon wh chldrn s volvng capacs Hrbos & Pu s (2014) ypology n h nvnord bs nrss projcs Assssng h chld s maury Drc and ndrc parcpaon 4. Chld rghs mpac assssmns a h polcy lvl V. Concluson VI. VII. Rfrncs Annx. Ovrvw of h scrnng of polcy srags and pracc navs rgardng h bs nrss of h chld snc 2004
I. INTRODUCTION 1. Why hs rpor? Th currn rpor was wrn on bhalf of h Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn as par of h prparaons for h Europan confrnc on h bs nrss of h chld, whch s organzd by h Flmsh, Walloon and Blgan (fdral) govrnmn n lgh of h 25 h annvrsary of h Und Naons Convnon on h Rghs of h Chld. As h goal of hs confrnc s o com o a dalogu bwn hory and pracc rgardng h bs nrss prncpl, hs rpor ams o xplor common nsons n hs dalogu and o dnfy possbl soluons o addrss hs nsons, basd on xsng nrnaonal praccs and polcy navs. Dong so, a numbr of dscusson opcs o fd h confrnc wr dnfd, whch can b consuld n h advc aachd o hs rpor. 2. Th bs nrss of h chld n nrnaonal human rghs law Th mos mporan lgal bass for h chld s bs nrss s h Convnon on h Rghs of h Chld (CRC). Ar. 3.1 CRC xprsss h rgh of chldrn o hav hr bs nrss assssd and akn no accoun as a prmary consdraon n all acons or dcsons ha affc hm. Publc and prva socal wlfar nsuons, cours of law, admnsrav auhors and lgslav bods on boh h naonal and local lvl ar rqurd o apply h bs nrss prncpl by sysmacally consdrng how chldrn s rghs and nrss ar or wll b affcd, for xampl n prsn or fuur polcs, laws, cour dcsons or admnsrav acons, vn f such acons or dcsons only ndrcly affc chldrn. Ar. 18 CRC xnds h prncpl o parns and lgal guardans, sang ha [h] bs nrss of h chld wll b hr basc concrn n hr rsponsbly for h upbrngng and dvlopmn of h chld. In addon, h Convnon xplcly rfrs o h rmnology of bs nrss n spcfc famly mars (Ar. 9 on h rgh no o b sparad from h parns; Ar. 20 on h rghs of chldrn dprvd of a famly nvronmn; and Ar. 21 on adopon) and rgardng chldrn n conflc wh h law (Ar 37(c) on sparaon from aduls n dnon and Ar. 40 2 (b) () on procdural guarans for mnors, ncludng prsnc of parns a cour harngs for crmnal mars nvolvng chldrn n conflc wh h law). As wll, rfrncs o h chld s bs nrss ar mad n h Oponal Proocol o h Convnon on h sal of chldrn, chld prosuon and chld pornography (prambl and Ar. 8) and n h Oponal Proocol o h Convnon on a communcaons procdur (prambl and Ar. 2 and 3). Alongsd Ar. 2 (non-dscrmnaon), Ar. 6 (rgh o lf and dvlopmn) and Ar. 12 CRC (rspc for h vws of h chld), h Comm on h Rghs of h Chld (2003, 12) dfnd Ar. 3.1 as on of h CRC s four gnral prncpls. Ths mans ha h bs nrss prncpl suppors and clarfs how o nrpr and mplmn ohr rghs of h Convnon. Ohr nrnaonal nsrumns n whch h bs nrss prncpl occurs nclud h 1985 Convnon on h Elmnaon of All forms Dscrmnaon Agans Womn (CEDAW) (Ar. 5b and Ar. 16d), h 1993 Hagu Convnon on Inrcounry Adopon (Ar. 4b), h 2006 Convnon on h Rghs of Prsons wh Dsabls (CRPD) (Ar. 23 2), h Afrcan Charr (Ar. 4), h 2009 Europan Unon s Charr of Fundamnal Rghs (Ar. 24) and svral Europan Drcvs on spcfc ssus such as mgraon. 1 P a g
3. Wha knd of nrss ar a sak? Dsp all hs rfrncs, nhr h CRC nor h ravaux préparaors for hs Convnon clarly dfn or dmarca h bs nrss prncpl. Ths lmaon has bn fdng rcurrn dscussons abou h manng and conn of hs concp, whch was h undrlyng movaon ha nsprd hs rpor. For Zrman (2010: 485-6), chldrn s nrss ar o b rad n conjuncon wh h global spr of h CRC. H acknowldgs a dffrnc bwn shor-, mdum- and long-rm nrss of h chld as a dvlopng human bng (also s Frman, 2007: 39). Eklaar (1992: 234) rfrs o basc nrss (for xampl o physcal, moonal and nllcual car), dvlopmnal nrss (o nr adulhood whou dsadvanag), and auonomy nrss, (spcally h frdom o choos a lfsyl of hr own). Furhrmor, currn as wll as fuur nrss ar dscussd. Frman (2007:3) argus ha acual nrss may no only dffr from fuur nrss of chldrn; hy can vn conflc wh ach ohr. Accordng o h 1959 Chldrn s Rghs Dclaraon, nrss rfr o all aspcs of h chld s prsonaly (physcal, mnal, moral, sprual, socal) o dvlop n a halhy, normal mannr, n condons of frdom and dgny. Th UNHCR Gudlns on Drmnng h Bs Inrss of h Chld (May 2008, nav nr. 1 undr Bs nrss drmnaon n h marx n annx) dscrb bs nrss as broadly rfrrng o h wll-bng of a chld: Such wll-bng s drmnd by a vary of ndvdual crcumsancs, such as h ag, h lvl of maury of h chld, h prsnc or absnc of parns, h chld's nvronmn and xprncs. In sum, h chld bs nrss prncpl appars o b srongly mbddd n nrnaonal gudlns and lgslaon. As wll, h labora dscrpons by dffrn auhors offr an mporan framwork for h nrpraon of hs concp. Nonhlss, a margn of apprcaon rmans du o h ndrmna and vagu naur of hs concp as wll as s dpndncy on culur and m-rlad conxs rasng a numbr of qusons on how o apply hs prncpl n pracc (Frman, 2007). How can h bs nrss of an ndvdual chld b dfnd? Do dffrn groups of chldrn for xampl, unaccompand mgran mnors (UMA s) hav smlar nrss? To wha xn dos h chld hmslf hav a say and wha s h rol of aduls n h procss of dfnng a parcular chld s nrs? To addrss hs qusons, no only hory s mporan. Indd, xsng praccs can also b ulzd as a sourc of nformaon, as hy offr a boom-up approach owards a mor sold nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl. Consqunly, h lgal consoldaon of h chld bs nrss concp s no scrunzd n hs rpor. Th currn sudy on h conrary focuss on h dalogu bwn hory and pracc n lgh of drmnng h bs nrss of h chld as dfnd by Ar. 3 CRC. Mor spcfcally, h sudy ams o sngl ou a numbr of frqunly dscussd nsons n hs dalogu and looks for possbl soluons basd on nrnaonal chld bs nrss praccs. II. METHODOLOGY For hs sudy, a radonal rangl-approach s manand, sarng from a broad nvnory of chld s bs nrss dscussons and praccs, and workng owards an n-dph conn analyss of a handful of projcs from hs nvnory. Th analyss mor spcfcally consss of h followng wo mhodologcal pars: (1) an nvnory of xsng nrnaonal chld bs nrss projcs a h 2 P a g
polcy and pracc lvl snc 2004, and (2) a conn analyss of h projcs n hs nvnory, focusng on h dnfcaon and/or approach of nsons rgardng h ranslaon of h bs nrss prncpl from hory o pracc. INVENTORY CONTENT ANALYSIS Fgur 1. Invnory followd by a conn analyss hrough a radonal rangl approach Fndngs ar complmnd wh addonal horcal nsghs from lraur ha was consuld durng h prparaory work for hs sudy. Ths horcal nformaon adds o h dscusson by provdng addonal nsghs, background nformaon and/or possbl xplanaons for h fndngs. 1. Invnory of (nrnaonal) chld bs nrss projcs n polcy and pracc snc 2004 Th mhodology of hs par of h sudy consss of an Inrn sarch hrough onln daabass (mor spcfcally h KK daabas, www.kkdaabank.b and h Chldrn s Rghs Coalon daabas, www.kndrrchncoal.b), as wll as hrough h Googl sarch ngn. Th kywords usd n hs procss ar: Blang van h knd (Duch, as h Flmsh Govrnmn commssond hs assgnmn), chld s bs nrss, chldrn s bs nrss and bs nrss of h chld (Englsh, n ln wh h nrnaonal characr of hs assgnmn). Th choc for hs sarch rms mpls ha navs dscrbd n ohr languags han Duch or Englsh ar xcludd. For wbss ha do no offr a sarch funcon, h scons publcaons, projcs and/or advc ar sysmacally browsd. If cran kywords brng up a larg numbr (>1000) of hs, only h fv frs pags (sord by rlvanc) ar scrnd. If no sauraon s rachd afr scrnng h frs fv pags, h followng fv pags ar scrnd as wll. Chld s bs nrss s a broad concp. In fac, as h chld s bs nrss prncpl s srongly rlad o chld wll-bng (cf. Th 2008 UNHCR Gudlns on Drmnng h Bs Inrss of h Chld), mos chld rghs and/or chld wll-bng navs ar n chldrn and youh s bs nrss. Th spulaons from h 2008 UNHRC Gudlns rgardng h drmnaon of chldrn s bs nrss and h Comm s Gnral Commn 14 (CRC/C/GC/14) could b usd as drcvs n hs cas. Howvr, n lgh of h lmd m scop for hs sudy as wll as h larg numbr of navs o b scrnd, s no possbl o valua h conn of all navs basd on hs gudlns. Thrfor, a pragmac slcon s manand: only navs ha ar xplcly rfrrd o by h auhor or projc managr as projcs rlang o h bs nrss prncpl ar ngrad n h nvnory, whch s prsnd n a marx (n annx o hs rpor). Th goal of hs slcon s o only ls srags ha hav h rnforcmn of chldrn s bs nrss as a frs and formos consdraon. 3 P a g
To rach hs gnral arg, h followng spcfc slcon crra ar manand: 1. Inrss and chld (or a synonym) ar mnond n h l or absrac of h projc or ar srongly undrlnd hroughou (h publcaon abou) h projc. Only projcs ha ar xplcly focusng on chldrn s bs nrss ar slcd; 2. To slc only h mos rcn navs, a cu-off pon of h las 10 yars s manand (cf. Op d Bck, Pu & Lmbrchs, 2013). Only projcs from 2004 onwards ar slcd; 3. Publcaons ha do no lad o rcommndaons for polcy or pracc and/or ha do no dscrb xsng polcs or praccs ar no slcd for hs nvnory. As wll, cas law s xcludd from hs analyss. An mporan lmaon of hs sragy s ha projcs rlang o chldrn s bs nrss, bu no xplcang hs rlaon, ar mssd n h slcon. As wll, as was mnond bfor, navs ha ar no publshd onln n Duch or Englsh ar mssng. Th nvnory s hrfor an ncompl rsul of an xplorav sarch mhodology and should b nrprd as such: hs rpor dscrbs an analyss of a p of h cbrg of bs nrss navs, o hghlgh som of h mos vsbl nsons n h ranslaon of h bs nrss prncpl from hory o pracc. Fnally, h dffrn projcs ar dvdd no cagors ha ar crad hrough a boom-up mhodology. Afr all projcs wr brough oghr, hy wr groupd and r-groupd unl a concs ovrvw n h forma of a marx was dvlopd. As som of h projcs rla o boh subsanv and ransvrsal hms (cf. III.2 and III.3 n hs rpor), a numbr of projcs ar assgnd o wo dffrn cagors. Furhrmor, snc h mpac of h dffrn dnfd navs may occur som navs hold concr nsrumns or rcommndaons whras ohrs mrly hold a pla for consdrng chldrn s bs nrss h projcs ar assgnd o wo addonal cagors; gudln/plan for mor gnral argumns advocang chldrn s bs nrss, and mplmnaon for concr rcommndaons, ools or acons owards h ralzaon of chldrn s bs nrss. Naonal or local polcy plans ha concrly ouln how nrnaonal lgslaon rgardng bs nrss s o b ransfrrd o pracc, ar classfd undr mplmnaon as wll. Nonhlss, h dmarcaon bwn gnral argumns and concr rcommndaons was found o b vagu for a numbr of h navs. Consqunly, h assgnmn o hs cagors s n som of h cass basd on a judgmn call whch may hav bn dffrn f ohr rsarchrs would hav prformd h analyss. 2. Conn analyss of nvnord projcs Basd on h gnral nvnory, h dnfd projcs ar sudd mor n dph hrough a conn analyss n whch spcfc anon s pad o possbl nsons or dffculs ha can xs n h ranslaon of h bs nrss concp from hory o pracc. To do so, agan an nducv or boom-up mhodology s usd. Th documns ar scrnd o fnd ou whhr nsons rgardng h opraonalzaon of h bs nrss prncpl ar dscussd or addrssd. Basd on hs scrnng, h mos prvaln nsons n h projcs ar hmazd and man fndngs from h projcs ha rla o h dnfd hms ar dscussd. 4 P a g
III. DESCRIPTION. CHILD BEST INTERESTS PROJECTS IN POLICY AND PRACTICE (2004-2014) In h followng paragraphs, a gnral dscrpon of h nvnord projcs s provdd. Tabl 1 porrays h numbr of projcs ha wr dnfd whn ach hm or cagory n h marx (for h compl marx: s annx o hs rpor). Ovrall, hr dffrn hmac groups can b obsrvd n hs abl: problm samn, subsanv hms and ransvrsal hms. Frs of all, h hrn sourcs ha ar classfd undr problm samn rfr o documns ponng ou gaps n xsng lgslaon, polcy and/or pracc rgardng chldrn s bs nrss. Scond, a dsncon s mad bwn ransvrsal hms and subsanv hms. Subsanv hms consdr dffrn lf domans of chldrn and youh n whch bs nrss navs can b locad. Mos ofn, hs subsanv hms rla o groups of chldrn and youh n socy who ar consdrd o b spcfcally vulnrabl, whch s why dsnc bs nrss navs ar akn for hs groups. Exampls ar chldrn whos parns ar mprsond, mmgran chldrn or unaccompand mgran mnors, chldrn who com n conac wh h law, chldrn whos parns ar dvorcng. A numbr of spcfc mnory groups for whom only a fw bs nrss projcs ar dnfd, ar classfd n h marx undr h cagory spcfc mnory groups. Exampls n hs cagory ar chldrn growng up n Lsban, Gay, Bsxual or Transgndr (LGBT) famls, sr chldrn, workng chldrn and youh. Tabl 1. Ovrvw of nvnord projcs (marx) 1 Dscrpon Man hm Scond hm 2 Toal Toal Gudlns/ plan Implmnaon Problm samn 13 / / 0 13 Parns n dnon 4 2 2 0 4 Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly 5 2 3 1 6 Alrnav car: guardanshp/adopon 10 3 7 2 12 Alrnav car: nsuonalzd youh car 5 2 3 2 7 Parcpaon 7 3 4 9 16 Bs nrss drmnaons 3 11 5 7 5 16 Chld mpac assssmns 4 1 3 1 5 Bs nrss advocacy 3 1 2 1 4 Immgraon/Unaccompand mgran mnors 17 9 8 9 26 Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld 10 2 8 3 13 abus/vcmzaon Chld car 2 1 1 0 2 Mda/Advrsng 3 0 3 0 3 (Publc) spac 2 0 2 0 2 Halh 3 1 2 1 4 Spcfc mnory groups 6 2 4 2 8 Toal 105 35 58 35 139 1 Ths abl s o b rgardd as an approxma ovrvw of h nvnord projcs bcaus dffrncs n sz, mpac and saus of h projcs ar no akn no accoun. As wll, projcs ha closly rla o ach ohr hav bn groupd oghr as on nav n h marx and ar hrfor jus cound as on projc n hs abl. 2 Scondary hms of h projcs ha ar classfd undr problm samn ar no ncludd n hs abl, as h documns undr problm samn dscrb a gap, no an xsng nav. 3 On nav of Bs nrss drmnaons can b consdrd boh a gudln/plan and an mplmnaon, hrfor h sum of h numbr of gudlns and mplmnaons (12) s hghr han h oal (11). 5 P a g
Transvrsal hms, on h ohr hand, ranscnd hs spara vulnrably ssus, and nclud for xampl mhodologs o dnfy chldrn s bs nrss a a concpual or a a praccal lvl. In abl 1, h followng ransvrsal hms ar ncludd: Parcpaon, Bs nrss drmnaons, Chld mpac assssmns and Bs nrss advocacy. Th lar wo xclusvly rla o h bs nrss of groups of chldrn. 1. Problm samn To fnd ou mor abou h sourcs classfd undr problm samn, h marx nds o b consuld (no dald nformaon s provdd n abl 1). Dong so, can b obsrvd ha four of h sourcs undr problm samn ar locad n h cagory Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly (as a scond hm). Dffrn suds brng up dffculs o dnfy h bs nrss of a parcular chld n cusody-rlad cour cass, spcally as chldrn s nrss can b closly nrwnd wh parnal nrss and/or nrss of ohr pars (s navs nr. 1, 2, 4 and 6 undr problm samn n h marx). Subjcvy s an mporan ssu n hs cas. For xampl: Skvns (2010, nav nr. 5 undr problm samn n h marx) analyzd hr cass rgardng forcd adopon n h hghs Norwgan cour of appal and found ha h drmnaon of chldrn s bs nrss s mos ofn prformd n a subjcv nsad of a raonal way. Ths fndng suggss a nd for ools o facla a mor objcv or nural chldrn s bs nrss drmnaon for juvnl and famly judgs. A smlar concrn xss rgardng dcsons abou alrnav car for chldrn and youh: wo suds suggs ha judgs nd mor nsrumns o rly on whn dnfyng h chld s bs nrss (s navs nr. 3 and 5 undr problm samn n h marx). Alhough hs focus on dffculs n dcson-makng n car- and cusody-rlad cour cass could rflc a gap n raly, s also possbl ha cusody, guardanshp and ohr famlymars ar opcs ha ar mor ofn rsarchd from a bs nrss-prspcv, as s argud undr nav nr. 3 undr Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly n h marx. If a largr numbr of h chld s bs nrss dbas focus on mars of cusody and guardanshp, s no surprsng ha a mor prssn prcpon of xsng gaps rgardng hs opc would b crad. 2. Transvrsal hms Nonhlss, as abl 1 shows ha a larg numbr of bs nrss projcs (N=16) focus on h dvlopmn of bs nrss drmnaons (BID) 4, h dnfd nd for mor nsrumns for judgs o rly on s rmarkabl. Dffrn rsarchrs and polcy makrs dd com up wh sandardzd qusonnars and ohr mhodologs n ordr o approxma or sma parcular chldrn s bs nrss (s for nsanc navs nr. 5, 6 and 8 undr Bs nrss drmnaons and nr. 7 undr Parcpaon n h marx). Th marx shows ha sx of h bs nrss drmnaons projcs ar argd a (unaccompand) mgran mnors: hs projcs ar assgnd o mmgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors as a scondary cagory. Ths rsul, n combnaon wh h fndng ha som domans such as h judcal doman ar n nd of rlabl bs nrss nsrumns, suggss ha nsrumns dvlopd for dcsons rgardng unaccompand mgran mnors and ohr arg groups may hold a ponal o b ransfrrd o ohr domans or usd as nspraon o buld nw, adapd nsrumns o sma chldrn s bs nrss. 4 Th UNHCR dffrnas n s Gudlns on Drmnng h Bs Inrss of h Chld (2008, nav nr. 1 undr bs nrss drmnaon n h marx) bwn bs nrss drmnaons (BID) and bs nrss assssmn (BIA) by dfnng a BID as a mor formalzd procss whras a BIA should b an nformal rflx. Howvr, n hs rpor, boh rms ar usd nrchangably, n h sns ha hy boh rfr o an smaon of wha s n h bs nrss of h chld. 6 P a g
In rlaon o hs opc, h marx porrays ha h dvlopmn of a vary of ools o ak chldrn s bs nrss no accoun n polcy dcsons n h shap of dffrn chld mpac assssmn nsrumns has bn rcvng anon. Evn hough h numbr of projcs n hs ara s lmd o fv (s abl 1), s o b nod ha hs projcs consdr four dffrn yps of mpac assssmns: h dvlopmn of chld sandards (by a cvl socy organzaon), h nnon o nvsga a chld chck (a h polcy lvl), h mplmnaon of chld budgng programs (a h polcy lvl) and h mplmnaon of Chld Rghs Impac Assssmns (CRIA) (also a h polcy lvl). 5 Th lar wo ar mplmnd n dffrn counrs n a vary of shaps and formas (s navs nr. 3 and 4 undr chld mpac assssmns n h marx). A hrd prvaln ransvrsal hm n abl 1 s parcpaon, of whch a oal of 16 projcs could b dnfd n h marx. Gnrally, parcpaon of chldrn and youh o and/or harng hr voc hroughou h dcson-makng procss s consdrd an mporan par of h procdur or mhodology o com o a bs nrss assssmn (s for nsanc h Rcommndaon CM/Rc(2012)2 of h Comm of Mnsrs o mmbr sas on h parcpaon of chldrn and young popl undr h ag of 18, nav nr. 2 undr parcpaon n h marx, bu also h Comm s Gnral Commn 14 as wll as n h UNHCR s (2008) Gudlns on Drmnng h Bs Inrss of h Chld ). As wll, boh h chld s bs nrss as parcpaon ar dfnd by h Comm as basc prncpls of h CRC, oghr wh h rgh o lf, survval and dvlopmn and h non-dscrmnaon prncpl (Comm on h Rghs of h Chld, Gnral gudlns rgardng h form and conn of nal rpors o b submd by Sas Pars undr Ar. 44, paragraph 1 (a), of h Convnon, CRC/C/5, 1991; Comm on h Rghs of h Chld, Gnral gudlns rgardng h form and conn of prodc rpors o b submd by Sas Pars undr Ar. 44, paragraph 1 (b), of h Convnon, CRC/C/58/Rv.1, 2005). Consqunly, parcpaon s mporan n bs nrss drmnaon as a mans o com o an adqua bs nrss assssmn, bu also as a goal n slf, as a concp ha s nrnscally conncd o h chld s bs nrss. Gvn hs focus, h consdrabl numbr of projcs ampng o brng hs prncpl n h bs nrss pracc s no surprsng. Th fac ha parcpaon mor ofn appars as a scond (N=9) han as a frs (N=7) hm, undrlns h ransvrsal characr of hs opc: parcpaon s mos ofn adopd as a mhod o drmn chldrn s bs nrss n dffrn lgal and lf domans. Dsp hs focus, can b obsrvd n h marx ha h concp of parcpaon s opraonalzd n dffrn ways hroughou h dnfd projcs. I can xs of drc or ndrc communcaons procdurs, h xprsson of h chld s opnon n dcsons ha apply o hmslf, pr-o-pr mhodologs, youh confrncs Whn hs xsng vary, may b possbl o summarz and cagorz dffrn yps of chld parcpaon, n hs way crang a conncon bwn a hmac focus (.g. jusc procdurs), h maury of h chld and h parcpaon forma, n ordr o com o a bs nrss drmnaon basd on nds and wshs as xprssd by h chld. 3. Subsanv hms Rgardng h subsanv opcs, can b obsrvd n abl 1 ha many of h bs nrss navs focus on car for chldrn, nsd or ousd of h famly conx. A oal of sx dnfd navs s classfd undr h cagory dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly, wlv projcs ar abou guardanshp and/or adopon and svn projcs focus on h chld s bs nrss n 5 Alhough hs projcs us a dffrn rmnology (.g. chld sandards or chld chck ) and mhodology, hr goals ar smlar: comng o lgslaon and polcy gudlns ha ar n ln wh chldrn s rghs sandards. 7 P a g
nsuonalzd car. As wll, a oal of four dnfd projcs ar drcd a car for chldrn whos parns ar mprsond. In hs projcs, s consdrd o b n h chld s bs nrss o avod or rduc sparaon bwn h chld and h parns, whch s why a numbr of adapaons o snncng procdurs and praccs as wll as vsaon rghs ar suggsd and/or appld. Furhrmor, abl 1 shows ha 13 dnfd bs nrss navs rla o chldrn who com n conac wh dlnquncy and/or h jusc sysm ( Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon ). Whn h marx s consuld, can b obsrvd ha h majory of hs projcs focus on harng h chld s voc and ohr procdural adapaons o ras h chldfrndlnss or a las lowr h chld-unfrndlnss of h jusc sysm. In ohr words, hs navs concpualz h bs nrss prncpl n h conx of a chld adapd jusc sysm. As wll, abl 1 rvals ha a majory (N=26) of h dnfd projcs ar basd on h bs nrss of mmgran chldrn and/or unaccompand mgran mnors. As hr suaon s spcfcally prcarous and as hs s a arg group dffcul o grasp hs larg focus may no b surprsng. Y s rmarkabl ha conrary o h ohr hms hs cagory holds mor gudlns or plans (N=9) han mplmnaons (N=8). Ths obsrvaon mpls ha much anon may b gvn o h bs nrss of (unaccompand) mgran mnors, rsulng n dffrn gudlns and calls for acon, bu ha mor ffors ar ncssary for h acual mplmnaon of hs gudlns n polcy and pracc. Morovr, a numbr of hs gudlns ar rurn drcvs or procdural safguards for mmgran chldrn and/or hr parns, n whch h bs nrss prncpl s mnond on h sd,.g. n h spulaon ha h chld s bs nrss should b h prmary consdraon n rurn dcsons. Nonhlss, svn dnfd mplmnaons do ffcvly hold good praccs from Blgum, Swdn, h US, h Nhrlands, Franc, Ialy and Poland ha could b usd as an nspraon n hs cas. On fnal noworhy obsrvaon n hs frs scrnng of h nvnory coms up whn akng a closr look a h projcs classfd undr h hms of car, jusc and (unaccompand) mgran mnors. Mor spcfcally, a possbl dchoomy can b obsrvd rgardng h rlaon bwn h us of dnon and h bs nrss of h chld. I s, for xampl, rmarkabl how Pösö, Knoja & Kkon (2010, nav nr. 3 undr Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon n h marx) consdr lockng up dlnqun youh n a car conx o b a rsrcng acvy n hr bs nrss, basd on h argumn ha a prod of dnon may brak a cycl of dlnquncy. Smlarly, h projcs dscrbd undr h cagory parns n dnon undrln ha vry young chldrn should no b sparad from hr dand mohr and rcommnd ha prson accommodaon should b adapd o nclud hs young chldrn. Nonhlss, n mos ohr conxs spcally n h conx of unaccompand mgran mnors h majory of auhors argu ha danng chldrn s nvr n hr bs nrss (s for nsanc h modl Corl, Mchll, Van Hov, Bowrng & Wrgh (2012) dvlopd o prvn dnon of unaccompand mgran mnors, nav nr. 15 undr Immgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors n h marx). Ths dffrncs clarly llusra h dffculs ha can dvlop whn ranslang h bs nrss prncpl from hory o pracc; an obsrvaon ha crad h man nspraon for h currn rpor. 4. Rcapulaon: a brd s y vw on chld s bs nrss projcs snc 2004 As was mnond bfor n h mhodologcal ovrvw n hs rpor (s II.1), a lmd sarch sragy was usd o cra h nvnory, whch s why h focal hms n hs nvnory may rflc h sarch mhodology rahr han h raly. Nonhlss, can b argud ha, as hs ar h 8 P a g
projcs capurd by a narrow sarch sragy, hy may b h mos vsbl projcs rgardng h bs nrss prncpl and hrfor porray gnral nrnaonal ndncs rgardng h ranslaon of hs prncpl n pracc. Frs of all, was found ha dffrn projcs n h marx rfr o a nd or dmand for mor praccal ools o drmn chldrn s bs nrss n famly cass. Ths prcpon could rsul from a ru lack of nsrumns, bu could also b basd on a possbly largr focus on chldrn s bs nrss n famly cass. Afr all, h marx also hghlghs bs nrss projcs abou car for chldrn nsd and ousd h famly sphr as on of h hms ha has bn xplord qu rgularly. A numbr of possbl xplanaons can b brough forward o clarfy hs mphass on famly cass. Frs of all, hs focus may b du o h fac ha boh Ar. 5 rgardng h volvng capacs of h chld and Ar. 18 abou parnal rsponsbls of h CRC xplcly rfr o h bs nrss prncpl as dfnd n Ar. 3 CRC, as wll as h fac ha h CRC clarly rfrs o h bs nrss prncpl n gnral famly mars (s for xampl Ar. 9, 20 and 21). Scond, rcn lgslaon faclang dvorc, h growng dvrsy n famly composons (du o scnfc progrss, In Vro Frlzaon, anonymous donorshp, adopon by gay coupls ) as wll as h growng olranc of h publc opnon for dvorc and nw famly consrucons may add o a dcln of radonal famls. Ths chang could possbly hav gnrad a hghr numbr of famlyrlad dcsons ha ar o b akn, ncssang mor nsrumns o drmn chldrn s bs nrss as a bass for hs dcsons. Fnally, h profssonalzaon of youh car could play a rol: du o hs ndncy, mor objcv nsrumns o bas dcsons on may b n dmand. Th marx ndcas ha hs nd s rlad o dffculs o spara chldrn s bs nrss from h nds and wshs of ohr pars. As chldrn s nrss nvably dvlop n a socal conx nvolvng ohr pars, hr nrss nxrcably (nr)rla wh hs ohr pars nrss. 6 Ths obsrvaon brngs up a frs nson, h possbly of conflcs of nrss, whch wll b analyzd and dscussd furhr n IV.2 of hs rpor. Furhrmor, can b obsrvd ha dffrn ffors hav bn dvlopd o brng h bs nrss prncpl forward n dcsons rgardng mmgraon. Ths projcs could srv as an nspraon for gnralzaon o ohr domans, such as h famly conx. Th fac ha much work rgardng hs hm has bn don for UMA s could possbly b xpland by h prssur ha Gnral Commn 6 (CRC/GC/2005/6) abou h ramn of unaccompand and sparad chldrn ousd hr counry of orgn, crad, by spulang ha all dcsons rgardng unaccompand mgran mnors nd o b suppord by a bs nrss drmnaon. Afr all, ndvduals who ar radonally concrnd wh procng and guardng chldrn s bs nrss such as parns, guardans or clos famly mmbrs ar no always prsn n hs conx, whch may xplan h dvlopmn of dffrn bs nrss navs for hs group. Nonhlss, could also b obsrvd from h marx ha bs nrss projcs for UMA s do rsul n gnral gudlns and calls for acon, bu ha mor ffors ar ncssary for h acual mplmnaon of hs gudlns n polcy and pracc. Ths fndng could ndca ha a subsanv drmnaon of bs nrss n ndvdual cass rmans dffcul, dsp all h work ha has bn don n hs fld. Dffculs rgardng h subsanv mplmnaon of bs nrss ar hrfor dscussd mor n dph n IV.1 of hs rpor. 6 Accordng o Brms (2014), h nvolvmn of a las hr pars (chld, carakr, sa) o whch sh rfrs as h rangular rlaonshp s ypcal for chldrn s rghs ssus. In mor gnral human rghs ssus, hr s no carakr o ak up a rlvan rol; n hs cass h ndvdual and h sa ar h mos mporan sakholdrs (Brms, 2014). 9 P a g
As wll, can b obsrvd ha a consdrabl numbr of projcs focus on parcpaon. Parcpaon s opraonalzd n dffrn ways hroughou h spara projcs, ndcang ha a wd rang of formas xss, whch can srv as an nspraon for dcson-makrs who wsh o sar up a parcpaory rajcory n assssng on or mor chldrn s bs nrss. Nvrhlss, a concr dscrpon of how h vws of h chld ar o b balancd wh h das of h adul who s gudng h procss n such an assssmn, rmans undr h surfac. Ths and ohr dffculs rgardng h pracc of parcpaon ar xplord mor n dph n IV.3 of hs rpor. Fnally, was found ha n dffrn counrs or rgons, navs hav bn dvlopd o proc chldrn s nrss a h macro-lvl, by shapng a chld-frndly lgslav framwork hrough h applcaon of chld (rghs) mpac assssmns, chld sandards, and ohr nsrumns ha ar drcd a h maxmzaon of posv and h mnmzaon of ngav consquncs of nw lgslaon or (polcy) dcsons for chldrn and youh. Such chld-frndly lgslav srucurs srv as h framwork basd on whch ndvdual bs nrss assssmns ar dvlopd and hrfor ndrcly affc h ndvdual chld. Consqunly, hs macro-lvl nsrumns and h way hy rla o ndvdual bs nrss assssmns, ar dscussd n IV.4 of hs rpor. IV. ANALYSIS. CHILD BEST INTERESTS FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE: TENSIONS Th broad dscrpon of h dffrn projcs ncludd n h nvnory gnrally ouchd upon som nocabl dscusson opcs, such as parcpaon, dfnng ndvdual bs nrss n concr (cour) cass or dcsons and apparn conradcons n das of wha s n chldrn s bs nrss. Ths opcs wr xplord mor n dph basd on a conn analyss of h nvnord projcs. Dong so, h followng nsons aros: (1) h nson rgardng h workably of a gnrals concp, (2) h nson n h rlaon wh ohr pars nrss, (3) h nson rgardng a jus and qual parcpaon of chldrn n h drmnaon of hr nrss, and (4) h rlaons bwn bs nrss drmnaons a h mcro (ndvdual) and macro (naonal polcy) lvl. 7 I s mporan o undrln ha h nsons dscrbd hr ar nsons ha xclusvly aros from h nvnory of chld s bs nrss praccs and hrfor only rla o h ranslaon of h bs nrss concp from hory o pracc. Thus, nsons rlang o horcal dscussons rgardng h bs nrss prncpl such as h nson bwn h gnral chldrn s rghs framwork and h bs nrss concp, as dscussd by Frman (2007:32) ar no addrssd n hs rpor. 1. Workably of a vagu and gnrals concp How o apply h bs nrss prncpl n ndvdual suaons s a challng ha has bn addrssd by a numbr of dffrn bs nrss drmnaons or bs nrss assssmns among h projcs n h marx. Wha ar, for xampl, h bs nrss of a 12-yar-old boy whos parns ar dscussng cusody? And how can hs nrss b adqualy assssd? Archard & Skvns (2009, nav nr. 7 undr parcpaon n h marx) dffrna n hs cas bwn lmns ha ar clarly normav and hrfor unambguously dfnd by lgslaon, and lmns ha ar lf for rasonabl agrmn. I s spcfcally h lar par comng o a rasonabl agrmn whch lavs a margn of apprcaon, provdng Sa Pars bu also dcson-makrs n pracc 7 Bs nrss assssmns can b hld a h mcro-lvl (assssmn for on ndvdual chld), h mso-lvl (assssmn for a spcfc group of chldrn) and a h macro-lvl (assssmn a h polcy lvl). All hr yps ar dscussd hroughou hs rpor. 10 P a g
wh a cran dgr of dscron. Ths margn brngs a numbr of bnfs for xampl, nabls culural consdraons o b accommodad whn h bs nrss prncpl (Frman, 2007: 35; Alson, 1994) bu also mpds on an unambguous ralzaon of h bs nrss concp. Morovr, h conn, manng and praccal applcaon of h bs nrss prncpl s vagu, whch complcas s mplmnaon n pracc. Wha knd of framwork can b dvlopd o avod ha h concp bcoms hollow and mannglss, or usd n a oknsc way (Wolfson, 1992; Frman, 2007; Archard & Skvns, 2010; Tobn, 2011; also s Canwll (2014), nav nr. 10 undr Alrnav car: guardanshp/adopon n h marx)? 1.1. Subsanv and procdural lmns of bs nrss drmnaon Archard & Skvns (2009, nav nr. 7 undr parcpaon n h marx) no only dsngush normav from nrprav lmns n bs nrss drmnaon; hy also dffrna bwn subsanv and procdural lmns. Subsanv lmns rla o wha s consdrd o b n h chld s bs nrss as dfnd by xsng lgslaon or xprssd n gnral assumpons (.g. assumpons on h dal famly consuon). Procdural lmns nclud how h chld s bs nrss ar drmnd n parcular cass. Ths dffrnaon somwha concurs wh h dsncon bwn subsanv and ransvrsal hms from h xploraory dscrpon of h projcs ncludd n h nvnory ( III n hs rpor). In ln wh hs dsncon bwn subsanv and procdural lmns, h Comm provds gudanc hrough Gnral Commn 14 by crang a chckls of facors ha ar o b akn no accoun n h bs nrss assssmn procss. As for subsanv lmns, h Comm undrlns h chld s vws and dny, h prsrvaon of h famly nvronmn and mananng rlaons, car, procon and safy of h chld, h chld s suaon of vulnrably, h chld s rgh o halh and h chld s rgh o ducaon as cnral varabls o consdr. Rgardng procdural safguards, h Comm pus anon o h rgh of h chld o xprss hs or hr own vws (parcpaon), a qualav accoun of h facs, avodanc of dlays n dcson-makng, nvolvmn of qualfd profssonals, lgal rprsnaon and lgal rasonng, h prsnc of mchansms o rvw or rvs dcsons and mor gnrally h craon of sound Chld Rghs Impac Assssmns o com o a chld-frndly polcy conx n whch h ndvdual chld s bs nrss can b assssd. As hs Gnral Commn consus an mporan gudln owards bs nrss drmnaon n pracc, s no surprsng ha a numbr of hs lmns wll b rapparng n h dscusson opcs dnfd hroughou h conn analyss. 1.2. Subsanv: xplcang h basc prspcv Provdng a subsanv and gnrally applcabl dfnon of wha s n chldrn s bs nrss, s dffcul, as s rcognzd ha nrss may dffr basd on varabl suaons, conxs, culurs (Thomson, 2005), hsorcal prods and undrsandngs of chldhood (Frman, 2007). Smyrs (2010) argus ha an unambguous nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl s hrfor mpossbl. Dsp hs objcons, Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2006, nav nr. 8 undr bs nrss drmnaon n h marx) dd dvlop an xnsv nrprav modl o objcvly mplmn h bs nrss prncpl n pracc, basd on a clar subsanv prspcv rgardng hs prncpl. Thr opraonalzaon s mor spcfcally foundd on a bhavoral scnc paradgm, basd on h CRC prncpl of h chld s rgh o dvlopmn. Th frs svn condons hy rcommnd o ak no accoun n a bs nrss assssmn basd on hr analyss rla o h famly suaon: h avalably of adqua physcal car, a saf drc physcal nvronmn, an 11 P a g
affcv amosphr, a supporv, flxbl chldrarng srucur, adqua xampls by parns, nrs, and connuy n upbrngng condons and fuur prspcv. Th ohr condons hy brng forward rfr o h broadr socy: rspc, a socal nwork, ducaon, conac wh prs, adqua xampls n socy, and sably n lf crcumsancs. Ths hms ndca an nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl ha ncluds boh procon (.g. a saf physcal nvronmn ) and provson rghs (.g. conac wh prs ) of h chld. Basd on hs opraonalzaon, Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2006) dvlopd a Bs Inrss of h Chld Qusonnar (BIC-Q) whch can b usd n dcsons ha srongly affc n h lvng suaon of h chld (for xampl, n h dcson o plac h chld n a car nsuon). Evn hough Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2006) sd hr nsrumn and concludd o b a rlabl ool o sma h dvlopmnal suaon of chldrn, h wgh of h dffrn hms may socally, culurally and ndvdually dffr, and cran opcs rlang o chldrn s bs nrss may rman undr h surfac (such as mnal halh, slf-drmnaon, nformaon and how ar h frs svn condons dfnd for chldrn who grow up whou a famly?). Nvrhlss, Kalvrbor & Zjlsra s (2006) xrcs provs ha s possbl o com o a subsanv opraonalzaon basd on a clar approach (n hs cas: h concpualzaon of h chld s bs nrss as an xprsson of h rgh o dvlopmn) and a sysmac or scnfc mhodology, as long as h prspcv h opraonalzaon s basd upon s clarly communcad o all h nvolvd pars. Morovr, usng hs mhodology, a culurally snsv nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl can b dvlopd by choosng a culurally adapd prspcv as a sarng pon. Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2006) sard from h chldrn s rgh o dvlopmn, bu ohr prspcvs for xampl, h procon, provson and parcpaon prncpls bhnd h CRC could also b usd as a sarng pon. Ths culural adapably s n ln wh a.o. Thomson s clam o acknowldg culural consdraons n dfnng chldrn s nrss (also s Brms, 2001; Donlly, 2013). 1.3. Subsanv: avodanc by ngav lmns, rsk assssmn and focus on procdural lmns Apar from Kalvrbor & Zjlsra s (2006) xrcs, h conn analyss uncovrs ha n pracc, a subsanv nrpraon may b avodd by dmarcang wha s no n h chld s bs nrss. For xampl, Frman (2007:51) argus ha, n s concludng obsrvaons o Sa rpors, h Comm pus focus on wha s no n chldrn s bs nrss, hnc opng for a ngav nsad of a posv dfnon of h concp. A smlar approach consss of lmng wha s bs for h chld o h procon of h chld. In h subsanv lmns ha ar pu forward n Gnral Commn 14, h balanc bwn provson and procon s manand: boh h vson and dny of h chld, as wll as h procon and vulnrably of h chld, ar dfnd as lmns o b acknowldgd n bs nrss drmnaons. Nonhlss, can b obsrvd hrough h conn analyss ha chldrn s bs nrss ar momnarly dfnd n rms of a rsk assssmn (also s Archard, 2006:v). An xampl can b found n h rpor Rurnng Hom From Car: Wha s Bs For Chldrn whch was drafd up n 2012 by h Naonal Socy for h Prvnon of Cruly o Chldrn (NSPCC, UK, nav nr. 3 undr problm samn n h marx). Ths rpor gnrally focuss on faclang an ffcv dcson-makng abou whn s n a chld s bs nrs o rurn hom and o nsur ha hy ar provdd wh hgh qualy suppor o proc hm from furhr harm (Andrw Flanagan n NSPCC, 2012:3). In hs rpor, spcfcally a framwork for h assssmn of h rsk of nglc or abus n h hom suaon s nvsond. Ths framwork pus vdnc for fuur abus 12 P a g
or nglc and an assssmn of h parnal capacy o chang a h har of h drmnaon whhr runfcaon s n h chld s bs nrss. Fnally, can b obsrvd ha dffrn projcs from h marx addrss dffculs n subsanvly dfnng chldrn s bs nrss by suggsng sabl procdural srags o com o an dnfcaon of wha s bs for on parcular chld or on spcfc group of chldrn. For xampl, h rcommndaons by h Inrnaonal Rscu Comm (2007, nav nr. 5 undr bs nrss drmnaons n h marx) rgardng BID s for UMA s, basd on xprncs wh Srra Lonan chldrn n Guna, xclusvly hold procdural suggsons, such as h nsallmn of formal BID procsss ha f n a broadr programmng sragy and sar up as arly as possbl. Basd on h da ha a clar mhodology should scur consdraons of chldrn s bs nrss as xnsvly as possbl, vn f a subsanv dfnon s lackng, h followng hr srags ar hghlghd hroughou h conn analyss: (1) o dvlop and clarly xplca a dcson-makng srucur, (2) o provd dcson-makrs wh adqua ranng and gnral background knowldg rgardng chld psychology and dvlopmn, and (3) o us xsng mdaon mchansms as nnovav bs nrss chnqus. 1.4. Procdural: a clar dcson-makng srucur A srong procdural focus n dcng chldrn s bs nrss may adjus for dffculs n crang an unambguous subsanv dfnon ha s applcabl o a broad vary of ndvdual suaons. Skvns (2010, nav nr. 5 undr problm samn n h marx) brngs fv suggsons forward o com o a raonal bass for dcson-makng: (1) spcfcaon of whch consdraons ar mporan n h drmnaon of chldrn s bs nrss, (2) avodanc of unjusfd assumpons rgardng h bs nrss prncpl, (as an xampl, Skvns rfrs o blood- prsumpons as a socal norm) (3) dvlopmn of dlbrav procsss for dcson-makng, basd on sold nformaon rgardng h suaon of h nvolvd ndvduals, a clar xploraon of possbl dcsons and h dffrn consquncs as wll as monorng of h suaon afrwards, nrnally bu also by h broadr publc (Skvns spcfcally pus anon o hs monorng funcon by undrlnng h mporanc of publc conrol of cour dcsons), (4) rcognon of h chld s prspcv as h bass of h dcson and (5) a clos conncon o nw nsghs n rlvan flds, such as chldrn s nds, aachmn, c. (Skvns, 2010). A numbr of hs lmns, such as h parcpaon of h chld and h mporanc of qualav nformaon ar also rflcd n h procdural safguards xprssd n Gnral Commn 14. As wll, h ncssy o kp up o da wh acual knowldg and o avod prjudc could b consdrd rahr slf-vdn. Skvns (2010) suggson o dvlop dlbrav procsss for dcson-makng, howvr, s ousandng n hr arcl, as h dvlopmn of clar dcson-makng srucurs has bn mor gnrally dscussd as a ncssary condon o com o conssn (group) dcsons (Goodwn & Wrgh, 2009; Op d Bck, Pu, Tans, Plysr & Hrmans, 2014). I s undrsood ha dcsonmakng should occur hrough sold mhodologs or procdurs n ordr o avod nconssncs, arbrarnss or (oo much) subjcvy. Goodwn & Wrgh (2009) rfr o such mhodologs or procdurs as a s of gnrally accpd proposons or a formalzaon of common sns (Goodwn & Wrgh, 2009: 31). Through formalzaon and h cauous prformanc of dffrn dcsv sps, rflcons ha usually rman subconscous ar brough undr h anon. Bcaus hs rflcons ar rcognzd hrough h srucurd procss, h possbly of an nuv nsad of a raonal dcson dcrass. As wll, chancs of prjudcs nfluncng h dcsons for whch 13 P a g
Skvns (2010) s cauous n hr scond suggson rduc whn usng a clar dcson-makng procdur (Op d Bck al., 2014). Tradonally, h followng sps ar dfnd as h bass for a dcson-makng procdur: (1) an xploraory phas n whch h problm s dfnd, h dcson conx and goals ar dscussd and rlvan daa gahrd; (2) a problm analyss and h dvlopmn of dffrn dcson alrnavs; (3) an valuaon of alrnavs hrough assssmn of h consquncs; (4) wghng h dffrn consquncs and h slcon of a dcson alrnav and (5) follow-up and monorng (Byrd & Moor, 1982; Clmn, 1991; Op d Bck al., 2014). For xampl, Frman (2007) rfrs o Parkr (1994) o argu ha n cusody dspus, h dcson-makr mus a las know abou all h opons, h possbl oucoms of ach of hm, as wll as h probably and valu of ach oucom. In hs cas, smlars wh h sps n h radonal dcson-makng procdur ar nocabl. Nonhlss, spcally n bs nrss drmnaons, ohr dcson-makng srucurs may also b possbl. 1.5. Procdural: Th us of mdaon mchansms o cra undrsandng for dffrn prspcvs and o larn abou wha s bs for h chld In 2007, h T.M.C. Assr Insu for Inrnaonal and Europan Law drafd up a rpor xplanng how fnancal sancons owards parns who brak hr dvorc agrmns such as lowrng almony for h parn who dos no rspc h vsaon rghs of h ohr parn ofn conflc wh h chld s bs nrss, as h fnancal rprcussons may mosly harm h chld (nav nr. 1 undr problm samn n h marx). Mor spcfcally, nadquacs n h currn lgal suaon of h Europan mmbr sas ar undrlnd n hr rpor, ncludng corcv masurs agans propry n famly law cass, whch can b drmnal o h chld's bnf. Furhrmor, h dsagrmn bwn h parns alon, and h ffcs of an vnual cour cas, may affc h chld as wll. As a possbl soluon, h nsu suggss o nvs n h dvlopmn of mdaon mchansms, basd on h argumn ha mdaon offrs a vabl way o grasp h chld s prsonal nsghs and nrss rgardng h suaon. Mdaon brngs h nvolvd pars o undrsand ha h ralzaon of hr own prsonal wshs dos no ncssarly concur or may vn srongly conflc wh wha s bs for h concrnd chld(rn). In ha sns, h nsu dos no suggs mdaon o com o a clar agrmn bwn h pars, bu rahr o cra a muual procss of undrsandng bwn h parcpans and o com o a bs nrss assssmn from h dffrn prspcvs nvolvd. Smlarly, mdaon s rcommndd by van Roojn (2007, nav nr. 2 undr problm samn n h marx) who nvsgad h ralzaon of chldrn s bs nrss n cusody cass n h Nhrlands as a mhodology o nsur chldrn s bs nrss n cass of dvorc. To do so, sh parcularly rcommnds h foundaon of Advc Cnrs for Dvorc and Cusody Mdaon ha focus on dvorcng famls and opra ndpndnly from mor gnral Youh Car Organzaons. Th T.M.C. Assr Insu s (2007) and van Roojn s (2007) suggson o us mdaon 8 mchansms whn assssng bs nrss, concurs wh h suggson ha was brough forward arlr n hs rpor o focus on procdural nsad of subsanv lmns ( IV.1). Furhrmor, hr suggson concurs wh h da o ncourag nvolvd pars n h dcson-makng procss o rflc on h cognv nfluncs ha undrl hr bs nrss drmnaon and dcson (cf. IV.1.5). Through 8 In hs cas, mdaon s concpualzd as an nsrumn o com o a br undrsandng of h dffrn nvolvd prspcvs, ncl. h chld s prspcv. 14 P a g
rcommndng h us of mdaon chnqus, h sarch for wha s bs for h chld can nspr nvolvd pars o larn how o look a h cas from ohr pars prspcvs ncludng, mos mporanly, h prspcv of h chld. Th T.M.C. Assr Insu s (2007) and van Roojn s (2007) rcommndaon consqunly rggrs h quson o wha xn xsng (mdaon) mhodologs from crmnologcal, socal and psychologcal dscplns can b ransfrrd o a chld bs nrss conx. Obvous xampls hr would b ndvdual dlbraon mhods (.g. on-onon mdaon), group confrncng (such as famly group confrncng, communy boards ) or communcav cours programs n whch parcpans larn o mpahz wh ohr pars prspcvs. Two mporan rmarks, howvr, ar o b nocd n hs lgh. Frs of all, a quson ha can b rasd n hs cas rlas o h acual nvolvmn of h chld n such mdaon mchansms. Is br o drcly nclud h chld hmslf, or o mpowr h parns o advoca hr chld s bs nrss hrough h mdaon procss (Hrbos, Rovns & Pu, 2011)? On h on hand, h suaon may b somwha drmnav n hs cas. For xampl, f a chld commd an offnc, hs drc nvolvmn n h mdaon procss may b lss dbaabl han n mdaon drcd a dvorcng parns. On h ohr hand, basd on h rcommndaons provdd n Gnral Commn 14 and h larg focus on parcpaon ha was found n h nvnory ( III.2 n hs rpor), can b assumd ha a chld-nclusv mdaon s prfrabl ovr a chld-focusd mdaon, dpndng on h volvng capacs of h chld. Th qusons rlad o such a chld-nclusv mdaon srongly connc o h nsons ha mor gnrally ars rgardng harng h chld s voc n h bs nrss assssmn procss, whch ar xnsvly dscussd n IV.3 of hs rpor. Scondly, on a sd no, can b nocd ha mdaon s no only brough forward as a mhodology o drmn wha s bs for h chld, bu also o ralz chldrn s bs nrss n pracc. Exampls ar Tomkng s (2009, nav nr. 1 undr Parns n dnon n h marx) pla o xn crav, communy-basd and rsorav sancons for parns who commd a flony. Ths way, a rgular conac bwn h parns and hr chldrn can b manand, n h chldrn s bs nrss. As wll, mdaon s gnrally rcommndd n h bs nrss of chldrn and youh who com n conflc wh h law. Through mdaon, chldrn s bs nrss ar mor adqualy safguardd bcaus h chldrn larn o ak rsponsbly and o chang hr bhavor; sgmazaon as wll as h harmful ffcs of lbry dprvaon ar avodd; and h chld fls rspcd and hard hroughou h procss (SRSG on Volnc agans Chldrn, 2013; Vanfrachm & Walgrav, 2004a; 2004b). 1.6. Procdural: Th mporanc of muldscplnary ranng, ducaon and monorng On mporan procdural aspc of assssng chldrn s bs nrss, s h rol and xprs of profssonals who ar calld n o prsn hr vw on wha s bs for h chld, usually basd on nracons wh h chld and sgnfcan ohrs from h chld s drc surroundngs. In IV.1.4 of hs rpor, Skvns (2010) was rfrrd o: sh undrlns h mporanc of corrc nformaon n adqualy assssng h chld s bs nrss. For hs purpos, h xprs of socal workrs, psychologss and ohr profssonals s ofn calld upon. As wll, boh h Comm and h UNHCR accnua h mporanc of ducaon for profssonals who work wh chldrn n hr daly pracc and/or who prform bs nrss drmnaons (Frman, 2007; UNHCR, 2008). For ha rason, h UNHCR oghr wh h Inrnaonal Rscu Comm dvlopd a handbook provdng knowldg and xprs for an adqua bs nrss drmnaon wh UMA s whch 15 P a g
ncluds an xnsv chapr on h communcaon wh chldrn (2011, nav nr. 4 undr bs nrss drmnaon n h marx). From h conn analyss appars ha npu from dffrn dscplns s n hs cas dsrabl, as h compncs ha ar ncssary for an adqua bs nrss assssmn may b mulpl. For xampl, n car-rlad dcsons no only psychologcal or mnal halh xprs s ncssary; nformaon abou famly dynamcs or lvng suaon may also b crucal o com o an adapd dcson. Ths nd for a holsc apprasal s, among ohrs, undrlnd n h rcommndaons of h Inrnaonal Rscu Comm (2007, nav nr. 5 undr Bs nrss drmnaons n h marx) and n h NSPCC rpor Rurnng Hom From Car: Wha s Bs For Chldrn (nav nr. 3 undr problm samn n h marx), whch spcfs ha runfcaon of chldrn n car wh hr parns should only ak plac whn a comprhnsv assssmn of h chld's nds has bn prformd. Such a comprhnsv assssmn, accordng o h NSPCC, ncssas npu from profssonals from dffrn dscplns who ar spcfcally rand o gahr vdnc o larn abou chldrn s bs nrss. Th nw Famly Jusc Srvc mus nsur ha mmbrs of h judcary spcalzng n famly law rcv ranng n chld dvlopmn and h mplcaons of rurnng hom from car (p.15). In ln wh hs concrn, NSPCC rcommnds mprovng vdnc by crang assssmn ools ha ar mbddd n pracc and o duca profssonals on whn and how o us hs ools (p.14). In ohr words, no only h assssmn ools, bu spcally h sklls and compncs of h ndvduals who ar handlng h ools, ar dmd mporan n hs cas. Spcfc sklls ar, n ohr words, consdrd ncssary o adqualy gahr nformaon from and larn abou chldrn, hr suaon and wha s bs for hm by akng hr nds, wshs and conx no accoun (also s navs nr. 3 and 4 undr problm samn n h marx). Flmsh rsarch uncovrd ha judgs and ohr profssonals ar awar of h mporanc and nd for hs sklls, spcally whn coms o adqualy communcang wh chldrn (Hrbos, Rovns and Pu, 2011; 2012). Y, a numbr of auhors clam ha h rgh compncs ar lackng among mporan dcson-makrs and/or consulav ndvduals hroughou h bs nrss assssmn procss. Sco & Emry (2013, nav nr. 4 undr problm samn n h marx), for xampl, argu ha nhr judgs nor mnal halh xprs hav h rgh qualfcaons o mplmn h bs nrss sandard n ndvdual cass. Knowldg abou adqualy nrvwng chldrn, wghng h nsghs and rflcons of h chld (also s IV.3.4 n hs rpor), c., ar no fundamnal rqurmns n h xprs of h judg 9 who ofn aks dcsons ha may srongly mpac h lv of h chld nor h profssonal (socal workr, psychologs, mnal halh xpr ), who s calld n o provd nsghs on h cas from hs spcfc xprs, bu who may no b capabl o provd an all-round nrpraon of wha s bs for h chld. Thr argumns ar n ln wh h rsuls of Hrbos al. (2011), who found ha a numbr of h Flmsh dvorc mdaors who ofn work wh chldrn, do no know h CRC and/or do no undrsand s undrlyng vson rgardng h poson of chldrn and youh n socy. Alhough h majory of h qusond mdaors n hs nvsgaon srongly consdrd h bs nrss prncpl as mporan n hr work, hr nrpraon of hs prncpl was ofn basd on nuon, common sns, xprnc and pragmac consdraons (Hrbos al., 2011; 2012). 9 For xampl, youh or famly judgs may hav followd a chld-spcfc ducaonal program, bu mmgraon judgs who dcd whhr mmgran chldrn ar o b rurnd o hr hom-counry do no, whch s why h chld s bs nrss ar no always akn as h frs consdraon n hs dcsons, as s argud by Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2008, nav nr. 16 undr mmgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors n h marx). 16 P a g
To addrss hs nd for ducaon, a numbr of spcfc chld-drcd ranng programs for profssonals who work wh chldrn hav bn dvlopd, as was found hroughou h conn analyss. Exampls ar h Bs nrss of h chld: rghs and nds cours whch s offrd by h Radboud Unvrsy Njmgn and focuss on h nrpraon of h bs nrss concp hrough spcfc opcs, such as parnalsm or h nson bwn auonomy and car for chldrn (nav nr. 10 undr Bs nrss drmnaons n h marx), and h Blgan ranng for youh aornys whch s dscussd by h Flmsh (Blgum) Chldrn s Rghs Coalon (2010, nav nr. 7 undr problm samn n h marx). Th marx vn xhbs a spcfc polc larnng oolk, dvlopd by h Consorum for sr chldrn (2005), o asss polc offcrs n dvlopng h ncssary knowldg, aud and compncs o always ac n h bs nrss of h chld (nav nr. 6 undr dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon n h marx). As for h spcfc prformanc of a BID, h Inrnaonal Caholc Mgraon Commsson (ICMC) sconds chld procon xprs who ar no only spcfcally rand o conduc a BID or a BIA, bu who ar also augh o duca local parnrs on prformng a BID or BIA (nav nr. 7 undr bs nrss drmnaons n h marx). 10 Ths pracc consqunly pus anon o ran h ranr aspcs of bs nrss ducaon programs by forsng a scon n whch h sudns larn how o nsruc hr prs. Thanks o hs vary of xsng ranng and ducaonal navs, good praccs do xs for ndvduals or organzaons who wsh o cra hr own schoolng program n dvlopng chld-spcfc compncs. Fnally, an mporan par of larnng abou chldrn s bs nrss rsulng from h conn analyss, coms from monorng and fdback afr a dcson s akn. In h laboraon on h craon of a dcson-makng srucur ( IV.1.4 n hs rpor), h rol of follow-up and monorng was dscussd as a fnal bu mporan par of an adqua dcson-makng procss. I appars ha hs las sp s lss prsn n xsng bs nrss lraur and praccs. Nvrhlss, x pos fdback can b hghly nformav for h dcson-makr, snc smulas h craon of knowldg and xprs basd on whch fuur dcsons can b mprovd, as s srongly undrlnd n valuaons of CRIA (nav nr. 4 undr Chld mpac assssmns n h marx, whch wll b dscussd n IV.4 of hs rpor). Morovr, an x pos valuaon can mprov h mpac of an assssmn aloghr: knowng ha h assssmn wll lar b compard wh h acual oucoms of a dcson, may lad o br qualy assssmns, and h valuaon faclas h dnfcaon of possbl sysmac mhodologcal rrors (Van Humbck n Dsm, Op d Bck & Vandnhol, forhcomng, nav nr. 4 undr Chld mpac assssmns n h marx). Th NSPCC rpor (nav nr. 3 undr problm samn n h marx) nvgoras hs argumns by undrlnng how fdback afr a dcson s an mporan par of h larnng xprnc for fuur dcsonmakng. Th rpor nrprs chld s bs nrss assssng as a dynamc procss n whch no only x an, bu also x pos valuaon s ncludd. Fnally, as was mnond bfor n IV.1.4, publc conrol, possbls for appal and rvw of consd dcsons ar mporan pars of a dmocrac bs nrss dcson (s for nsanc Skvnss, 2010, nav nr. 5 undr problm samn n h marx). Hnc, hs par can only b ffcvly ralzd whn adqua x-pos mchansms ar n plac. To com o a usful x-pos valuaon, h mplmnaon of rlabl monorng sysms s ncssary. For xampl, n s acon plan on unaccompand mnors 2010-2014, h Europan Commsson (2010, nav nr. 4 undr bs nrss drmnaons n h marx) ncourags 10 I can b nocd ha h ICMC, n dfnng hs profssonals as chld procon xprs also nrprs h bs nrss prncpl frs and formos as a procv concp (cf. IV.1.3 n hs rpor). 17 P a g
mmbr sas o dvlop sysms o monor h consquncs of dcsons ha ar akn rgardng UMA s. In hs way, guardanshp can b br followd up, a mor ffcv prvnon of abus can b dvlopd and h bs nrss of chldrn can gnrally br b safguardd. Ths acon plan nsprd a numbr of monorng praccs for h rurn of mgran mnors. Inrsng Europan xampls n hs cas ar (1) h Fnnsh asssd volunary rurn program (AVR) whch forss a clar ngraon and monorng sysm as wll as procon for parn(s) or guardan(s) n h hom counry bfor rurnng mgran chldrn; (2) h Spansh runfcaon program whch monors asssd rurns of chldrn, h ffcv runfcaon wh h famly and/or h avalably of adqua car for h chld and (3) h Monorng of Rurnd Mnors projc, dvlopd by h HIT foundaon (commssond by h Europan Commsson), whch nforms whhr h dcson o rurn a chld acually provs o b n h chld s bs nrss and srucurally dvlops knowldg o ak mor nformd and ffcv dcsons n h fuur (nav nr. 12 undr Immgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors n h marx). Rcapulaon: Workably of a gnrals concp An mporan nson arsng from h conn analyss consss of dffculs o dvlop a subsanv nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl ha s applcabl o a vary of ndvdual suaons. Approachs ha ar usd n pracc o addrss hs nson ar h followng. (1) Dvlopmn of a subsanv nrpraon basd on an n-dph scnfc mhodology. Such an nrpraon can b culurally adapv and s lmd o h spcfc prncpls h analyss was basd upon, whch nd o b clarly communcad o all nvolvd pars. (2) Avodanc of h problm by focusng on procv lmns and/or mananng a ngav dfnon of chldrn s bs nrss (by dfnng wha s dfnly no n h chld s bs nrss). (3) Focusng on procdural lmns of bs nrss drmnaons, basd on h assumpon ha a qualav assssmn coms from a sound procdur. In lgh of hs lar approach, h followng lmns wr found o b mporan. (3a) Th dvlopmn of a clar dcson-makng srucur o lm h nflunc of rraonal or subconscous assumpons. (3b) Th us of mdaon mchansms o cra undrsandng of h chld s prspcv. In hs cas, bs nrss assssng s xprssvly concpualzd from a larnng prspcv. (3c) Th dvlopmn and nrollmn n adapd ducaonal and ranng programs, basd on h prms ha no h nsrumn slf, bu h way h nsrumn s usd, s dcsv n a bs nrs drmnaon. Monorng and fdback rgardng h dcson s dally ngrad n such an ducaonal approach. Ths lar approachs nclud accpanc of h vagunss of h bs nrss prncpl and h margn of apprcaon cras. By undrlnng procdural safguards o addrss hs vagunss, h gnrals naur of h bs nrss prncpl may vn b rconcpualzd as a srngh of hs concp: forcs acadmcs, polcy makrs and praconrs o valua chldrn s bs nrss on a cas-by-cas bass and o connuously rflc abou h manng of h bs nrss concp. Such rflcons may b lss vdn f h bs nrss prncpl provdd for clar unformy and sandardzaon. 2. Conflc of nrss In rfrrng o Ar. 3.1 CRC, Smyrs (2010: 277) argus ha [c]larly, hs rqurmn canno b nforcd whou rgard o h nrss of any rlvan adul. As wll, Eklaar (2005) crczs ha du o h srong focus on chldrn s bs nrss, no propr consdraon s pad o h nrss of ohr nvolvd pars. As boh hs auhors nroduc h scond nson for hs rpor, hs dffculy bcoms vn mor apparn whn lookng a h navs nvnord n h marx. Ths 18 P a g
projcs porray how h concp of h bs nrss of h chld can n pracc b hjackd or msusd o dfnd nrss of ohr pars. 2.1. Chldrn and hr parns Th clos famly crcl of h chld and spcally h parns consus an mporan conx n whch h bs nrss of h chld ar drmnd. Afr all, bsds h chld hmslf, parns ar undrsood o hav h bs vw on wha s bs for hr chld, whch s rflcd by Ar. 5 CRC 11 and h rcommndaon from Gnral Commn 14 o prsrv famly rlaons n chldrn s bs nrss. On xampl whch rflcs hs da n pracc s h chld and youh car nav of SOS Chldrn s vllags (2008, nav nr. 3 undr alrnav car: nsuonalzd youh car n h marx) n whch bologcal famls ar nvolvd as much as possbl. For youh who ar sparad from hr famls, hs organzaon suggss placmn n famly-basd chld car o allow h chld o grow up n an alrnav famly conx. Dsp hs mpld conncon bwn chldrn and hr famls pursus, n som occasons hr nrss do conflc wh ach ohr. From h conn analyss, four parcular xampls of conflcs bwn chldrn s nrss and hr parns nrss ar dscussd n h followng paragraphs: (1) chld cusody n dvorc cass, (2) dcsons rgardng placmn n or rurnng from car, (3) chldrn whos parns ar mprsond, (4) parnal auhory n chld halh dcsons and (5) dcsons n mmgraon cass. Sco & Emry (2013, nav nr. 4 undr problm samn n h marx) dscuss how h bs nrss sandards can b usd wrongly n dvorc cass ha ar brough bfor cour. For xampl, h bond wh mohr may b argud o b mor mporan han h bond wh h fahr n lgh of h chld s bs nrss, jus for h mohr o gan cusody rghs (Sco & Emry, 2013). In hs cas, h bs nrss prncpl can b usd o dfnd parnal cusody nrss. Th conflc bwn chldrn s and parns nrss n dcsons rgardng ou-of-hom placmn or rurnng hom from car s dscrbd n h NSPCC rpor Rurnng Hom from Car: Wha s Bs for Chldrn (nav nr. 3 undr problm samn n h marx). Ths rpor pons ou how h bs nrss prncpl s brough up n cass n whch parns do no wan hr chld o b placd ou of hom or n whch hy wan hr chld o rurn hom from car. In hs cass, h argumn of h chld s bs nrss may mor spcfcally b usd o solc h rurn of h chld, vn f h chld n raly rurns o a suaon of abus or nglc. Furhrmor, h opc of vry young chldrn wh parns n dnon can b mnond n hs rgard. Is rsdnc of h chld n prson n hs cass n h chld s bs nrss, n lgh of no sparang h young chld and hs parns (or, mor spcfcally, hs mohr)? Or s n h chld s bs nrss o spnd hs arly yars n a lss confnd nvronmn? In prparaon for Comm s Gnral Day of Dscusson 2011, whch focusd on chldrn of ncarcrad parns, h Equal Jusc Projc Human Rghs Tam for Acon for Chldrn and Youh Aoaroa and Chldrn of prsonrs Europ (nav nr. 3 undr Parns n dnon n h marx) argud ha h wllbng of h chld should always ak h frs plac n dcsons abou mohrs n dnon. Alhough hs organzaons do formula rcommndaons basd on h assumpon ha kpng mohr and chld oghr s n h chld s bs nrss such as h organzaon of nfrasrucur (.g. opn prsons 11 Adul carakrs hav h rgh and duy o provd, n a mannr conssn wh h volvng capacs of hr chld, appropra drcon and gudanc n h xrcs by h chld of s human rghs (Ar. 5 CRC). 19 P a g
for mohrs wh chldrn) and ducaon for prson saff o allow young chldrn o say wh hr mohr hy also crcz h lack of vald daa and rsarch abou parns and chldrn n prson. Argumns agans lockng up chldrn n cass of juvnl dlnquncy or mmgraon (s for nsanc Corl al., 2012, nav nr. 15 undr Immgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors n h marx), confrm h Equal Jusc Projc s pla o gahr mor daa abou h opc of dnon from a chldrn s prspcv. Moodly, Hard, Slgld, Waldman, Srbl, Rs & Durhm (2013, nav nr. 3 undr halh n h marx) dscuss conflcs bwn chldrn s and parns nrss rgardng h vaccnaon of chldrn. Ths auhors crcz h fac ha vn hough vaccnaon s crucal o rduc moraly among chldrn, som parns do rfus vaccnaon for hr chld. Consqunly, h auhors suggs o only rspc parns rfusal o vaccna hr chld whn h argd llnss s lss srous and chancs of gng ll ar low. Ths rcommndaon s par of hr mor gnral suggson o hav h chld s bs nrss ovrrul parnal auhory n halh cass conanng a hgh chanc of harm for h chld. Fnally, Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2008, nav nr. 16 undr mmgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors n h marx) argu ha n (Duch) lgal procdngs rgardng mmgraon, chldrn s nrss ar no akn no accoun: hr nrss ar undrsood o b h xnson of hr parns nrss, vn hough conflcs of nrss do xs n som cass. Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2008) consqunly rcommnd o lgally spara chldrn s nrss from hr parns nrss. Ovrall, hs xampls llusra ha, vn hough s gnrally assumd ha parns wll frs and formos dfnd hr chld s nrs, h bs nrss prncpl may conflc wh parnal wshs and nds or wh h suaon h parns fnd hmslvs n. Bonhuys (2005, nav nr. 6 undr problm samn n h marx) vn gos furhr by argung ha h bs nrss prncpl can b (ms)usd o arcula parnal rghs or vn o dsgus an gnoranc for chldrn s fundamnal rghs. In ordr o com o a full rcognon of chldrn s bs nrss n cour, Bonhuys (2005) rcommnds o pay qual anon o h nrss of parns and ohr pars. Dong so, sh argus, hr s no mor nd o us chldrn s bs nrss as an umbrlla rm covrng ohr pars nds and wshs. Ths way, chldrn s nrss can rcv full consdraon alongsd ohr famly mmbrs rghs (Bonhuys, 2005). 2.2. Chldrn, h govrnmn and h broadr socy In lgh of bs nrss dspus, no only parns or ohr famly mmbrs nrss ar hghlghd hrough h conn analyss. Conflcs bwn chldrn s bs nrss and govrnmnal nrss also occur. In a polcy brf calld In h Chld s Bs nrs? Th consquncs of losng a lawful mmgran parn o dporaon, h Chf Jusc Earl Warrn Insu on Rac, Ehncy and Dvrsy & Immgraon Law Clnc (2010, US, nav nr. 10 undr problm samn n h marx) dscusss a conflc bwn chldrn s and h govrnmn s nrss n dporaon cass of Lawful Prmann Rsdns (LPR s) wh chldrn. Th auhors argu ha h dporaon of hs parns can conflc wh h bs nrss of hr ngrad chldrn who hav hr parn rmovd from hm. Thy clam ha h harm ha s don o hs chldrn s dsproporonaly larg n comparson wh h nrss procd by h sa hrough h dporaon. Thrfor, h auhors pla for dcsons n whch h nds of US czn chldrn ar balancd wh h nrss of h govrnmn n rmovng LPR s. To do so, hy rcommnd xnsv ranng for mmgraon judgs as wll as h dvlopmn of a clar framwork of gudlns o funcon as a bass for dporaon dcsons. 20 P a g
Furhrmor, h balanc bwn chldrn s bs nrss and nrss of ohr pars can b dffcul n mor gnral sngs as wll. An xampl s h us of publc spac how do chldrn s nrss rla o h nrss of ohr usrs n hs cas? Plysr, Pu, Cops & Op d Bck (2012) dscrb a shf n h rgulaon of young popl s bhavor from a moralzng and parnalsc prspcv o a broadr managmn and conrol paradgm, basd on a broadr socal ransformaon owards a culur of conrol n whch calls for scury and conanmn of dangr ak a cnral plac. Ths ransformaon nsprd h collcv socal consrucon of rsk populaons and h dnfcaon of ndvduals and groups who may hran publc safy, whch s conncd o prvnv confnng masurs argng chld and youh bhavor ha was lf unhndrd bfor. Espcally n h publc spac, whr chldrn and youh ar unandd by vdn auhory fgurs (such as parns), chld and youh bhavor may bcom ovrrgulad du o hs undrlyng dynamcs. Evn hough Plysr al. (2012) do no xprssvly lnk hs fndngs o h bs nrss prncpl, a ponal conflc wh chldrn s bs nrss n gnral s no unmagnabl n hs cas, as s llusrad by h dvlopmn of youh ara plans n Flandrs (Blgum) and h Nhrlands (nav nr. 2 undr (publc) spac of h marx). Th goal of hs plans s o ngra chldrn s nrss n h socal dba wh ohr, somms conradcory, nrss abou h us of publc spac. Rcapulaon: Conflc of nrss Conflcs can can dvlop bwn h bs nrss of chldrn and h nrss of ohr nvolvd pars n h clos crcl of h chld or n h broadr socy. On h on hand, h conn analyss uncovrd ha chldrn s nrss ar occasonally sll nrprd as h xnson of hr parns nrss. On h ohr hand, was found ha h chld s bs nrss prncpl can b (ms)usd as a shld o acually dfnd ohr sakholdr s nrss. An approach suggsd from pracc s o clarly spara chldrn s nrss from hr parns or ohr sakholdrs nrss. To do so, s mporan o also pay anon o a ransparn dfnon of ohr pars nrss and o dvlop adqua mhodologs o safguard hs nrss. In hs way, h rsk ha h chld s bs nrss concp s usd as an umbrlla rm o proc ohr nrss, can b lmd. 3. Harng chldrn s vocs: nsurng a jus and qual parcpaon An mporan hm rlang o chldrn s bs nrss whch s no only xnsvly dscussd n hory and lgslaon, bu s also prvaln n h conn analyss, s parcpaon. 12 Th bs nrss prncpl s nxrcably lnkd o h prncpl of rspc for h vws of h chld. Havng all sgnd and rafd h CRC, Mmbr Sas of h CoE hav mad xplc commmns o rspc boh h chld s bs nrss and h chld s vws n all mars affcng chldrn. As wll, n h Comm s Gnral Commn 14 on h rgh of h chld o hav hs or hr bs nrss akn as a prmary consdraon, as wll as n h UNHCR s (2008) Gudlns on Drmnng h Bs Inrss of h Chld, harng chldrn and youh s consdrd a ky ssu n h drmnaon of hr nrss: s mphaszd as a ncssary condon o com o a bs nrss formulaon basd on h chld s prspcv. 12 Th concp of parcpaon n s broads sns mpls h parakng of chldrn and youh n all facs of (acvs n) socy. In lgh of h currn bs nrss sudy, howvr, hs concp s mor narrowly dscussd as h rgh of chldrn and youh o voc hr opnon and o hav hr opnon akn no accoun, mos spcfcally n dcsons ha drcly or ndrcly affc hm. Ths parcular fac of parcpaon ha (1) arss n h sudy as an mporan nson and (2) s rfrrd o by Gnral Commn 14 n dfnng chldrn s bs nrss. 21 P a g
Parcpaon concurs wh a chld rghs framwork whch undrlns agncy of chldrn and youh by acknowldgng hr volvng capacs o spak for hmslvs abou wha s n hr bs nrss. Y, can b obsrvd ha a numbr of qusons dos xs rgardng h parcpaon concp (s for xampl Eklaar, 1994; Drck, 1999; Frman, 2007; Archard & Skvns, 2010; Tobn, 2011). How can h prncpl of parcpaon b appld n a balancd and gnun way, so as o ransform xsng socal powr rlaons o ulmaly nsur h wllbng of chldrn? Wha dos an dal parcpaory rajcory n lgh of dnfyng h bs nrss of h chld look lk? Is drc or ndrc parcpaon (hrough rprsnaon) n hs cas prfrabl? And f rprsnaon s opd for; who s hn bs quppd o gv voc o h chld s voc? How much wgh can and should b allod o h chld s opnon? How ar h volvng capacs ncludd n h parcpav mhodology? Basd on h conn analyss, hs qusons ar xplord mor n dph. Evn hough parcpaon s parly a procdural lmn of bs nrss drmnaon and could hrfor b xamnd n lgh of IV.1 n hs rpor, ssus rgardng hs concp ar rad as a spara nson n hs rpor s dscusson abou chldrn s bs nrss. Ths choc s jusfd by wo argumns. Frs of all, as was mnond bfor, parcpaon canno only b consdrd a mhodology o com o an adqua bs nrss drmnaon. Parcpaon and chldrn s bs nrss ar boh basc prncpls of h CRC and hav, n ha rgard, qual forc and sandng (Archard & Skvnss, 2009; also s Canwll (2014), nav nr. 10 undr Alrnav car: guardanshp/adopon n h marx). Thus, parcpaon s mor han jus a procdural lmn. Scond, a numbr or auhors, for xampl Frman (2007), (sll) dscuss h bs nrss prncpl as a parnalsc concp, as s accordng o hs auhors xclusvly prcvd from an adul prspcv. Archard (2006), for nsanc, concpualzs h dffrnc bwn h parcpaon and h bs nrss prncpl of h CRC as an mporan nson by nrly nrprng h bs nrss prncpl as an xprsson of chldrn s procv rghs and conncng h parcpaon prncpl o chldrn s provson rghs. Evn hough hs nrpraon s no followd n hs rpor, hs dualy nsprs a dsnc dscusson of h parcpaon concp and s rlaon o chldrn s bs nrss. For hs par of h conn analyss, Hrbos & Pu s (2014) laboraon on h parcpaon dsc was usd as a gudln. Hrbos & Pu (2014) analyz h concp of parcpaon basd on four man componns: h purpos of parcpaon, h conx n whch parcpaon aks plac, h rlvan sakholdrs nvolvd and h mod of parcpaon. In hr arcl, hy analyz CRC spulaons on parcpaon basd on hs dsc. In hs rpor, a smlar xrcs s prformd on h nvnord projcs n ordr o com o an ovrvw of parcpaory praccs spcfcally drcd a harng chldrn s vocs n h bs nrss of chldrn. 3.1 Purpos Rgardng chldrn s bs nrss, h purpos of parcpaon s dual, as has bn undrlnd a coupl of ms n hs rpor. On h on hand, parcpaon s usd o assss or drmn h chld s bs nrss, basd on h prms ha npu and/or nsghs of h chld hmslf brng ncssary nformaon for hs drmnaon. On h ohr hand, parcpaon s consdrd a goal n slf, as h (volunary!) xprsson of hr vws s consdrd o b always n hr bs nrss (cf. Hrbos & Pu, 2014). Th focus of h followng paragraphs s nonhlss on h nsrumnal goal of parcpaon, as mos of h navs from h nvnory labora on parcpaon or harng chldrn s vocs as a mhodology o com o h mos adqua bs nrss assssmn. 22 P a g
3.2 Conx Rgardng h conx n whch parcpaon aks plac, wo dffrn characrscs can b dnfd. Th chld can parcpa n dcsons ha hav a srous mpac on hs acual lvng suaon, bu parcpaory navs ar also organzd o drmn bs nrss n mor vryday dcsons. As wll, a dsncon can b obsrvd bwn parcpaon a h mso lvl n whch h bs nrss of groups of chldrn ar a sak and parcpaon a h ndvdual lvl, argng a dcson-makng procss affcng on ndvdual chld. Lf-changng vs. vryday dcsons Frs of all, parcpaory navs ar organzd o prpar mor srous dcsons ha may brng a subsanal adjusmn o h lf of h chld. Exampls from h marx ar h chld alks ha ar mplmnd n asylum procsss n Norway and Swdn (Ldén & Rusn, 2007, nav nr. 4 undr parcpaon n h marx) and h Blgan lgslaon allowng chldrn rgardlss of hr ag h opporuny o xplan hr opnon (on mars ha affc hmslvs) n dvorc cass (nav nr. 10 undr dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmsaon ) n h marx. As wll, Archard & Skvns (2009, nav nr. 7 undr parcpaon n h marx) rcommndaons on harng h chld and h suggsons of h Offc of h Frs Mnsr and Dpuy Frs Mnsr o dvlop pr mnorng and ndpndn advocacy srvcs o mpowr chldrn and young popl n car and o nsur ha hy ar acvly ngagd n drmnng whhr h sysm of car s workng ffcvly and n hr bs nrss (2006, nav nr. 6 undr parcpaon n h marx), can b consdrd xampls of parcpaory projcs o suppor and drmn lf-changng dcsons for h chld. Nonhlss, a numbr of hs navs hav bn crczd. Evn hough h da bhnd hs procsss may b posv, h raly shows ha an ffcv parcpaon s dffcul o ralz. For xampl, Ldén & Rusn (2007, nav nr. 4 undr parcpaon n h marx) argu basd on hr analyss of h aformnond chld alks ha hs convrsaons ak on h form of smply a oknsc ffor o ralz [chldrn s] Convnon rghs (p. 281). Basd on hr fndngs, Ldén & Rusn (2007) dnfy a numbr of challngs o nsur manngful parcpaon of chldrn, ncludng h nd for ranng of cas workrs o prform nrvws wh chldrn and nvsga hr prscuon. Thr argumns ar n ln wh h consdraons of Van Gls & Vandrsd (2009, nav nr. 11 undr problm samn n h marx) who crcz h subssnc of apparn parcpaon, or a oknsc approach owards h us of parcpaon. In a parcpaory procss, npu of chldrn and youh nds o b akn srously, whch s why a propr prparaon and an adqua ngraon wh possbl npu from ohr sakholdrs (cf. IV.2) ar ndspnsabl. Morovr, Van Gls & Vandrsd (2009) undrln ha parcpaon can nvr b usd as a way o pass rsponsbly ovr dffcul ssus o chldrn and youh hmslvs (ngav parcpaon). Parcpaon s usd o nvolv chldrn and youh n h xprsson of hr bs nrss, bu h rsponsbly for h ralzaon of hr bs nrss can nvr b pu on h shouldrs of h chld or youh alon (Cf. KK, 2013a). Parcpaon s no only usd n lf-changng crcumsancs of h chld. Parcpaory rajcors ar also dvlopd o prpar rahr vryday dcsons. An xampl from h marx s h organzaon of youh confrncs n whch chldrn and youh s vocs ar hard o nclud hr nrss n sragc polcy navs (.g. h Flmsh Kls, JET or Youh pac confrncs, nav nr. 5 undr parcpaon n h marx). 23 P a g
Mcro vs. mso lvl A numbr of h parcpaon rajcors n h nvnord bs nrss navs ar suad a h mso lvl. As dcsons for (spcfc) groups ar chldrn ar akn, a rprsnaon of h sam group(s) s nvd o parcpa. Exampls from h marx ar h aformnond nr. 5 and 6 undr parcpaon n h marx. Ohr navs focus on h parcpaon of h ndvdual chld n a parcular dcson. Exampls ar h aformnond nr. 4 and 7 undr parcpaon n h marx. Wh rgards o parcpaon a h mso-lvl, wo consdraons ar mporan. Frs of all, Van Gls & Vandrsd (2009; nav nr. 11 undr problm samn n h marx) warn for ovrquryng chldrn and undrln ha chldrn and youh hav h rgh o gnor parcpaory navs from h govrnmn. Thr cauon s n ln wh Hrbos & Pu s (2014) argumn ha parcpaon s a rgh, no a duy, and can b rfusd by h chld or youh. A scond crcal concrn rgardng parcpaon a h mso lvl rlas o dffculs n rachng cran chldrn. In ln wh socal rsarch rgardng chldrn and youh, h rsk of larg parcpaory projcs s mor spcfcally ha chldrn and youh of socally vulnrabl groups ar no ncludd bcaus of srucural rasons (.g. languag problms), ransporaon ssus or mor gnral culural barrrs (.g. chldrn of mddl class famls may b mor srongly smulad by hr parns whn nvd o jon a parcpaory projc) (Op d Bck, Vandnhol & Dsm, 2012). Ths dffculs can caus problms n gng chldrn from spcfcally vulnrabl groups nvolvd, whch s why hr voc may rman unhard. To com o a balancd rprsnaon of youh who may b affcd by h dcson, xra ffors nd o b don o addrss hs groups. Concr suggsons o do so ar formulad n Op d Bck al. (2012) and n KK (2013a). Ths publcaons frs of all fnd nspraon n UNICEF Blgum s Wha do you hnk projcs, drcd a capurng nsghs from vulnrabl chldrn. Ths projcs arg chldrn wh a dsably, chld rfugs, chldrn who grow up n povry and chldrn who ar hospalzd. UNICEF Blgum appls dffrn mhodologs o rach hs young popl. Thy work oghr wh spcfc arg organzaons (such as organzaons who work wh chldrn n povry) o com n conac wh h chldrn and dvlop cusomzd mhodologs o prvn xcluson or drop-ou from h projc. An xampl of h lar can b found n Buysschar (2007) who ncludd 23 youh wh srous spch and communcaon dsordrs n hr nqury hrough h nvolvmn of sudns n orhopdagogcs who usd non-vrbal mhods and communcaon suppor chnqus (such as xnsv obsrvaons, body- and sgn languag, ys or no qusons, communcaon ools ) o capur h prspcv of hs youh. Ohr xampls of adapd mhodologs can b found n Buysschar, Domncy and Waul (2010) who usd pcur lcaon nrvws, charbox documnars, rapsongs and phoo shoos as mhodologs o larn abou chldrn s prspcvs. No only UNICEF Blgum xprmnd wh mhodologs o nvolv chldrn who ar gnrally mor dffcul o rach. Socal rsarch projcs can b rfrrd o as wll. For xampl, Zng, Chn & Xa (2009) usd a srafd samplng chnqu o com o a rprsnav panl of chldrn and youh for hr focus group nvsgaon. Frs, hy dfnd a numbr of mporan characrscs such as rsdnal ara, ag, gndr. In ach characrsc, dffrn cagors wr oulnd (for nsanc, h rsdnal ara characrsc can b dvdd n h cagors rural ara and urban ara ). Basd on hs characrscs and cagors, h rsarchrs dvlopd a marx o drmn how many chldrn ar o b ncludd pr combnaon of cagors, o com o a balancd panl n whch all arg groups ar rprsnd (s fgur 2). Zng al. (2009) ar no h only rsarchrs makng us of hs chnqu, can b found n dffrn ohr projcs as wll (s for nsanc Morlmans 24 P a g
(2007:153) or van Bk & Rujs (2009)). Morovr, a numbr of ohr approachs o rach vulnrabl chldrn and youh could mos lkly b dnfd n h socal rsarch lraur. Fgur 2. Rprsnav samplng marx (sourc: Zng al., 2009) 3.3 Sakholdrs A hrd ssnal lmn of bs nrs assssmn rfrs o h nvolvd sakholdrs. Naurally, from a parcpaory pon of vw, h chld wll b nvolvd. Furhrmor, parns, ohr famly mmbrs or adul pars and offcal dcson-makrs can play an mporan rol. Evn hough hs ohr nvolvd ndvduals mosly do pursu h chld s bs nrss, hr man concrns may also conflc wh h chld s bs nrss, as was argud n IV.2 of hs rpor. Apar from possbl conflcs of nrss, h sakholdrs vws on wha s bs for h chld may also dffr from wha h chld blvs s n hs bs nrss. Smyrs (2010) sas: Bu hr ar addonal dffculs wh nrprng bs nrss : should hs b dfnd as wha a chld would choos for hm- or hrslf undr spcfd hypohcal crcumsancs, or rahr as wha s, as a mar of fac, bs for h chld? Evn hough hs quo sars from a rahr parnalsc prspcv, bcaus rfrs o an assumpon ha a chld dos no know wha s n hs bs nrss, dos pu anon o h fac ha a dualy may ars bwn h opnon of h chld whch dpnds on hs maury, undrsandng of h suaon and dcson-makng capacs and h opnon of ohr nvolvd pars. 25 P a g
In ln wh hs nson, Archard & Skvns (2009) argu ha parcpaon of chldrn n a dcsonmakng procss can hav a consulav or an auhorav funcon. Th mor maur chldrn ar and hus h mor compn o xprss hr vws n a dcson-makng procss h mor auhorav hr voc should b, accordng o Archard & Skvns (2009). Ths connuum bwn consulaon and auhorzaon s closly conncd o h mod of parcpaon ha s opd for n h parcpaory rajcory. 3.4 Mods of parcpaon and hr rlaon wh chldrn s volvng capacs In h lraur, a vary of ypologs dfnng dffrn parcpaon possbls can b dnfd (Hrbos & Pu, 2014). Alhough Hrbos & Pu (2014) advs agans a hrarchc nrpraon of h dffrn parcpaon mods n hs ypologs, a cran squnc bwn h dffrn forms of parcpaon can b obsrvd, dpndng on h wgh ha s allod o h chld s opnon hroughou h parcpaory rajcory. In hs rpor, h ypology suggsd by Hrbos & Pu (2014) s dscussd as a sarng pon, bcaus hy ak a numbr of radonal ypologs (such as Har s 1992 modl) as a bass bu ngra mpowrng lmns by whch h dgr of parcpaon of a chld n dcson-makng procsss can b assssd (Hrbos & Pu, 2014:x). In hs way, no only h nnsy of h chld s nvolvmn s rcognzd, bu also hs mpowrmn n h procss, or h ponal for h dvlopmn of h chld s agncy and slf-ralzaon hroughou h parcpaory rajcory. Hrbos & Pu (2014) mor spcfcally dsngush h followng mods of parcpaon: naon (h chld alon or wh an adul sars up h (dcson-makng) acvy), nformaon (h chld gahrs and s provdd wh ncssary nformaon), consulaon (h chld can xprss hs vws or opnons), ngagmn (h vws of h chld ar akn no accoun, h chld acs n assocaon wh ohr parcpans) and dcson (h chld aks (par of) h dcson, alon or wh an adul). Ths ypology was usd as h sandard for h currn par of h conn analyss. In h followng paragraphs, xsng gudlns and bs nrss projcs from h nvnory ar nvsgad basd on h parcpaon mods of hs ypology. Hrbos & Pu s (2014) ypology n h nvnord bs nrss projcs In rcommndaon CM/Rc(2012)2 of h Comm of Mnsrs o mmbr Sas on h parcpaon of chldrn and young popl undr h ag of 18 (nav nr. 2 undr parcpaon n h marx), s argud ha lsnng o chldrn and youh and akng hr vws no accoun n accordanc wh hr ag and maury s ncssary for an ffcv mplmnaon of hr rgh o hav hr bs nrss akn as a frs consdraon. Th Gudlns on chld-frndly jusc of Comm of Mnsrs of h Councl of Europ (CoE) (2010, nav nr. 3 undr parcpaon n h marx) ar basd on h da ha provdng chldrn wh h opporuny o xplan hr opnon n dcsons ha apply o hmslvs, s crucal n ordr o safguard h chld s bs nrss. Gnral Commn 14 xplans parcpaon as a communcaons procdur ha nclud[s] nformng chldrn abou h procss and possbl susanabl soluons and srvcs, as wll as collcng nformaon from chldrn and skng hr vws (p.18). Ths dscrpons suggs ha nhr naon nor dcson ar consdrd as a mod of parcpaon n hs gudlns. Gnral Commn 14 concurs wh h nformaon and consulaon mods n Hrbos & Pu s (2014) classfcaon, whras CM/Rc(2012)2 and h Gudlns on chld-frndly jusc appar o focus on ngagmn. 26 P a g
As for h chld s bs nrss navs n pracc, Van Gls & Vandrsd (2009, nav nr. 11 undr problm samn n h marx) argu ha oday, chldrn s opnons ar only hard n a consulav funcon. Y, a closr look a h marx dos uncovr mor auhorav projcs, n whch h ngagmn mod s amd a. Earlr n hs paragraph, h Irsh pr-mnorng projc was ouchd upon, whch ams o mpowr youh n car nsuons (nav nr. 6 undr parcpaon n h marx). A smlar y mor concrly dvlopd projc s localzd n Swdn and drcd a UMA s. In h Pra md oss, n om oss ( Spak wh us, no abou us, nav nr. 14 undr mmgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors n h marx) projc, UMA s cra hr own, ndpndn organzaon n whch h oldr mgran youh who alrady sablshd hmslvs suppor nwcomrs hrough mnorng and pr-o-pr acvs. As wll, hs organzaon aks up lobbyng acvs for hr prs hrough conacs wh h communy and wh h suppor of ohr organzaons and dffrn govrnmnal dparmns. Dong so, hs organzaon has h ponal o ralz mor han jus havng hr mmbr s vocs hard: h organzaon can acually chang polcy and pracc rals, basd on hr mmbr s npu, hs way rachng an ngagmn or dcson mod of parcpaon. Assssng h chld s maury An mporan nson rlad o h dffrn parcpaon mods consss of h fac ha h chld s capacy, hs/hr ag and lvl of maury rman h pon of rfrnc (Hrbos & Pu, 2014: x) 13, spcally whn coms down o ralzng h ngagmn or dcson mod of parcpaon. Th man dffculy n hs cas s ha (volvng) capacs and maury canno b dfnd by dfaul. Mauraon canno b conncd o ag dmarcaons, as s a growh procss n whch raonaly, long rm prspcvs, as wll as moral, moonal and socal compncs ar gradually oband (Hrbos & Pu, 2014). Gnral dvlopmnal nsghs can b usd as broad gudlns, bu h corrlaon bwn ag and compnc s no srong nough o jusfy h consdraon of ag as a dcsv crron (Archard & Skvns, 2009). As no sandard or prdfnd landmarks for maury can b dfnd, a chld s mauraon always nds o b judgd on a cas-by-cas lvl. Th rmanng quson s how hs volvng capacs n ndvdual suaons can b balancd wh h nnsy of h chld s parakng n h dcson and/or h wgh gvn o h chld s opnon. Th marx provds som nspraon on how o addrss hs quson. Frs of all, o adqualy assss an ndvdual chld s maury and/or dcson-makng capacs, ranng s agan an mporan qualy, accordng o Hrbos & Pu (2014) (also s IV.1.6 n hs rpor). Scond, Archard & Skvns (2009, nav nr. 7 undr parcpaon n h marx) workd ou a basc framwork ha can b usd as a gudln n hs cas. Ths auhors argu ha h assssmn of a chld s maury nds o b clarly sparad from h valuaon of h chld s opnon. I may b slf-vdn ha a chld canno b consdrd oo mmaur o b nvolvd jus bcaus hs opnon dffrs from h vws of ohr pars, bu n ln wh h dscusson rgardng h dvlopmn of a clar dcson-makng srucur (s IV.1.4) s usful o xprssvly dsconnc boh assssmns o avod possbl (subconscous) nracons. As wll, Archard & Skvns (2009) suggs ha h numbr of chocs h chld facs and h mpac of h dffrn alrnavs n hs lf, should b akn no accoun whn assssng h chld s maury o ak a dcson. Furhrmor, h auhors argu ha h rasons o doub h chld s dcson-makng ably should no dffr from h rasons o doub an adul. Afr all, would b unfar, accordng o Archard & Skvns (2009), o ask chldrn o b mor compn dcson-makrs han aduls. 13 Hrbos & Pu (2014) spcfcally rfr o parcpaon as dfnd by h CRC. 27 P a g
Fnally, Archard & Skvns (2009) sum up a numbr of obsrvaons ha may ndca a lack of maury or undrdvlopd dcson-makng sklls of h chld. Accordng o hm, h followng fndngs can b consdrd as vald rasons for doubng h chld s dcson-makng compncs: gnoranc, a poor undrsandng of h ssus, a lack of dcsv ndpndnc, ovr-dpndncy on h judgmns of ohrs, and/or nconssncs n judgmn. To uncovr such possbl prdcamns, h auhors suggs o pay spcfc anon o h conssncy wh whch h chldrn xprss hr opnon, h rasons h chldrn brng up o hold such an opnon and o also xamn h chld s apprcaon of h consquncs of hr opnon. Drc and ndrc parcpaon In lgh of dffrn parcpaon mods and possbls, h dffrnc bwn drc or ndrc parcpaon can also b ouchd upon. Th chld can b drcly ncludd n h procss hmslf, or h can b rprsnd by an adul who communcas hs vws, nds and wshs. Mos of h projcs n h marx arg a drc nvolvmn of h chld, ponally asssd by an ndpndn aorny who s spcfcally rand o suppor chldrn (as rcommndd n navs nr. 3 and 7 undr problm samn and nav nr. 4 undr parcpaon n h marx). In hs cas, s mporan ha h chld rcvs ncssary nformaon n hs own languag and adapd o hs own background and lvl of undrsandng. Howvr, f h chld dd no y acqur h maury o b drcly nvolvd, ndrc parcpaon hrough rprsnaon s also a possbly. In hs cas, parns or a rand profssonal could arcula h chld s nrss, basd on hr own communcaons wh h chld. Two projcs n h marx formula nrsng sd nos rgardng such a rprsnaon. Th NSPCC rpor (nav nr. 3 undr problm samn n h marx) pons ou ha h communcaon of chldrn s nsghs by a socal workr or ohr praconr may b nfluncd by hs ndvdual s prsonal vws of h cas, an argumn whch algns wh h arlr dscussd clams ha vws on wha s bs for h chld as wll as dffrn pars nsghs may n som suaons conras (s IV.2 and IV.3.3). Blson & Wh (2005, nav nr. 7 undr dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmsaon n h marx) found, basd on an nrnaonal comparson, ha a lawyr s br abl o guaran parcpaon and adqua rprsnaon of h chld n publc or prva law procdurs han a guardan whos rol s o assss h chld s bs nrss and o communca h chld s vwpons. A scond argumn o jusfy ndrc rprsnaon spcfcally consdrs parcpaon o dcsons a h mso or macro lvl. Th conn analyss rvals ha, n hs parcular suaons, s possbl o op for rprsnaon for pragmac rasons. For xampl, n h valuaon of h Flmsh CRIA (nav nr. 4 undr chld mpac assssmns n h marx), was undrlnd ha drc consulaon of chldrn and youh was n hs cas no ncssarly praccal, as mos of h cvl srvans do no hav h ncssary xprnc o s up a parcpaory rajcory wh chldrn and youh and a numbr of organzaons who ar spcalzd n rprsnng h vws of chldrn and youh, such as h Youh Councl, ar avalabl. In hs cas, s nonhlss mporan ha h consuld organzaons can communca vws ha ar rprsnav for dffrn (sub)groups of chldrn and youh (cf. IV.3.2). Rcapulaon: harng chldrn s vocs Boh n hory and n pracc, parcpaon of chldrn and youh s consdrd o b nxrcably lnkd o hr bs nrss. Evn hough parcpaon s consdrd boh a mans and a goal n lgh of chldrn s bs nrss, was found ha n h nvnord projcs parcpaon s mos ofn adopd as an nsrumnal pracc. Morovr, h conn analyss shows ha 28 P a g
parcpaon s prdomnanly nrprd as a way of harng chldrn and youh s vocs n dcsons ha affc hmslvs. Dong so, h prspcv of h rghs holdr (.. h chld), or h nsdr prspcv s usd as a sarng pon. Tnsons ha aros n hs cas, ar h followng. (1) Parcpaon ha s no proprly prpard or prformd and mrly organzd o fulfll a parcpaory or consulav duy rahr han o com o a manngful ovrvw of h chld s nsghs ( apparn or oknsc parcpaon). (2) Th us of parcpaon o ransfr rsponsbly for h ralzaon of h chld s bs nrss o h chld hmslf ( ngav parcpaon). (3) Ovrquryng chldrn (a h mso-lvl): parcpaon s a rgh, no a duy. (4) Undrrprsnaon of socally vulnrabl youh (a h mso-lvl). (5) Th lack of sandardzd dmarcaon pons o dfn chldrn s maury, ncssang an assssmn on a cas-by-cas bass. (6) Rlad o (5), h dffcul smaon as o whhr drc or ndrc parcpaon s mor appropra. As for apparn or ngav parcpaon and ovrquryng of chldrn, awarnss may alrady suffc o rfran from hs pfalls. Rgardng h ohr nsons, a numbr of spcfc srags o approach hs hav bn dnfd hroughou h analyss of h nvnord praccs. For h assssmn of h chld s maury, nsghs of Archard & Skvnss (2009) ar manly rfrrd o. Archard & Skvnss (2009) rcommnd sparang h assssmn of h chld s maury from h bs nrss assssmn and o valua h way chldrn xprss hr opnon, hr rasonng and hr apprcaon of dffrn dcson oucoms. Basd on hs maury assssmn a spcfc mod of drc parcpaon or ndrc parcpaon hrough rprsnaon can b opd for. As wll, ndrc rprsnaon hrough spcalzd youh organzaons can b advsabl n dcson-makng a h mso-lvl. Fnally, for assssmns a h mso-lvl, dffrn chnqus o ralz a mor qual rprsnaon of chldrn and youh wr dscussd, ncludng coopraon wh spcfc arg group organzaons, h dvlopmn of cusomzd mhodologs and rprsnav samplng chnqus. 4. Chld rghs mpac assssmns a h polcy lvl A las mporan consdraon n h ranslaon of h bs nrss prncpl from hory o pracc rlas o assssng h bs nrss of chldrn a h polcy lvl. Admdly, h rlaon bwn Chld Rghs Impac Assssmns (CRIA) a h polcy lvl and bs nrss assssmn s no dscussd as a nson. Rahr, hr xsng dffculs rlang o CRIA ar dscussd bcaus hy may connc o ndvdual bs nrss assssmns: rcommndaons o addrss hs dffculs may b ransfrabl o bs nrss assssmns. Assssng chldrn s bs nrss dos no ak plac n a vacuum, as has alrady bn dscussd svral ms hroughou hs rpor. Dffrn socal and lgal conxs do play a rol. In h dscusson on possbl conflcs of nrss ( IV.2) and/or dffrng vws on wha s bs for h chld ( IV.3.3), h clos famly crcl of h chld was undrlnd as a crucal conx. Furhrmor, h govrnmn and h broadr socy ar nflunal acors, whch was dscussd n IV.2.2. Th mporanc of hs dffrn conxs s rcognzd by h Comm n s Gnral Commn 14. Ths Gnral Commn consdrs a polcy and lgal conx adapd o h chld s bs nrss as an mporan procdural guaran o safguard ndvdual chldrn s bs nrss. Th lgal spulaons and polcy framwork undr whch h ndvdual bs nrss assssmn s prformd, consdraly rgulas wha h ndvdual assssmn wll look lk. Thrfor, Gnral Commn 14 rcommnds ha wh rgard o mplmnaon masurs, nsurng ha h bs nrss of h chld ar a prmary consdraon n lgslaon and polcy dvlopmn and dlvry a all lvls of Govrnmn dmands a connuous procss of chld rghs mpac assssmn (CRIA) o prdc h mpac of any proposd law, polcy or budgary allocaon on chldrn and h njoymn of hr rghs, and chld rghs mpac valuaon 29 P a g
o valua h acual mpac of mplmnaon (p.10). In ohr words, hs Gnral Commn concpualzs CRIA as a crucal nsrumn o shap an opmal fram of rfrnc for ndvdual bs nrss assssmn. Furhrmor, CRIA s do procdurally rla o ndvdual bs nrss drmnaons. CRIA s assss h mpac of lgslaon on chldrn, youh and mos mporanly chldrn s rghs. Thy hold an x-an rflcv procss of h mpac ha a plannd polcy dcson or lgslav acon wll hav on chldrn and youh whch s documnd n a wrn rpor. If h dcson or acon gnras ngav mplcaons for chldrn and youh, h dcson-makr nds o dvlop a mor appropra alrnav (Dsm & Op d Bck, 2014). Morovr, n hr dscrpons, h Swdsh Chld Impac Analyss, h Wlsh Chldrn s Rghs Impac Assssmn and h Flmsh Chld and Youh Effc Rpor (JoKER) parcularly rfr o Ar. 3 CRC as a gudng prncpl (nav nr. 4 undr Chld Impac Assssmns n h marx). Ths clos nrrlaons do suggs ha chld rghs mpac assssmns and bs nrss assssmns can nvgora ach ohr as rlad praccs by provdng addonal soluons o xsng shorcomngs. For ha rason, CRIA s and rlad nsrumns o ralz chldrn s bs nrss n lgal and polcy dcsons such as chld budgng wr ncludd n h nvnory (navs nr. 1, 2, 3 and 4 undr chld mpac assssmn n h marx). Th Flmsh Chld Rghs Impac Assssmn, calld h Chldrn and Youh Effc Rpor (JoKER), has rcnly bn xnsvly valuad (Dsm, Op d Bck & Vandnhol, 2012, nav nr. 4 undr Chld Impac Assssmns n h marx). Ths valuaon brough up a numbr of mporan nsons n h funconng of h JoKER ha mor broadly rla o CRIA s n gnral, as h JoKER s consdrd an nrnaonal good pracc (Dsm, Op d Bck & Vandnhol, 2014). Thr cnral fndngs from hs valuaon ar mor closly lookd a and compard wh bs nrss assssmns, basd on h da ha nw dvlopmns n bs nrss assssmns may b nsprd by xsng nsons n CRIA conn and mhodologs. Frs of all, h qualy of h JoKER aros from h valuaon as an mporan nson, as hs qualy appard o b varabl and parly dpndn on h cvl srvan who prformd h JoKER. As wll, knowldg and xprs o qualavly prform a JoKER wr oo lmd among h cvl srvans a h m of valuaon. For ha rason h dvlopmn of a JoKER cll was rcommndd, n whch xprs rgardng JoKER s cnralzd and accssbl by any sakholdr. Ths JoKER cll should nclud a clar and adapd manual rgardng h prformanc of a JoKER and b onln consulabl, o guaran asy accss o h nformaon. As wll, h addon of fnshd JoKER rpors o srv as good praccs was suggsd: hs praccs can b usd by cvl srvans as an xampl whn drafng up hr own JoKER. Th suggson o cnralz xsng knowldg and xprs s nrsng n lgh of assssng chldrn s bs nrss. Gnrally, h ovrvw of nvnord projcs (s III.2) uncovrd ha no only dffrn nrpraons rgardng h conn of h bs nrss prncpl xs, bu also ha bs nrss projcs ar dvlopd n dvrs shaps and szs: clar and concs fac shs, sandards or chcklss ar crad (for xampl, nav nr. 8 undr alrnav car, guardanshp and adopon ; nav nr. 7 undr parcpaon ; nav nr. 8 undr bs nrss drmnaon ; nav nr. 2 undr halh n h marx), varous bs nrss ranng programs ar dvlopd (s IV.1.6 n hs rpor), dffrn parcpaory rajcors ar s up (s IV.3 n hs rpor), c. Alhough a numbr of gnral gudlns hav bn brough ou n hs cas (such as Gnral Commn 14 or h handbook dvlopd by UNHCR and Saf h chldrn, nav nr. 10 undr mmgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors n h marx), hs nsrucons ar fragmnary 30 P a g
avalabl hrough dvrs wbss and dffrn nformaon carrrs. Thrfor, h suggson o ngra knowldg and xprs s valuabl n hs rgard. Through a gnral and usr frndly wbs ha dsplays h man horcal and lgslav spulaons as wll as an nvnory of bs nrss good praccs, applcabl n dffrn suaons, nrnaonal sakholdrs who ar lookng for nspraon o buld hr own bs nrss projc could b provdd for. On a rlad no, can b obsrvd ha n h Flmsh govrnmn, a nwork of focal pons for chldrn s rghs xss hr s on focal pon for ach polcy doman whos ask ncluds followng up on h JoKER s n hr rspcv polcy domans. Ths focal pons answr cvl srvans qusons rgardng h JoKER; hy suppor cvl srvans who ar prformng a JoKER and gnrally advoca for h JoKER whn hr polcy doman. Ths sysm could possbly b xndabl o h pracc of assssng bs nrss as wll. By apponng naonal or rgonal bs nrss focal pons who ar up-o-da wh h mos rcn nsghs from chld (dvlopmn) suds, h qualy and unformy of bs nrss assssmns could b mprovd. Ths focal pons could provd suppor for local sakholdrs who nd npu rgardng bs nrss assssmn, bu also gnrally advoca h bs nrss prncpl n judcary and non-judcary dcson-makng conxs n hr rgon. Furhrmor, smlar o h rlaon wh ranng and ducaon rgardng chldrn s bs nrss whch was ouchd upon n IV.1.6 n hs rpor h JoKER sudy rcommnds an x-pos valuaon o mprov h qualy of h CRIA n h long rm. As wll, hs rcommndaon rlas o h suggson o provd xrnal conrol ovr h JoKER-procss. Such conrol mchansms may no b applcabl o ndvdual bs nrs assssmns: som of hs assssmns ak plac whn a judcary conx, conrol may hrfor mpd h judg s auonomy. Nonhlss, h lack of conrol ovr h bs nrss assssmn can b subsud by faclang publc conrol ovr cour dcsons and provdng h possbly o appal agans dcsons, also for chldrn, as was alrady dscussd n IV.1 of hs rpor. Th mplmnaon of a complan mchansm, forsn by h Oponal proocol o h Convnon on h rghs of h chld on a communcaons procdur whch provds chldrn and youh, or popl who rprsn hm, wh h opporuny o fl a complan wh h UN Comm on h Rghs of h Chld can b consdrd as a spcfc yp of conrol mchansm (nav nr. 1 undr parcpaon n h marx). No only h qualy of h JoKER was dscussd n h valuaon; h scop of hs CRIA was scrunzd as wll and found o b oo lmd: h JoKER oblgaon only couns for proposals of acs of parlamn ha drcly mpac chldrn and youh (Dsm, Op d Bck & Vandnhol, 2014). Basd on h valuaon, was suggsd o broadn h scop of h JoKER o also nclud dcsons ha ndrcly affc chldrn. Ths suggson canno b appld o h bs nrss prncpl as dfnd by Gnral Commn 14, whch sas ha vry acon rlang o a chld or chldrn has o ak no accoun hr bs nrss as a prmary consdraon. Th word acon dos no only nclud dcsons, bu also all acs, conduc, proposals, srvcs, procdurs and ohr masurs (p.10). As wll, h Comm spcfs ha bs nrss assssmns ar ncssary for masurs and dcsons drcly concrnng a chld, chldrn as a group or chldrn n gnral, and scondly, o ohr masurs ha hav an ffc on an ndvdual chld, chldrn as a group or chldrn n gnral, vn f hy ar no h drc args of h masur (p.10). In ohr words, Gnral Commn 14 dos alrady rcommnd a broad scop n h nrpraon of h bs nrss concp. In lgh h scop of h assssmn, s nonhlss mporan o rfr o IV.2 n hs rpor, n whch h possbly of conflcs bwn chldrn s nrss and nrss of ohr nvolvd pars ar dscussd. Ths dscusson may b spcally rlvan n dcsons ha do no hav chldrn as a man 31 P a g
arg group or ha only ndrcly affc chldrn, as n hs dcsons ohr pars nrss may also b promnn. Furhrmor, hs broad scop may complca h dmarcaon as o whn a chld s bs nrss assssmn s ncssary, spcally n dcsons ha only ndrcly affc on or mor chldrn. Exampls can b found n chld budgng xrcss, n whch hs dffculy s ofn undrlnd (nav nr. 3 undr chld mpac assssmns n h marx). For xampl, o wha xn ar chldrn s bs nrss assssmns o b ncludd n dcsons rgardng, for nsanc, a safr raffc (D Hond & Van d Wyr, 2014; Op d Bck & Dsm, 2014)? Ths rflcon rlas o h arlr dscusson n hs rpor rgardng conflcs of nrss ( IV.2.2), n whch h us of publc spac was brough up as an xampl. Thrd, h JoKER valuaon brough up a numbr of nrsng rcommndaons rgardng h assssmn procss of whch on may also b applcabl o bs nrss assssmns. Mor spcfcally, h JoKER sudy found ha oo much focus s placd on JoKER as a produc, and oo ll on JoKER as procss (Dsm al., 2014: xx), a bas ha s also vsbl n h nam of h assssmn ( chld and youh mpac rpor ). Dsm al. (2014) mphasz ha h procss aspc of h JoKER should ak a cnral plac, as h man purpos of h JoKER s o hav dcson-makrs rflc abou h possbl mpac of hr dcsons on chldrn and youh. Th vnual goal of h JoKER s ndd o mak h dcson-makr awar of ponally ngav consquncs of hs dcson for chldrn and youh and, n ha cas, o mova hm o look for lss nrusv alrnavs. Mrly complng a JoKER documn wll no suffc o arrv a hs goal; hs yp of awarnss can only dvlop hrough a horough and qualav rflcon procss. Lookng back o h arlr rsuls of h conn analyss, hs rcommndaon concurs wh h ovrall argumn o focus on procdural aspcs of bs nrss drmnaon, basd on h prms ha a cohsv and sound mhodology lads o mor qualav oucoms. Rcapulaon: chld rghs mpac assssmns a h polcy lvl Chld rghs mpac assssmns (CRIA) wr ncludd n h bs nrss nvnory, basd on h argumn ha (1) lgal spulaons and polcy conxs cra a fram of rfrnc ha nvably nfluncs ndvdual bs nrss assssmns and (2) ndvdual bs nrss drmnaons procdurally rla o h CRIAs, as boh nsrumns am o capur h consquncs of dffrn dcson alrnavs on chldrn and youh n ordr o com o a dcson ha s mos opmally algnd o h chld s wshs and nds. From h prms ha boh nsrumns can promo ach ohr, a rcn valuaon of on nrnaonal good pracc n chld rghs mpac assssng was adopd, basd on whch addonal nsghs rgardng assssng bs nrss wr acqurd and som of h arlr fndngs from h conn analyss wr confrmd. Th mos mporan suggsons ha aros from hs rsrcd comparson wr h followng. (1) To cnralz knowldg and xprs rgardng bs nrss assssmns and mak accssbl hrough onln modals and hrough h suppor of a nwork of nformd focal pons. (2) To facla conrol of, and appal o, dcsons ha drcly or ndrcly affc chldrn. (3) To ak h socal conx of h chld no accoun n bs nrss assssmns. Espcally n dcsons ha only ndrcly affc chldrn, balancng h dffrn nrss nvolvd may b a prcarous xrcs. (4) To undrln h procss characr n drmnng chldrn s bs nrss: no h vnual oucom, bu h undrlyng rflcons of h assssmn ar paramoun. 32 P a g
V. CONCLUSION Basd on a lmd nvnory of nrnaonal chld bs nrss navs from 2004 onwards, a conn analyss was prformd whch uncovrd four common nsons n h ranslaon of h bs nrss prncpl from hory o pracc: h workably of a vagu and gnrals concp, conflc of nrss, harng chldrn s vocs and chld rghs mpac assssmns a h polcy lvl. A numbr of h navs offrd valuabl ways o addrss som of h dnfd dffculs. Ths approachs wr mor horoughly nvsgad and dscussd n hs rpor, basd on h prms ha good praccs can b usd as an nspraon o furhr dvlop and promo a bs nrss framwork ha s applcabl n chldrn s daly rals. I was found ha formulang a subsanv nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl ha s applcabl o a broad vary of ndvdual suaons s dffcul, as hs prncpl appars o b nvably ndrmna, flxbl, dynamc, dvlopmnally dpndn and conx-spcfc. Ths characrscs complca h producon of concr nsrumns o ffcnly sma chldrn s bs nrss n dffrn parcular suaons. Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2006) dd porray ha h craon of a concr nrpraon, basd on a sold scnfc mhodology, s no mpossbl, alhough s mporan o clarfy h lmaons as wll as h spcfc framwork h nrpraon s basd upon. Th advanag of hr modl s h ponal holds o copy h mhodology o com o a culurally snsv nrpraon and/or nrpraons for dffrn subsanv hms, such as h bs nrss of chldrn n dnon as a culurally snsv framwork can b usd as a sarng pon. Apar from Kalvrbor & Zjlsra s (2006) xrcs, h conn analyss ndcad ha whn workng wh or abou chldrn s bs nrss, mgh b ncssary o smply accp h lack of a gnrally applcabl nrpraon and o nsad focus on procdural lmns o com o an adqua assssmn. In ln wh hs obsrvaon, basd on h fndngs of h conn analyss, was suggsd n hs rpor o addrss a bs nrss dcson as h nd of a larnng rajcory rahr han as h fnal rsul a concr nsrumn n whch aduls oghr wh chldrn larn abou wha s bs for h chld. To dvlop such a larnng xprnc, nspraon can b found n mdaon mchansms and praccs ha ar spcfcally drcd owards larnng abou ach ohr s prspcv. Snc mdaon praccs nally dvlopd n a conx of conflc rsoluon, h suggson o mplmn hs n a bs nrss drmnaon morovr concurs wh h obsrvaon ha chldrn s nrss may a ms conflc wh h nrss of ohr nvolvd pars. Addonally, was suggsd o xplca ohr pars nrss such as parnal nrss as wll, and o dvlop mchansms o safguard hs nrss. Ths way, h us of h chldrn s bs nrss prncpl as a gnral prns o dfnd all nvolvd nrss, can b avodd. Furhrmor, vn hough h mporanc of ducaon and ranng may appar o b slf-vdn, h fndngs from h conn analyss suggs ha h background, knowldg and communcav sklls of h ndvdual who prforms h bs nrss assssmn may b mor mporan han h ool ha s usd for h assssmn. Bs nrss drmnaons ar no mrly a mar of applyng a cran nsrumn or fllng ou a chckls. Th ndvdual knowldg, background and prsonal characrscs of h profssonal prformng h assssmn may play a mor dcsv rol n h procss. Ths rflcon dos no ras Smyrs (2010) crcsm abou h unaanably of an objcv nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl, bu addrsss by pung focus on ranng and ducaon, hs way provdng h nvolvd profssonals wh h ncssary compncs o prform h assssmn as adqua and holsc as possbl. Espcally n cass n whch mporan 33 P a g
dcsons ar akn by ndvduals whos man xprncs or sklls ar no ncssarly chld-spcfc such as rurn dcsons akn by mmgraon judgs ranng drcd a undrsandng chld psychology, dvlopmn and/or a chld rghs prspcv may brng addd valu. Th conn analyss uncovrd ha dffrn ducaonal programs and praccal ranng packags do y xs for a vary of profssonal groups. Ths packags can srv as an nspraon for polcy makrs or praconrs who wsh o sar up a chld-spcfc program. Furhrmor, bachlors or masrs n Chldhood Suds, Chldrn s Suds or Chldrn and Youh suds whch ar nrdscplnary programs focusng on chld dvlopmn and chldrn's lvlhoods and wlfar from socologcal, psychologcal, culural, conomc prspcvs can g nvolvd n h craon of such a program. Fnally, monorng and fdback wr found o b mporan procsss n h ducaon of h dcson-makr. Indd, an x-pos or fdback sysm allows h dcson-makr o larn abou h consquncs of hs dcson. Ths way, mor vard knowldg and xprnc o com o mor adapd dcsons n h fuur s bul. Monorng and fdback ar hrfor consdrd mporan (fnal) componns of dcson-makng procdurs. Th dvlopmn and clarfcaon of a clar dcson-makng procdur or srucur was suggsd n hs rpor, basd on h prms ha xplcang how a bs nrss assssmn s o b prformd may b mor fasbl han prdfnng h subsanv lmns ha should b ncludd n h assssmn. Such an xrcs dcrass chancs of arbrary dcson-makng by vsualzng possbl undrlyng assumpons, avodng focus on nuon and gnrally raonalzng h dcsonmakng procss. Fndngs from h conn analyss uncovrd ha a dcson-makng srucur should a las clarly dffrna bwn (1) h assssmn of h maury of h chld, whch s ncssary o wgh h opnon of h chld n h procss and (2) h assssmn of h chld s bs nrss, whch wll b h domnan consdraon n h fnal dcson. Tradonal dcson-makng srucurs gnrally hold (1) an xploraory phas n whch rlvan nformaon s gahrd, (2) a problm analyss and dvlopmn of dffrn dcson alrnavs, (3) an assssmn of h consquncs of h dffrn alrnavs, (4) valuaon and slcon of on of h alrnavs and (5) follow-up and monorng. Howvr, ohr dcson-makng procdurs may also b avalabl. Th nsdr prspcv, whch can b oband hrough parcpaon of h rghs holdrs hmslvs (h chldrn) s consdrd mporan n h bs nrss procdur. In h nvnord projcs, h concp of parcpaon s prdomnanly nrprd as harng chldrn s vocs. Parcpaon s usd n an nsrumnal way, as a mans o acqur undrsandng of wha h chld fls, hnks and blvs s n hs bs nrss. To do so, s mporan o adqualy nform chldrn (n hr own languag and adapd o hr own lvl of undrsandng). Th wgh o b allod o a chld s opnon srongly rlas o h maury of h chld. As ag canno b consdrd an adqua crron o valua h chld s dcson-makng capacs, hs should b judgd on a cas-by-cas bass. Espcally h way n whch chldrn xprss hr opnon, hr rasonng and hr undrsandng of h consquncs of h dffrn dcson alrnavs can b usd as a gudln n hs cas. Basd on hs maury s, prformd by an ndvdual who s up-o-da wh rcn chld dvlopmnal knowldg, h chld should hr b nvd o parak n h dcson-makng procss hmslf as an qual nx o h ohr nvolvd sakholdrs or b rprsnd by a clos famly mmbr or a rand profssonal who xprsss h chld s wshs and nds basd on clos communcaons wh h chld. Harng chldrn s vocs s no only consdrd mporan n ndvdual dcsons; n group dcsons (for xampl, polcy dcsons ha mpac h lvs of mor han on chld) chldrn s vocs ar crucal as wll. In hs cas, an mporan challng arsng from h conn analyss s h assuranc of an 34 P a g
qual rprsnaon. Espcally socally vulnrabl chldrn and youh hav a hghr rsk of bng xcludd from parcpaory rajcors, du o varous srucural barrrs. A non-xhausv numbr of srags o addrss hs challng, such as coopraon wh arg group spcfc organzaons, h dvlopmn of adjusd mhodologs and rprsnav samplng mhods, was suggsd basd on xsng parcpaon and socal rsarch praccs. As wll, n lgh of a manngful parcpaon, dffrn auhors and praconrs ar cauous for oknsm, ngav parcpaon and ovrquryng of chldrn. Fnally, a vary of chld (rghs) mpac assssmns wr ncludd n h analyss, as xampls of bs nrss assssmns a h macro or polcy lvl. Ths consdraon was basd on wo prmss, (1) CRIA ar brough forward by Gnral Commn 14 as crucal nsrumns o shap an opmal fram of rfrnc for ndvdual bs nrss assssmns and (2) CRIA procdurally rla o bs nrss assssmns as hy boh hold an x-an rflcv procss rgardng h mpac of mporan dcsons on chldrn s lvs. Thrfor, was argud ha CRIA and bs nrss assssmns can add o ach ohr by provdng orgnal soluons o xsng shorcomngs. As h focus of hs rpor was on h pracc of bs nrss assssmns, hs par of h analyss was drcd on ways n whch bs nrss assssmns can b nvgorad by CRIA. Basd on a comparson wh an xnsv valuaon of h Flmsh CRIA, a numbr of nrsng rcommndaons mrgd. Frs of all, was rcommndd o cnralz knowldg and xprs rgardng bs nrss assssmns and mak accssbl hrough onln modals and hrough h suppor of a nwork of nformd focal pons. Scondly, h faclaon of conrol ovr, and appal o, dcsons ha drcly or ndrcly affc chldrn. Thrd, hs comparson rfrrd agan o h mporanc of h socal conx of h chld. Espcally n dcsons ha only ndrcly affc chldrn, balancng h dffrn nrss nvolvd may b a prcarous xrcs. Fnally, was advsd o mphasz h procss characr n drmnng chldrn s bs nrss: no h vnual oucom, bu h undrlyng rflcons of h assssmn ar paramoun. To clos hs rpor, should b undrlnd on mor m ha h currn sudy was lmd by a numbr of mporan shorcomngs, as was xpland n h mhodology scon of hs rpor. Du o hs lmaons, h currn rpor s basd on only a p of h cbrg of xsng bs nrss navs and hrfor only dscusss h mos common and vsbl nsons rgardng h ranslaon of h bs nrss prncpl from hory o pracc. Howvr, h fac ha vn such a narrow analyc sragy could brng up a numbr of usful rcommndaons and dscusson opcs, porrays h valu of brngng oghr dffrn nsghs and xprs ha dvlopd boom-up from (local) polcy and pracc. Ths analyss shows ha praconrs worldwd hav no bn dscouragd by horcal dffculs n h bs nrss prncpl and dvlopd crav ways o ffcvly us hs concp n hr own profssonal raly. Th bs nrss prncpl s nhrnly an ndrmna and a dynamc concp, bu n s vagunss ls as wll s srngh: prvns sandardsaon, unformy and dprcaon. Indd, h margn of apprcaon ha rmans n hs concp ncourags praconrs and polcy makrs o connuously rflc abou wha s n chldrn s bs nrss and o look for nnovav and mor adapd approachs o grasp hs concp. Consqunly, hs fndng undrlns onc agan ha movng forward n h chldrn s rghs fld s no mrly a mar of crang nw hory or lgslaon. On h conrary, s h dalogu bwn horcal nspraon and praccal cravy ha can cra pahways for acual progrss and profcncy. 35 P a g
VI. REFERENCES Alson, P. (1994). Th Bs Inrss Prncpl: Towards A Rconclaon of Culur and Human Rghs. Inrnaonal Journal of Law and Th Famly, 8 (1), 1-25. Archard, D. (2006). Prfac. In: Ang, F., Brghmans, E., Carjss, L., Dlns-Ravr, I., Dlplac, M., Salns, V., Vandwl, T., Vandrss, C. and Vrhyd, M. (2006). Parcapon rghs [Pp. V-v]. Anwrpn-Oxford: Inrsna. Archard, D., Skvns, M. (2010). Dcdng bs nrss: gnral prncpls and h cass of Norway and h UK. Journal of Chldrn s Srvcs, 5(4), 43-54. Brms, E. (2001). Human Rghs: Unvrsaly and Dvrsy. Th Hagu: Marnus Njhoff Publshrs. Brms, E. (2014). Bwn unvrsalsm and rlavsm. Prsnaon a HR4DEV cours, an nrnaonal ranng program on human rghs n dvlopmn wh a focus on chldrn s rghs, Ghn (Blgum), 18 Augus 2014. Byrd, J. Jr., Moor, L.T. (1982). Dcson modls for managmn. Tokyo: McGraw-Hll, Inc. Buysschar, G. (rd.) (2007). Wj zjn jongrn n d rs plaas! Rappor van jongrn m n handcap ovr h rspc voor hun rchn n Blgë. Brussl: UNICEF Blgë. Buysschar, G., Domncy, M., Waul, F. (2010). Da dnkn w rvan. Jongrn graak door armod sprkn ovr hun lvn. Brussl: UNICEF Blgë. Chld Rghs Informaon Nwork (CRIN) (2013). CRC Gnral Commn on h Bs Inrss of h Chld. Rrvd onln a hp://www.crn.org/n/lbrary/publcaons/crc-gnralcommn-bs-nrss-chld (las accss: 04/04/2014). Clmn, R.T. (1991). Makng hard dcsons. An nroducon o dcson analyss. Blmon (CA): Duxbury Prss. Comm on h Rghs of h Chld (2003). Gnral Commn No. 5 (2003) on gnral masurs of mplmnaon of h Convnon on h Rghs of h Chld (ars. 4, 42 and 44, para. 6). UN Doc CRC/GC/2003/5, 27 Novmbr 2003. ------- (2005). Gnral Commn No. 6 (2005) on h ramn of unaccompand and sparad chldrn ousd hr counry of orgn. UN Doc CRC/GC/2005/6, 3 Jun 2005. ------- (2013). Gnral Commn No. 14 (2013) on h rgh of h chld o hav hs or hr bs nrss akn as a prmary consdraon (Ar. 3, para. 1). UN Doc CRC/C/GC/14, 29 May 2013. Drck, S. (1999). A Commnary on h Und Naons Convnon on h Rghs of h Chld. Th Hagu: Marnus Njhoff Publshrs. Donlly, J. Unvrsal Human Rghs n Thory and Pracc, 3h don. Nw York: Cornll Unvrsy Prss. Eklaar, J. (2005). Dcdng for Chldrn. Ausralan Journal of Profssonal and Appld Ehcs, 7(2), 66-82. Frman, M. (2007). A Commnary on h Und Naons Convnon on h Rghs of h Chld Arcl 3: h bs nrss of h chld. Ldn: Marnus Njhoff Publshrs. 36 P a g
Goodwn, P., Wrgh, G. (2009). Dcson Analyss for Managmn Judgmn. Fourh Edon. Chchsr (UK): John Wly & Sons Ld. Hmrca, J., Hyng, F. (2004). Tac noons of chldhood. An analyss of dscours abou chld parcpaon n dcson-makng rgardng arrangmns n cas of parnal dvorc. Chldhood, 11(4), 449-468. Hrbos, K., Pu, J. (2014). Th parcpaon dsc. A concp analyss of (a) chld ( s rgh o) parcpaon. Accpd for publcaon n h Inrnaonal Journal of Chldrn s Rghs. Hrbos, K., Rovns, E., Pu, J. (2011). Parcparchn van kndrn n schdngssuas. Vs n prakjk van schdngsbmddlaars. Tjdschrf voor Faml- n Jugdrch, (11), 312-318. Hrbos, K., Rovns, E., Pu, J. (2012). Parcpa van h knd n h grchljk schdngsprocs: droombld of ral? Tjdschrf voor Jugd n kndrrchn, 13(1), 23-39. KK (2013a). Achrgrondnforma bj h advs voor bsk blvngsondrzok nzak n Kndfocus n d sadsmonor. Gn: Knnscnrum Kndrrchn vzw. KK (2013b). Draf Omgvngsanalys voor h Vlaams Jugd n Kndrrchn Bldsplan 2014-2019. Bgldnd ulg bj h bldsadvs van h Knnscnrum Kndrrchn. Gn: Knnscnrum Kndrrchn vzw. Morlmans, D. (2007). Handbok kwalav ondrzoksmhodn. Luvn: Acco. Op d Bck, H., Pu, J., Tans, A., Plysr, S., Hrmans, K. (204). Samn wrkn gn kndrmshandlng. H Proocol van Mod n d grnzn van h bropsghm. Luvn: LannooCampus. Op d Bck, H., Vandnhol, W., Dsm, E. (2012). Mn n Wn voor n gfundrd kndrrchnbld. En krsch rflc ovr d zn n onzn van kndrrchnndcaorn. Gn: Knnscnrum Kndrrchn vzw. Plysr, S., Pu, J., Cops, D., Op d Bck, H. (2012). D uw van h rscoknd? En crmnologsch brl n h jugdondrzok. In: D B M., Roos R., Vandnbrock M. (Eds.), Maaschappljk ngagmn: n bsf van kwsbaarhd. Lbr amcorum Ncol Vnburg [Pp. 319-332]. Gn: Acadma Prss. Symour, J. (2005). Parnal Rghs and h Procon of Chldrn: A Prsumpon Agans Sa Inrvnon. Ausralan Journal of Profssonal and Appld Ehcs, 7(2), 16-30. Smyrs, P. (2010). Chld rarng n h rsk socy: on h dscours of rghs and h bs nrss of a chld. Educaonal Thory, 60(3), 271-284. Spcal Rprsnav of h Scrary-Gnral (SRSG) on Volnc agans Chldrn (2013). Promong Rsorav Jusc for Chldrn. Nw York: Und Naons. Thomson, D.M. (2005). Byond h Rhorc of Bs Inrss of h Chld. Ausralan Journal of Profssonal and Appld Ehcs, 7(2), 58-65. Tobn, J. (2011). Undrsandng a Human Rghs Basd Approach o Mars Involvng Chldrn: Concpual Foundaons and Sragc Consdraons. In: Invrnzz, A., Wllams, J. (2011). Th Human Rghs of Chldrn From Vsons o Implmnaon Pp. 61-98]. Farnham: Ashga. 37 P a g
Vanfrachm, I., Walgrav, L. (2004a). Rsorav confrncng n Blgum: can dcras confnmn of young offndrs? Corrcons oday, 66 (7), 72-75. Vanfrachm, I., Walgrav, L. (2004b). Hrslgrch gropsovrlg voor jong dlnqunn n Vlaandrn: vrslag van n acondrzok. Panopcon, 25 (6), 27-46. van Bk, F., Rujs, L. (rd.) (2009). Kwalssandaardn jugdzorg. Wa kndrn n jongrn blangrjk vndn als z n hus wonn. Houn (NL): Bohn Saflu van Loghum. Ward, H., Brown, R., Wslak, D. (2012). Safguardng babs and vry young chldrn from abus and nglc. London: Jssca Kngsly Publshrs. Wolfson, S.A. (1992). Chldrn s Rghs: Th Thorcal Undrpnnng of h Bs Inrss of h Chld. In Frman, M., Vrman, P. (ds) (1992). Th Idologs of Chldrn s Rghs [Pp. 7-27]. Dordrch: Marnus Njhoff Publshrs. Zrman, J. (2010). Th Bs Inrss of h Chld Prncpl: Lral Analyss and Funcon. Inrnaonal Journal of Chldrn s Rghs, 18(4), 483 499. Zng, Chn & Xa (2009). Chna. In: Mason, J., Bolzan, N., Kumar, A. (ds.) (2009). Chldrn s Parcpaon? Larnng from chldrn and aduls n h Asa-Pacfc rgon. Ausrala: Common Ground Publshng Ply Ld. VII. ANNEX. OVERVIEW OF THE SCREENING OF POLICY STRATEGIES AND PRACTICE INITIATIVES REGADING THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD SINCE 2004 Ovrvw color cods Problm samn Parns n dnon Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly Alrnav car: guardanshp/ adopon Alrnav car: nsuonalzd youh car Parcpaon Bs nrss drmnaons Chld mpac assssmns Bs nrss advocacy Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon Chld car Mda/Advrsng (Publc) spac Halh Spcfc mnory groups No: Th color n h lf column of h marx (undr man hm ) sgnfs h cagory h projc s nally assgnd o. Howvr, as many of h projcs can b assgnd o dffrn cagors, a scondary cagory may b sgnfd by h color or h rgh column (undr movaon and subhm ) 38 P a g
Man hm P r o b l m Inav 1) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: T.M.C. Assr nsu (2007). Comparav sudy on nforcmn procdurs of famly rghs, hp://c.uropa.u/cvljusc/publcaons/docs/famly_rghs/sudy_famly_rghs_synhss_rpor_n.p df. CONTENT: Ths comparav sudy shows how fnancal sancons owards parnrs who brak hr dvorc agrmns ofn conflc wh h bs nrss of hr chld (for nsanc, lowrng almony for h parn who dos no rspc h vsaon rghs of h ohr parn). DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: dvorc. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRY: Nhrlands. REF: van Roojn (2007). Schdn zondr vrjhd. Is gzamnljk oudrljk gzag na chschdng n h blang van h knd? Njmgn: Wolf Lgal Publshrs, hp://www.wolfpublshrs.com/docs/16.pdf. CONTENT: Ths projc uncovrs ha co-parnng afr dvorc s mos ofn n ln wh h bs nrss of h chld, howvr hs s no always h cas. Th auhor rcommnds h craon of Advc Cnrs for Dvorc and Cusody Mdaon ha opra ndpndnly from h Youh Car Offcs ( Buraus Jugdzorg ). DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds, THEME: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. SOURCE: Wolf Publshrs va Googl. 3) COUNTRY: UK. REF: Naonal Socy for h Prvnon of Cruly o Chldrn (NSPCC) (2012). Rurnng Hom from Car: Wha s Bs For Chldrn, hp://www.crn.org/docs/rurnng-hom-fromcar_wdf88986.pdf. CONTENT: Ths projc shows ha judgs dcsons o rurn a chld hom (afr bng placd ou of hom) ar no always n h bs nrss of h chld. Somms h nrss of h parns prval. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds/crmnology, THEME: ou-of-hom placmn. SOURCE: CRIN va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRY: US. REF: Sco & Emry (2013). Gndr Polcs and Chld Cusody: Th Puzzlng Prssnc of h Bs Inrs Sandard. Law and Conmporary Problms, 52, hp://paprs.ssrn.com/sol3/paprs.cfm?absrac_d=2275581##. CONTENT: In hs work s argud ha bs nrss of h chld sandards ar ofn usd wrongly n cour (for xampl n parns bal for cusody) and ha h drmnaon of chldrn s bs nrss oo ofn rls on h xprs of psychologss and halh spcalss who canno always fahom xsng famly problms and dynamcs. Praccal suggsons o rduc hs problms ar provdd n h rpor. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. SOURCE: Socal Scnc Rsarch Nwork va Googl. 5) COUNTRY: Norway. REF: *Skvns (2010). Judgng h Chld s Bs Inrss: Raonal Rasonng or Subjcv Prsumpons? Thousand Oaks (USA): SAGE Publcaons; *Skvns (2010). Judgng h chld s bs nrss. Aca Socologca, 53(4), 339-353. CONTENT: Basd on h analyss of hr cass rgardng forcd adopon n h hghs Norwgan appals cour, s found ha h drmnaon of h bs Movaon and subhm Sudy undrlns nd for masurs n ln wh bs nrss of h chld n cas of dvorc. Also: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. Sudy undrlns possbl nd for ndpndn organzaons/masurs o ac n h bs nrss of h chld n cas of dvorc. Inrsng rcommndaons for rgh o famly n pracc. Also: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. Sudy ndcas possbl nd for nsrumn o suppor judgs n pung h nrss of h chld frs. Also: Alrnav car: nsuonalzd youh car. Sudy undrlns nd for nw npu o rly on o drmn bs nrss of h chld n cour. Possbly adopabl rcommndaons ar formulad. Also: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. Sudy ndcas possbl nd for nsrumn o suppor judgs dcson rgardng adopon n ordr 39 P a g
s a m nrss of h chld s don n a subjcv nsad of a raonal way. Consqunly, h cour dcsons n hs cass ar nhr raonal nor lgmzd, accordng o h auhor. DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: adopon. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 6) COUNTRY: Souh Afrca. REF: Bonhuys (2005). Th Bs Inrss of Chldrn n h Souh Afrcan Consuon, hp://www.chldjusc.org/ndx.php/componn/docman/?vw=documn&d=184&imd=0. CONTENT: Th auhor undrlns ha h prncpl of h bs nrss of h chld s mos ofn usd n Souh Afrcan (famly) cours o arcula parnal rghs: adul lgans fal o argu h nrss of chldrn spara from hr own nrss. Th auhor plas o no us h bs nrss prncpl o mda h rghs of ohr famly mmbrs, bu o compl h full and propr consdraon of h consuonal rghs of chldrn alongsd of h rghs of ohr famly mmbrs. DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: gnral. SOURCE: Chldrn s Rghs Inrnaonal va Googl. 7) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Kndrrchncoal (2010). Alrnaf Rappor van d NGO s ovr d opassng van h Inrnaonal Vrdrag nzak d Rchn van h Knd n Blgum, hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/uploads/documnn/alrnaf%20rappor%20nhrlandssalg%2 0df.pdf. CONTENT: Th dffrn Bars organz a spcfc ranng program n juvnl jusc for lawyrs who wsh o rprsn mnors. Snc 2005, youh prmanncy should conss of lawyrs who ook hs program or who ar commd o ak hs program. Howvr, can b obsrvd ha no all Bars follow h sam gudlns, causng qualy dffrncs n h srvcs ha ar offrd o chldrn. As wll, n h acual suaon no on xclusvly dfnds h bs nrss of h chld n cour. Th Chldrn s Rghs Coalon undrlns ha conssn lgal asssanc by a juvnl aorny s ncssary o safguard h bs nrss of h chld. In hs cas, anon should b pad o h qualy of h asssanc. DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: lgal asssanc. SOURCE: daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 8) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: *Kndrrchncoal (2010). Alrnaf Rappor van d NGO s ovr d opassng van h Inrnaonal Vrdrag nzak d Rchn van h Knd n Blgum, hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/uploads/documnn/alrnaf%20rappor%20nhrlandssalg%2 0df.pdf. CONTENT: h Chldrn s Rghs Coalon clams ha mor n-dph rflcon abou h noon bs nrss of h chld s ndd. In hs socal dba, all sakholdrs and nrsd pars should b abl o xprss hr vson. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: gnral. SOURCE: daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 9) COUNTRY: Nhrlands. Smyh (2013). Th Common Europan Asylum Sysm and h Rghs of h Chld. Unpublshd docoral hss, Unvrsy of Ldn. CONTENT: Th rchnss and complxy of h concp bs nrss of h chld s undrlnd n lgh of h Common Europan Asylum Sysm. DISCIPLINE: gnral/law, Thm: gnral/asylum. SOURCE: prsonal communcaon. 10) COUNTRY: US. REF: Inrnaonal Human Rghs Law Clnc, Chf Jusc Earl Warrn Insu on Rac, Ehncy and Dvrsy & Immgraon Law Clnc (2010). In h Chld s Bs Inrs? Th consquncs of losng a lawful mmgran parn o dporaon. Polcy brf, o safguard h chld s bs nrss. Also: Alrnav car: guardanshp/ adopon. Prsnaon undrlns confuson bwn chld s bs nrss and nrss of ohr rlad pars. Also: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. Th alrnav rpor undrlns h nd for conssn ranng for youh lawyrs. Also: Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon. Th alrnav rpor undrlns h nd for a clar opraonalzaon of h noon bs nrss of h chld. Also: Bs nrss drmnaons. Sudy laboras on h complxy of h bs nrss concp. Also: Bs nrss drmnaons. Th forcd dporaon of lawful prmann rsdns (LPR) parns 40 P a g
n P a r 41 P a g hp://www.law.brkly.du/fls/human_rghs_rpor.pdf. CONTENT: Through a mul-dscplnary analyss, hs polcy brf xamns h xprncs of US czn chldrn mpacd by h forcd dporaon of hr LPR parns and proposs ways o rform US law conssn wh domsc and nrnaonal sandards ha am o mprov h lvs of chldrn. DISCIPLINE: law/socal work suds, THEME: dporaon of LPR. SOURCE: Brkly Unvrsy va Googl. 11) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Van Gls & Vandrsd (2009). Kndr- n jongrnparcpa: vrzadgngspun brk? hp://www.sunpunjugd.b/uploads/documns/krax_92 DOSSIER4.pdf. CONTENT: Th auhors ar crcal abou ovr-quryng chldrn and youh and abou apparn parcpaon whch s nohng mor han ransfrrng rsponsbly ovr dffcul ssus o chldrn and youh hmslvs. Thy undrln ha chldrn and youh do hav h rgh o gnor parcpaon navs from govrnmn. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds/ducaonal suds, THEME: parcpaon. SOURCE: Krax va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 12) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Gard (2011). Advrsng Rgulaon and h Procon of Chldrn- Consumrs n h Europan Unon: In h Bs Inrss of Commrcal Opraors? Inrnaonal Journal of Chldrn s rghs. CONTENT: Nowhsandng h proms o mplmn h bs nrss of h chld n EU-polcs, h Europan Commsson dos no succd n procng chldrn n nrnal marks and consumr polcs. Ths s llusrad by h Unfar Commrcal Praccs Drcv and h Audovsual Mda Srvcs Drcv. DISCIPLINE: communcaon scncs/conomcs THEME: rad, mda. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 13) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Hodson (2008). Th rghs of chldrn rasd n lsban, gay, bsxual or ransgndr famls: a Europan prspcv, hp://www.lgaurop.org/conn/download/12754/76793/vrson/2/fl/chldrn's+rpor_03.pdf. CONTENT: Th auhor argus ha, vn hough a numbr of Europan and nrnaonal ras proc chldrn s famly rghs, h concp of famly has no bn wll dfnd, whch may caus problms for h procon of chldrn s bs nrss n lsban, gay, bsxual and ransgndr (LGBT) famls. Morovr, h lack of gudanc a a Europan lvl causs h famly rghs of chldrn n LGTB famls o consdrably vary hroughou Europan counrs. To nsur ha all chldrn njoy human rghs qually, h auhor plas for mor gudanc a h Europan lvl n hs mar. DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: famly rghs/lgtb parns. SOURCE: Inrnaonal Lsban and Gay Assocaon (ILGA) va Googl. 1) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Tomkng (2009). Orphans of Jusc. In sarch of h bs nrss of h chld whn a parn s mprsond: Lgal Analyss, hp://www.crn.org/docs/orphans%20of%20jusc.pdf. CONTENT: In h bs nrss of h chld, a srongr focus on crav, communy-basd and rsorav sancons s advsd for parns who commd a crm. If hs s no possbl, s advsd o maxmally guaran a rgular conac bwn parn and chld durng h parn s mprsonmn. DISCIPLINE: law/crmnology, THEME: parns n dnon. SOURCE: CRIN va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRY: Blgum. Chldrn s Rghs Coalon (2010). Alrnaf Rappor van d NGO s ovr d opassng van h Inrnaonal Vrdrag nzak d Rchn van h Knd n Blgë, from US nfrngs on chldrn s bs nrss. Also: Spcfc mnory groups. Warnng for ovr-quryng and apparn parcpaon n sng up parcpav mhodologs. Also: Parcpaon. Th auhor clams ha h Europan Commsson dos no succd n procng chldrn s bs nrss n consumr polcs. Also: Mda/Advrsng. Lack of Europan gudanc rgardng h nrss of chldrn growng up n LGBT famls. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla for alrnav masurs (o mprsonmn) for parns who commd a crm, n h bs nrss of h chld. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla for rspcng h vsaon rghs of
n s n d n o n D v o r c p a r n hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/uploads/documnn/alrnaf%20rappor%20nhrlandssalg%2 0df.pdf: Th mmbrs of h Chldrn s Rghs Coalon undrln ha h rgh of h chld o vs hs or hr mprsond parn should b rspcd, unlss hs s nconssn wh h chld s bs nrss. DISCIPLINE: law/crmnology, THEME: parns n dnon. SOURCE: daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. *ACYA Comm (2011). Equal Jusc projc. Wrn conrbuon o h Und Naons Comm on h Rghs of h Chld Gnral Day of Dscusson 2011: Chldrn of Incarcrad Parns, hp://www.ohchr.org/documns/hrbods/crc/dscussons/2011/submssons/acya.doc; *Chldrn of prsonrs Europ. Chldrn nsd prson, hp://chldrnofprsonrs.u/?pag_d=3631. CONTENT: dffrn rcommndaons o safguard h nrss of chldrn whos parns ar n prson ar bng formulad, such as (1) o allow vry young chldrn o say wh hr mohr, (2) o duca prson saff and cra nfrasrucur o do so, (3) o dvlop a clar polcy o safguard h nrss of h chld durng arrs, cusody and procss of h parns (n h lar cas, rsarch showng ha andng h parn s procss s n h bs nrss of h chld s rfrrd o). Th Comm for h Prvnon of Torur also plads ha h wll-bng of h chld should ak frs plac n dcsons rgardng mohrs n dnon. Good praccs can b found n Grmany, h Nhrlands and England, whr opn prsons for mohrs wh chldrn xs. In Porugal, Dnmark, Swzrland and Fnland s possbl o accommoda vry young chldrn wh hr mohr n prson. Fnally, h lack of vald daa rgardng parns and chldrn n prson s bng crczd. DISCIPLINE: crmnology, THEME: parns n dnon. SOURCE: OHCHR n Eurochps va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRY: Ausra. REF: Enwurf ns Bundsgszs, m dm das Kndschafsrch m Allgmnm Bürgrlchn Gszbuch und das Aussrsrgsz sow das Ehgsz gändr wrdn (2011). In: Fundamnal Rghs Agncy (FRA) (2011). Fundamnal rghs: challngs and achvmns n 2011, hp://fra.uropa.u/ss/dfaul/fls/fra_uploads/2211-fra-2012_annual-rpor-2011_en.pdf. CONTENT: Wh hs amndmn o h cusody and vsaon law, Ausra ams o ak no accoun h bs nrss of h chld and balanc hm wh h nrss of parns. DISCIPLINE: law/crmnology/ducaonal suds, THEME: parns n dnon/vsaon rghs. SOURCE: FRA va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 1) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Europan Commsson (2013). Rvson of EU lgslaon faclang h rcognon and nforcmn of dcsons on parnal rsponsbly, hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/uploads/documnn/oucom%20documn_6h%20rgonal%20m ng_fnal.pdf. CONTENT: In h EU Agnda for h Rghs of h Chld, h Europan Commsson plas for quck procsss and h us of mnmal sandards n h rcognon and nforcmn of dcsons rgardng parnal rsponsbly, n ordr o proc h bs nrss of h chld. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds/socal work suds, THEME: parnal rsponsbly. SOURCE: Fundamnal Rghs Agncy (FRA) va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Councl of Europ (2010). Buldng a Europ for and wh chldrn, hp://www.co.n//dg3/chldrn/ohr%20langaugs/tangram%2005-10_n.pdf. CONTENT: Th chldrn s whos parns ar mprsond. IMPLEMENTATION: Rcommndaons for and good praccs of chld-frndly masurs whn parns ar mprsond. IMPLEMENTATION: Ausran good pracc rgardng vsaon rghs for chldrn of parns n dnon. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Clar rcommndaons o safguard h bs nrss of h chld n mars of guardanshp: spd and us of mnmal sandards. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Europan promoon of posv parnng and 42 P a g
a / l c u r s s o p d o y n / s p a b r l y A G u Councl of Europ pus h dvlopmn of famly polcs basd on h bs nrss of h chld and h promoon of posv parnng on h agnda of h Europan Sragy for h Rghs of h Chld 2012-2015. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds, THEME: famly/parnng. SOURCE: Councl of Europ va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRIES: Norh Amrca (US & Canada) and Ausrala. CONTENT: Espcally n h US, h bs nrss of h chld s a concp almos xclusvly rsrvd for famly law, n dcsons rgardng cusody, guardanshp and adopon. Ths s n ln wh h Famly Law Ac spulang ha coopraon and shard rsponsbly bwn h parns should always b n funcon of h bs nrss of h chld. Dffrn facors o drmn whhr parns pu h bs nrss of hr chld frs, ar dscussd, for nsanc n n: *hp://www.lgs.sa.la.us/lss/lss.asp?doc=108693, *hp://www.jud.c.gov/lawlb/nobooks/pahfndrs/bsinrs.pdf; *hp://dfnons.uslgal.com/b/bs-nrs-of-h-chld/; *hp://www.lgslaur.m.gov/(s(onz3yn3s3sb2vo3cnmg45))/mlg.aspx?pag=gobjc&objcnam =mcl-722-23; *hp://paprs.ssrn.com/sol3/paprs.cfm?absrac_d=1957143; *hp://www.juscbc.ca/n/fam/bascs/parn/bs-nrs.hml; *hp://www.alrc.gov.au/publcaons/16-chldrns-nvolvmn-famly-law-procdngs/bs-nrssprncpl. Also s: Kohm, L. M. (2008). Tracng h Foundaons of h Bs Inrss of h Chld Sandard n Amrcan Jursprudnc. Journal of Law & Famly Suds, 10(2), 337-376. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: dvorc/famly law/guardanshp/cusody/adopon. SOURCE: Googl. 4) COUNTRY: unknown. REF: Bullns & d Rddr (2005). Omgang n h blang van h knd, Tjdschrf voor Faml- n Jugdrch. CONTENT: Arcl abou h bs nrss of h chld n cusody mars. DISCIPLINE: (law?), THEME: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 5) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Eurochld (2007). Nwslr Wnr 2006-2007, hp://www.urochld.org/fladmn/usr_upload/nwslr/eurochld_nwslr_wnr_2006-2007.pdf. CONTENT: Toghr wh Chldrn n Norhrn Irland, Eurochld organzs a Mmbrs Exchang Smnar abou suppor for parns, basd on h da ha posv parnng s dfnd by h bs nrss of h chld. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds, THEME: famly/parnng. SOURCE: Eurochld va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 1) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Europan Commsson and Councl of Europ (2009). Challngs n Adopon Procdurs n Europ: Ensurng h Bs Inrss of h Chld, hp://c.uropa.u/jusc/fundamnalrghs/fls/8h_forum_background_papr_n.pdf. CONTENT: Th Councl of Europ and h Europan Commsson organz a confrnc abou safguardng h chld s bs nrss n (nr)naonal adopon procdurs. Th confrnc spcfcally focuss on harng h chld s voc n hs procdurs. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: adopon/parcpaon. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. bs nrss of h chld n famly polcs. IMPLEMENTATION: Anglo Saxon gudlns o drmn h chld s bs nrss n famly mars (dvorc, adopon ). Also: Alrnav car: guardanshp/ adopon. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl rcommndaons for chld s bs nrss n dvorc. IMPLEMENTATION: Exchang of good praccs rgardng posv parnng and bs nrss of h chld n famly mars. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Chldrn s bs nrss ar o b safguardd n (nr)naonal adopon procdurs by harng h chld s voc n hs procdurs. Also: Parcpaon. 43 P a g
l r n a v a r d a n s h p a n d a d 2) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Councl of Europ - Parlamnary Assmbly (PACE). Rsoluon 1909: Inrcounry adopon: nsurng ha h bs nrss of h chld ar uphld, hp://www.kkdaabank.b/docs/insrumnn/rve/2012_rsoluon_1909_2012. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: adopon. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b 3) COUNTRY: Nhrlands. REF: Bldsprogramma br bschrmd (2004), hp://www.kndrrchn.nl/p/13/390/mo8-cgp17%7cx=*blang*/blang-van-h-knd-nbldsprogramma-br-bschrmd. CONTENT: In hs polcy program whch s drcd owards crang a mor ffcv youh car, s undrlnd ha dcsons rgardng mposng, xcung and ndng car masurs should always b basd on h bs nrss of h chld. Th program has a spcfc focus on cusody and guardanshp. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds/crmnology, THEME: cusody/guardanshp. SOURCE: Th Chldrn s Rghs Collcv va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Brulard, Dumon & Morau (2007). Comparav sudy rlang o procdurs for adopon among h mmbr sas of h Europan Unon, praccal dffculs ncounrd n hs fld by Europan czns whn h conx of h Europan pllar of jusc and cvl mars and mans of solvng hs problms and of procng chldrn s rghs, hp://c.uropa.u/cvljusc/nws/docs/sudy_adopon_lgal_analyss_n.pdf. CONTENT: Adopon procdurs and safguards for h bs nrss of h chld n hs procdurs ar compard bwn dffrn Europan counrs. Also s Kndrrchncoal (2009). Mmorandum van d kndrrchnngo s aan d polk parjn. Vlaams vrkzngn 2009, hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/uploads/documnn/mmorandum%20vlaams%20vrkzngn%20 2009%20-%20dfnf.pdf. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: adopon. SOURCE: (Europan Commsson va) daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 5) COUNTRY: unknown. REF: Vnk (2011). H blang van h knd bj llgal adop. Tjdschrf voor Faml- n Jugdrch. CONTENT: Arcl abou h chld s bs nrss n cass of llgal adopon. DISCIPLINE: (law?), THEME: adopon. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 6) COUNTRY: Canada. REF: Vandrgrf, Mln, Rogrson, Wolff, Pollar & Chan (2009). Bs Inrss of h Chld: Manng and Applcaon n Canada. Canadan Coalon for h Rghs of Chldrn, UNICEF Canada, Jusc for Chldrn and Youh, Faculy of Law and h Davd Aspr Cnr for Consuonal Rghs of h Unvrsy of Torono: hp://rghsofchldrn.ca/wp-conn/uploads/bc-rpor-ng-wb.pdf. CONTENT: In hs x, rcommndaons ar formulad o mplmn h bs nrss of h chld n pracc. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: famly law/adopon. SOURCE: CRIN va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 7) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2006). Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_jb_kr_2006.pdf. CONTENT: Flandrs dvlopd a numbr of masurs drcd a gvng h bs nrss of h chld a cnral plac n adopon procdurs. Th Flmsh Cnral Auhory ( Vlaams Cnral Auor (VCA)) s rsponsbl for h sorag of and accss o adopon fls. Thrfor, all adopon fls nd o b archvd a VCA. Ths way, h rgh of h chld o know hs or hr dscn s guarand. Th adopd chld who has h ag of 12 or oldr can, GUIDELINES/PLAN: Suggsons o safguard h bs nrss of h chld n adopon procdurs. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Possbly adopabl navs o safguard chldrn s bs nrss n cass of cusody and guardanshp. Also: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly. IMPLEMENTATION: Inrnaonal comparson of adopon procdurs. Th rpor may nclud rlvan praccs/rcommndaons. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl rcommndaons for chld s bs nrss n addrssng llgal adopon. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl praccs rgardng adopon and ohr famly mars. IMPLEMENTATION: Flmsh good pracc: us of a Flmsh Cnral Auhory o safguard h bs nrss of h chld n adopon cass. 44 P a g
c a r A l r o p o n I n s u o undr gudanc, rcv accss o hs or hr adopon fl. Th VCA also coopras n h organzaon of a cours o vsualz h bs nrss of h adopd chld for youh magsras. DISCIPLINE: law/socal work suds, THEME: adopon. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 8) COUNTRY: US. REF: Chld Wlfar Informaon Gaway (2013). Drmnng h bs nrss of h chld. Washngon DC: U.S. Dparmn of Halh and Human Srvcs, Chldrn s Burau, hps://www.chldwlfar.gov/sysmwd/laws_polcs/saus/bs_nrs.cfm. CONTENT: Facsh summng up whch facors should b akn no accoun by h cours whn makng dcsons rgardng guardanshp, n ordr o brng h bs nrss of h chld forward as a frs consdraon. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: guardanshp/cusody. SOURCE: U.S. Dparmn of Halh and Human Srvcs va Googl. 9) COUNTRY: Dnmark. REF: Dnmark Mnsry of Famly and Consumr Affars (2004). Th Dansh adopon (Consoldaon) Ac. hp://www.chldonurop.org/ssus/adopon/adopon_lgslaon/dnmark.pdf. CONTENT: Th Dansh Adopon (Consoldaon) Ac of 2004 forss ha h mnsr of famly and consumr mars can prvn or rpal an adopon f h adopng parn and h adopd chld agr wh hs rpal and f h rpal s n h bs nrss of h chld. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds/law, THEME: adopon. SOURCE: Und Naons va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 10) COUNTRY: Inrnaonal. Rf: Canwll (2014).Th Bs Inrss of h Chld n Inrcounry Adopon. UNICEF Offc of Rsarch, hp://www.uncfrc.org/publcaons/pdf/uncf%20bs%20nrs%20documn_wb_r-supply.pdf. CONTENT: Ths sudy focuss on on h quson: wha s ha nabls a polcy, procss, dcson or pracc o b qualfd as hr rspcful or n volaon of h bs nrss of h chld n nrcounry adopon?. Ths ky quson s basd on h hypohss ha a lack of nrnaonal consnsus n drmnng wha s n a chld s bs nrss vnually ndangrs chldrn s rghs. DISCIPLINE: law/socal work. SOURCE: Br car nwork va Googl. 1) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2011). Vlaams Acplan Kndrrchn 2011-2014, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/covlaandrn_vak.aspx. Th Chldrn s Rghs Commssonr undrlnd ha famly-ornd programs or acons may somms conflc wh h rghs of h chld (Jaarvrslag 2009-2010). Ths ssu s addrssd n h Flmsh Acon Plan for Chldrn s Rghs ( Vlaams Acplan Kndrrchn (VAK)) by smulang a parcpaory approach n youh (car) organzaons, n whch chldrn ar acvly nvolvd n dcsons ha apply o hmslvs. DISCIPLINE: crmnology/ducaonal suds, THEME: youh (car) work/parcpaon. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Vlaams Parlmn (2006). Dcr brffnd d rchspos van d mndrjarg n d ngral jugdhulp, hp://wvg.vlaandrn.b/rchspos/05-publcas/wrkmapdcr_n_mmor.pdf. CONTENT: Ths dcr sas a.o. ha h bs nrss of h mnor should b h frs and mos mporan consdraon n dcsons rgardng youh car, and ha hs nrss should IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl fac sh xplanng a numbr of facors o ak no accoun n drmnng h chld s bs nrss n guardanshp dcsons. Also: Bs nrss drmnaons. IMPLEMENTATION: Dansh good pracc n safguardng chldrn s bs nrss n adopon. IMPLEMENTATION: Rcommndaons o com o an nrnaonal consnsus on h drmnaon of h bs nrss prncpl n nrnaonal adopon. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Flmsh good pracc: parcpaory approachs n youh (car) work ar smulad n ordr o safguard h bs nrss of h chld. Also: Parcpaon. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Flmsh good pracc rgardng parcpaon of chldrn and youh n dcsons abou youh car. Also: Parcpaon. 45 P a g
n a v c a r P a r n a l s d y o u h c a r b drmnd hrough dalogu wh h mnor hmslf. Th mplmnaon of hs dcr n pracc was alrady valuad: Zorgnspc n ondrwjsnspc (2010). Wrk makn van kndrrchn. D dcrn ngral jugdhulp n d prakjk, hp://www4wvg.vlaandrn.b/wvg/zorgnspc/publcas/documns/rappor_wrkn_aan_kndrrc hn.pdf. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds/crmnology THEME: youh car. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 3) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: SOS Chldrn s vllags (2008). A chld s rgh o a famly, poson papr, hp://www.sos-chldrnsvllags.org/gmda/cf771-450-4585-976- 72066d4a03cc/ChldsRghoFamly.pdf?x=.pdf. CONTENT: Th auhors undrln ha growng up n a famly s crucal o safguard h chld s bs nrss. Thrfor, hy argu ha chldrn and youh car should nvolv bologcal famls as much as possbl. As wll, for chldrn and youh who ar sparad from hr famls, placmn n famly-basd chld car s suggsd. In hs yp of car, h chld can grow up n an alrnav famly suaon. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds, THEME: chld and youh car. SOURCE: SOS Chldrn s Vllags hrough Googl. 4) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Bouvrn-D B & Roos (2007). H blang van h knd of n vraag naar d lgm van d jugdbschrmng n bjzondr jugdbjsand, TJK. CONTENT: Dffrn ways o opraonalz ndcaors for youh wll-bng, basd on h noon of h bs nrss of h chld, ar dscussd, sarng from h nd o mor adqualy adjus youh car o concr problm suaons. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: chldrn n car. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 5) COUNTRY: Mala. REF: Bonllo (2012). In h chld s bs nrs. Managng conac bwn chldrn n alrnav car and hr brh famls n a Mals conx. Papr prsnd a h 2012 Eurochld confrnc,hp://www.urochld.org/fladmn/evns/2012/10_ac_sofa/prsnaons/25_sv_d3_bonll o.pdf. CONTENT: Acvs prsnaon. Gudlns ar formulad on how o manan conac bwn chldrn who ar placd ou of hom and hr parns, basd on h chld s bs nrss. To do so, larg consdraon s gvn o chldrn s parcpaon. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds/ducaonal suds, THEME: alrnav car/ou-of-hom placmn/parcpaon. SOURCE: Eurochld va Googl. 1) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: *Und Naons (2011). Oponal proocol o h Convnon on h rghs of h chld on a communcaons procdur. hps://ras.un.org/doc/sourc/sgnaur/2012/cc_4-11d.pdf; *Langford & Clark (2011). A Complans Procdur for h Convnon on h Rghs of h Chld: Commnary on h Scond Draf, hp://www.ohchr.org/documns/hrbods/hrcouncl/wgcrc/ssson2/nchr_commnary.pdf. CONTENT: Ths Proocol o h Convnon forss ha chldrn and youh or popl who rprsn hm afr havng dpld all judcal channls and rsourcs n hr own counry, can fl a complan wh h UN Comm on h Rghs of h Chld whn hr rghs ar bng volad. DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: parcpaon. SOURCE: Und Naons. 2) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Councl of Europ (2012). Rcommndaon CM/Rc(2012)2 of h Comm of Mnsrs o mmbr Sas on h parcpaon of chldrn and young popl undr h ag of 18, IMPLEMENTATION: A praccal xampl of how h rgh o famly for chldrn and youh n car can b shapd n hr bs nrss. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl ndcaors o drmn h bs nrss of h chld n dcsons rgardng youh car. Also: Bs nrss drmnaons. IMPLEMENTATION: Pla for parcpaon o safguard chld s bs nrss n ou-of-hom placmn. Also: Parcpaon. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Parcpaon n h bs nrss of chldrn and youh s opraonalzd n a communcaons procdur. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Gnral movaon for parcpav mhods n bs nrss drmnaons. Also: Bs nrss drmnaons. 46 P a g
c p a o n hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/conn.aspx?l=006.007.005. CONTENT: I s argud ha lsnng o chldrn and youh and akng hr vws no accoun n accordanc wh hr ag and maury s ncssary for an ffcv mplmnaon of hr rgh o hav hr bs nrss akn as a frs consdraon. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: parcpaon. SOURCE: daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Comm of Mnsrs of h Councl of Europ (CoE) (2010). Gudlns on chld-frndly jusc, hp://c.uropa.u/jusc/fundamnal-rghs/rghs-chld/frndlyjusc/ndx_n.hm. CONTENT: Th gudlns ar basd on h da ha provdng chldrn wh h opporuny o xplan hr opnon n dcsons ha apply o hmslvs s crucal n ordr o safguard h chld s bs nrss. Thrfor, h gudlns srongly undrln parcpaon of chldrn and youh n mars of law and jusc. DISCIPLINE : law/crmnology, THEME: parcpaon. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRIES: Norway and Swdn. REF: Ldén & Rusn (2007). Asylum, Parcpaon and h Bs Inrss of h Chld: Nw Lssons from Norway. Hobokn (USA): Wly-Blackwll. CONTENT: Norwgan auhors mplmnd h Convnon n mgraon law, mor spcfcally h rgh of h chld o b hard n asylum procsss, by nroducng chld alks n hs procsss. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: parcpaon. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 5) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: *Vlaams ovrhd (2007). Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn,hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_jb_kr_2007.pdf; *Vlaams ovrhd (2012). Jongrnpac 2020, hp://www.jongrnpac2020.b/. CONTENT: Th Flmsh Youh Councl and h Flmsh Govrnmn sarch for good praccs o ak h nrss of chldrn and youh no accoun n sragc polcy navs. To do so, h followng parcpav youh confrncs wr organzd: Kls n 2008 and 2011, JET n 2010 and h Youh Pac ( Jongrnpac ) n 2012. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: parcpaon. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 6) COUNTRY: UK (Norhrn Irland). REF: Offc of h Frs Mnsr and Dpuy Frs Mnsr (2006). Our Chldrn and Young Popl - Our Pldg. A n yar sragy for chldrn and young popl n Norhrn Irlan 2006-2016, hp://planpols.p.unsco.org/upload/youh/uk/norhrn_irland_n-yar-sragy.pdf. CONTENT: In hs plan, h dvlopmn of pr mnorng and ndpndn advocacy srvcs s undrlnd o mpowr chldrn and young popl n car and o nsur ha hy ar acvly ngagd n drmnng whhr h sysm of car s workng ffcvly and n hr bs nrss. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds/ducaonal suds, THEME: parcpaon/pr-o-pr mnorng. SOURCE: UNESCO va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 7) COUNTRIES: UK and Norway. REF: Archard & Skvns (2009). Balancng a Chld s Bs Inrss and a Chld s Vws, Inrnaonal Journal of Chldrn s Rghs. CONTENT: Dffrn approachs on h combnaon of wo oblgaons, h promoon of h bs nrss of h chld and harng h chld, s llusrad basd on wo xampls: lgslaon rgardng halh (UK) and lgslaon rgardng guardanshp and chld procon (Norway). Basd on h fndngs, sandardzd qusons ar brough forward ha can b usd n GUIDELINES/PLAN: Chldrn s bs nrss can b safguardd n cour by provdng chldrn wh h opporuny o communca hr vws. Also: Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon. IMPLEMENTATION: Chld alks as possbly adopabl pracc n jusc. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. IMPLEMENTATION: Parcpav mhodologs o drmn chldrn s bs nrss. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl praccs of pr monorng and craon of ndpndn suppor srvcs. Also: Alrnav car: nsuonalzd youh car. IMPLEMENTATION: Sandardzd qusons ar brough forward for h promoon of chldrn s bs nrss and harng chldrn. Also: Alrnav car: guardanshp/ adopon. 47 P a g
B s n r s any suaon n whch hs wo oblgaons ar combnd. DISCIPLINE: law/halh suds, THEME: guardanshp/chld procon. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 1) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: UNHCR (2008). Gudlns on Formal Drmnaons of h Bs Inrss of h Chld, hp://www.uncf.org/volncsudy/pdf/bid%20gudlns%20- %20provsonal%20ralas%20May%2006.pdf. CONTENT: Gudlns on drmnng chldrn s bs nrss, focusng on sparad chldrn. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: bs nrss drmnaons. SOURCE: UNICEF va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Comm on h Rghs of h Chld, Gnral commn No. 14 (2013) on h rgh of h chld o hav hs or hr bs nrss akn as a prmary consdraon (ar 3, para 1), hp://www.kkdaabank.b/docs/insrumnn/vn/gnral_commn_no._14_ar_3_para_1. CONTENT: Th commn provds drcons o h nrpraon of h bs nrss prncpl. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: bs nrss drmnaons. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 3) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Comm on h Rghs of h Chld (2005). Gnral commn No. 6 (2005). Tramn of unaccompand and sparad chldrn ousd hr counry of orgn, hp://www.unhchr.ch/bs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/532769d21fcd8302c125702000 2b65d9/$FILE/G0543805.pdf. CONTENT: All dcsons rgardng unaccompand mnors nd o b accompand by a bs nrss drmnaon whch aks h dny of h chld no accoun. As wll, h apponmn of a guardan bfor sarng possbl asylum procdurs and a sysmac valuaon of h rsdnc of placd mnors s undrlnd n safguardng h bs nrss of h chld. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: Bs nrss drmnaons. SOURCE: UNHCHR va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Europan Commsson (2010). Acon Plan on unaccompand mnors 2010 2014, hp://c.uropa.u/dgs/hom-affars/-lbrary/docs/uam/uam_rpor_20120928_n.pdf. CONTENT: Ths acon plan ncourags mmbr sas o dvlop monorng sysms n ordr o br follow up on guardanshp, o br safguard h chld s bs nrss and o prvn msus/abus. DISCIPLINE: law/socal work suds/crmnology, THEME: guardanshp. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 5) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: *UNHCR (2008). Gudlns on Drmnng h Bs Inrss of h Chld, hp://www.unhcr.org/4566b16b2.pdf; *UNHCR & Inrnaonal Rscu Comm (2011). Fld Handbook for h Implmnaon of UNHCR BID Gudlns, hp://www.unhcr.org/50f6d27f9.pdf. CONTENT: Th UNHCR forss gudlns o drmn h nrss of UMAs and a manual xplanng how o mplmn hs gudlns no pracc. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: bs nrss drmnaons. SOURCE: UNHCR va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 6) COUNTRIES: Guna, nrnaonal. REF: Inrnaonal Rscu Comm (2007). Drmnng h Bs Inrss of Unaccompand and Sparad Chldrn: Lssons from Guna. Br Car Nwork, hp://www.crn.org/docs/drmnng%20h%20bs%20inrss%20of%20sparad%20and%20una ccompand%20chldrn.pdf. CONTENT: Ths rpor xplans how bs nrss drmnaon procdurs can b mplmnd n ordr o safguard h nrss of unaccompand mnors. Th bs nrss GUIDELINES/PLAN: Gudlns o dfn bs nrss of h chld. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Commn o dfn bs nrss of h chld. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Gnral rcommndaons rgardng h opraonalzaon of bs nrss drmnaon. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. GUIDELINES/PLAN: A bs nrss follow-up hrough clar monorng sysms s rcommndd o mmbr sas. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. GUIDELINES/PLAN & IMPLEMENTATION: Gudlns on drmnng bs chldrn s bs nrss, and possbly adopabl rcommndaons o mplmn hs n pracc. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbl adopabl procdurs o mplmn bs nrss drmnaons. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. 48 P a g
d r m n a o n s drmnaon procsss for Srra Lonan chldrn n Guna ar usd as an xampl. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: bs nrss drmnaons. SOURCE: CRIN va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 7) COUNTRIES: nrnaonal. REF: Inrnaonal Caholc Mgraon Commsson (ICMC), hp://www.cmc.n/jobs/bs-nrs-drmnaon-chld-consulans. Th ICMC, an NGO drcd a suppor for rfugs, sconds chld procon xprs o UNHCR o do hr own bs nrss drmnaons or bs nrss assssmns and o duca local parnrs on prformng such drmnaons and assssmns. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: bs nrss drmnaons. SOURCE: ICMC va Googl. 8) COUNTRY: Nhrlands. REF: Kalvrbor & Zjlsra (2006). H blang van h knd n h Ndrlands rch. Voorwaardn voor onwkklng vanu pdagogsch prspcf, Amsrdam: SWP, hp://dssraons.ub.rug.nl/faculs/gmw/2012/a..zjlsra/. CONTENT: A basc survy/modl was dvlopd n whch h bs nrss of h chld ar opraonalzd, applcabl n all lgal domans rgardng chldrn. Kalvrbor won h Naonal Jugdzorgprjs (prc n h Nhrlands) for dvlopng hs survy, whch s also rfrrd o as h Bs Inrss of h Chld - Qusonnar (BIC-Q). DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: bs nrss drmnaons. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b n Dfnc for chldrn Nhrlands va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 9) COUNTRY: unknown. REF: van Tffln (2011). D blangn van h knd gwogn, Tjdschrf voor Faml- n Jugdrch. CONTENT: Arcl abou wghng h chld s bs nrss. DISCIPLINE: (law?), THEME: unknown. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 10) COUNTRY: Nhrlands. REF: Cours Blang van h knd: rchn n bhofn ( Bs nrss of h chld: rghs and nds ) (Faculy of Socal Scncs) a h Radboud Unvrsy Njmgn, hp://www.sudgds.scnc.ru.nl/2012/socsc/prospcus/pwo/cours/27519/. CONTENT: In hs program, h conn of h noon bs nrss of h chld s xpland basd on spcfc xampls. DISCIPLINE: socology, THEME: gnral. SOURCE: Radboud Unvrsy va Googl. 11) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Snovlla, D. (2013). D bpalng van h hogr blang van h knd n d dnfca van d duurzam oplossng. Prsnaon a h confrnc Wha ar h rghs of unaccompand mgran mnors n Europ? organzd on Fbruary 22, 2013 n Brussls n lgh of h PUCAFREU projc of h Europan Commsson, hp://www.vluchlngnwrk.b/bsandn/agnda/smnar_pucafreu_blgqu_ndl.pdf. CONTENT: Th prsnaon dscusss h drmnaon of h bs nrss of h chld and h dnfcaon of susanabl soluons for unaccompand mgran mnors. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: bs nrss drmnaons, unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: Vluchlngnwrk Vlaandrn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. IMPLEMENTATION: Good pracc rgardng bs nrss drmnaons. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. IMPLEMENTATION: Bs nrss drmnaon dvlopd for all lgal domans. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl rcommndaons abou drmnng chldrn s bs nrss. IMPLEMENTATION: Educaonal program on h opraonalzaon of h bs nrss of h chld prncpl. IMPLEMENTATION: Idnfcaon of bs nrss of unaccompand mgran mnors, and soluons o ac n hr nrss. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. C 1) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2011). Vlaams acplan kndrrchn 2011-2014, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/vak_2011-2014-corr.pdf. CONTENT: Th Flmsh Govrnmn s commd o nvsga a chld chck can b mplmnd n ordr o consdr GUIDELINES/PLAN: Us of chld chck o safguard chldrn s bs nrss. 49 P a g
h l d m p a c a s s s s m n chldrn s bs nrss n dcsons ha ar no rgulad or subjcd o a RIA/JoKER. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: chld mpac assssmn. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Gznsbond ( Lagu of Famls ). D Kndnorm, hp://www.gznsbond.b/ndx.php?opon=com_conn&vw=cagory&d=225&imd=490. CONTENT: Basd on h fac ha chldrn ar mor vulnrabl for ngav nvronmnal mpac, h Lagu of Famls s dvlopng chld sandards o bas, a.o., housng polcs, nvronmnal polcs and halh polcs upon. By akng h consuon of h chld as h basc sandard n hs polcs, a safr nvronmn wll b crad, no only for chldrn bu also for aduls and for ldrly popl. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: polcy, bs nrss basln. SOURCE: Lagu of Famls. 3) COUNTRIES: Kazachsan and Nw Zaland. REF: *UNICEF (2007). Incrasng socal ornaon of budgs and ffcncy of publc xpndurs a naonal and local lvls n h bs nrss of chldrn and famls, hp://www.uncf.org/nnovaons/fls/kazaksan_ncrasng_socal_ornaon_kazak.pdf n Acon for Chldrn and Youh Aoara (2006). * Nw Zaland: Chldrn's Inrss n 2006 Budg hp://www.crn.org/noc/rsourcs/nfodal.asp?id=8338&flag=nws. CONTENT: Chld budgng programs n h bs nrss of chldrn ar bng nsalld n Kazachsan and Nw Zaland. Howvr, hs ar no h only counrs mplmnng such programs. For mor nformaon on chld budgng, s Van d Wyr & D Hond (2014). Nog mr mn n wn m h oog op n gfundrd kndrrchnbld:oprop o rflc ovr d zn n onzn van Chld (frndly) Budgng. TJK. In hs lgh, h followng rfrnc s also rlvan: Kndrrchncoal (2009). Mmorandum van d kndrrchnngo s aan d polk parjn. Vlaams vrkzngn 2009, hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/uploads/documnn/mmorandum%20vlaams%20vrkzngn%20 2009%20-%20dfnf.pdf. Th Chldrn s Rghs Coalon advss h Flmsh govrnmn o mak budgs rsrvd o mnors vsbl n ordr o guaran ha h chld s bs nrss ar h frs consdraon n budgng dcsons and o proc chldrn from possbl ngav mpacs from conomc polcy makng or fnancal downszng. DISCIPLINE: conomy. THEME: budgng. SOURCE: UNICEF va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRIES: Blgum (Flandrs), Scoland, Wals, Nw Zaland, Swdn, England, Irland, Canada. REF: *Vlaams Ovrhd (2008). D knd- n jongr-ffcrapporag (JoKER), hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/covlaandrn_jokr.aspx. *Hammarbrg (2008). Th bs nrss of h chld - wha mans and wha dmands from aduls. hp://www.crn.org/noc/rsourcs/nfodal.asp?id=17649&flag=rpor. *Dsm, Op d Bck & Vandnhol (2010). Evalua van d knd-n jongrnffcrapporag (JoKER). Gn: Knnscnrum Kndrrchn vzw, hp://www.kk.b/?m=20. *Brngng Chldrn n from h Margns: Symposum on Chld Rghs Impac Assssmn, 14-15 May, Oawa, Canada. CONTENT: In Flandrs, all draf dcrs ha drcly mpac h nrss of chldrn and youh undr h ag of 25 hav o b accompand by an ffc rpor valuang h mpac of h proposd masur on chldrn and youh and horoughly xplorng alrnavs for hs masur f ncssary. In Scoland, I sysm of chld-proofng s nsalld for all nw IMPLEMENTATION: Us of chld sandards o safguard chldrn s bs nrss. IMPLEMENTATION: Us of chld budgng o safguard chldrn s bs nrss. IMPLEMENTATION: Us of Chld Rghs Impac Assssmns (CRIA) o safguard chldrn s bs nrss. 50 P a g
s lgslaon and polcy navs. In Nw Zaland, Swdn, England, Wals, Irland and Canada, smlar yps of chld mpac assssmns ar bng mplmnd. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: chld mpac assssmn. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. B s n r s s I m m a d v o c a c y 1) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2005). Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_kr_2005.pdf. CONTENT: In h dcr of 14 Fbruary 2003, xplc anon s askd for all possbl aspcs rlang o chldrn and youh s daly lvs. In 2004, all Flmsh muncpals wr rqusd o dvlop a nw youh work polcy plan basd on hs dcr. On of h oblgd chaprs n hs polcy plans s abou ngrad youh polcy, whch mans a br algnmn of h dffrn muncpal plans ha mpac youh. Th goal s o ncourag dffrn scors o dvlop chld-frndly polcs, hrough whch h chld s bs nrss ar consdrd n any polcy dcson. DISCIPLINE: gnral THEME: gnral. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Macdona, UK, Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Eurochld (2008). Nwslr Wnr 2007-2009), hp://www.urochld.org/fladmn/usr_upload/nwslr/eurochld_nwslr_wnr_2007-2008.pdf. CONTENT: Mgjash allgdly was frs chldrn s mbassy n h world. On of h assgnmns of Mgjash consss of dfndng chldrn and youh s bs nrss. Ohr such mbasss ha can b rfrrd o as xampls ar projc Hop (UK), Ambrassad (Flandrs) DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: gnral. SOURCE: Eurochld va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRIES: Blgum (Flandrs), Nhrlands. REF: U d Marg. Jugdopbouwwrk ( Youh Communy Work ), hp://www.udmarg.b/p302. CONTENT: Youh communy workrs work oghr wh, and dfnd h nrss of, socally vulnrabl chldrn and youh. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds THEME: socal vulnrably. SOURCE: U d Marg va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 1) COUNTRIES: Advc from Grc, nrnaonally argd. REF: Grk Councl for Rfugs (2012). Submsson o h Gnral Dscusson (DGD) on h Rghs of Mgran Chldrn 28 h Spmbr 2012: Immgraon Dnon of Chldrn, hp://www.ohchr.org/documns/hrbods/crc/dscussons/2012/submssons/grkcounclrfugs.do c. CONTENT: Th ncssy o mbd h bs nrss prncpl n naonal lgslaons s undrlnd. As wll, (1) h mplmnaon of an xnsv nwork of guardans for unaccompand mgran mnors and (2) h nsallaon of bs nrss and ag drmnaons n all mmbr sas, ncludng adqua procdural safguards, s urgd. DISCIPLINE: law/socal work suds, THEME: unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: OHCHR va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: UNICEF (2009). Forum on Mnory Issus, hp://sarch.ohchr.org/sarch?cln=dfaul_fronnd&s=dfaul_collcon&oupu=xml_no_dd&prox ysylsh=n_fronnd&=utf-8&o=utf- 8&as_q=bs+nrs&num=10&bnG=Sarch&as_pq=&as_oq=&as_q=&lr=&as_f=&as_flyp=&as_ GUIDELINES/PLAN: Anon for chldrn s bs nrss hrough ncouragng local chld-frndly polcs. IMPLEMENTATION: Craon of chldrn s mbasss o advoca chldrn s bs nrss. Also: Parcpaon. IMPLEMENTATION: Implmnaon of youh communy work o advoca chldrn and youh s bs nrss. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla for craon of nwork of guardans as wll as h nsallaon of bs nrss and ag drmnaons. Also: Bs nrss drmnaons. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla o safguard chldrn s bs nrss n ducaon n mrgncy suaons. 51 P a g
g r a o n / u n a c occ=l&as_d=&as_ssarch=&sor=&as_lq=. CONTENT: UNICEF undrlns ha h chld s bs nrss has o b h frs consdraon n vry ducaon-rlad dcson, spcally n mrgncs. Thrfor, UNICEF undrlns h mporanc of ducaon o vulnrabl and dsadvanagd chldrn as wll as ducaon n conflc and pos-conflc suaons. Emrgncy nds o b nrprd broadly; mrgncy suaons can nclud asylum skrs, rfugs, mmgrans, workng chldrn and chldrn who blong o a mnory group. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds, THEME: ducaon. SOURCE: UNICEF va Krco. 3) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Kndrrchncoal (2010). Alrnaf Rappor van d NGO s ovr d opassng van h Inrnaonal Vrdrag nzak d Rchn van h Knd n Blgum, hp://www.kndrrchncoal.b/uploads/documnn/alrnaf%20rappor%20nhrlandssalg%2 0df.pdf. CONTENT: Th Chldrn s Rghs Coalon undrlns ha h dcson o rurn unaccompand mgran mnors o hr hom counry can only b akn f hs srvs h bs nrss of h chld. Thrfor, vry dcson should b movad n funcon of h bs nrss of h chld. As wll, h addon of a procon saus for unaccompand mgran mnors n h mmgraon lgslaon s advsd. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: mgraon/famly runfcaon. SOURCE: daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Drcv 2008/115/EC of h Europan Parlamn and of h councl of 16 Dcmbr 2008 on common sandards and procdurs n Mmbr Sas for rurnng llgal hrd-counry naonals, hp://ur-lx.europ.u/lxursrv/lxursrv.do?ur=oj:l:2008:348:0098:0107:en:pdf. CONTENT: Ths rurn-drcv proposs o consdr h bs nrss of h chld n applyng forcd rurns (Ar. 5, Ar. 10 n Ar. 17). DISCIPLINE: law/socal work suds. THEME: mgraon/forcd rurn. SOURCE: Fundamnal Rghs Agncy (FRA) va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 5) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Drcv 2011/36/EU of h Europan Parlamn and of h councl of 5 Aprl 2011 on prvnng and combang raffckng n human bngs and procng s vcms, and rplacng Councl Framwork Dcson 2002/629/JHA, hp://urlx.europ.u/lxursrv/lxursrv.do?ur=oj:l:2011:101:0001:0011:en:pdf. CONTENT: In mplmnng supporv and procv masurs agans human and chld raffckng, h bs nrss of h chld should b h frs consdraon. DISCIPLINE: law/socal work suds/crmnology, THEME: human raffckng, chld raffckng. SOURCE: FRA va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 6) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Europan Commsson (2010). Acon Plan on unaccompand mnors 2010 2014, hp://c.europ.u/dgs/hom-affars/-lbrary/docs/uam/uam_rpor_20120928_n.pdf. CONTENT: Through hs acon plan, mmbr sas ar ncouragd o dvlop monorng sysms o br follow up on guardanshp for unaccompand mgran mnors and o rspc h bs nrss of h chld and prvn abus n hs mar. DISCIPLINE: law/socal work suds/crmnology THEME: guardanshp, unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 7) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2004). Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_kr_2004.pdf. CONTENT: On March 31, 2003, h Fdral Govrnmn and h Communs sld on a prncpl agrmn rgardng car and GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla o bas vry dcson o rurn unaccompand mgran mnors on h bs nrss of h chld. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla o ak h bs nrss of h chld n consdraon n forcd rurn dcsons. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla o mplmn bs nrss of h chld n masurs agans human and chld raffckng. Also: Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Mmbr sas ar ncouragd o mplmn monorng sysms for guardans of unaccompand mgran mnors. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Commmn o organz srucurd car for unaccompand mgran mnors. 52 P a g
c o m p a n d m guardanshp for unaccompand mgran mnors. In hs agrmn, boh pars comm hmslvs o work owards a coopraon o srucurally organz car for all unaccompand mgran mnors, basd on h bs nrss of h chld. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 8) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2011). Vlaams acplan kndrrchn 2011-2014, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/vak_2011-2014-corr.pdf. CONTENT: Th Commsson of Ingraon dvlops an ngrad acon plan n whch h bs nrss of h chld ar brough o h anon. In hs way, mor anon s bng pad owards mmgran chldrn. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: mgraon/mnors. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 9) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF.: Europan Commsson (2010). Acon Plan on Unaccompand Mnors (2010-2014), hp://ur-lx.europ.u/lxursrv/lxursrv.do?ur=com:2010:0213:fin:en:pdf. CONTENT: An ndvdual smaon of h bs nrss of h chld should b h gudln n all dcsons ha ar akn wh rgards o unaccompand mgran mnors. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: CRIN va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 10) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Sav h chldrn Europ (2006). Th Implmnaon of h Dubln II Rgulaon and h Bs Inrss of Sparad Chldrn, hp://www.crn.org/docs/sav_sparad_chld.pdf. CONTENT: Sav h Chldrn dvlopd, oghr wh UNHCR and parnr organzaons from 29 dffrn counrs, a program o safguard h bs nrss of unaccompand mgran mnors. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: ENOC & CRIN va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 11) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Vandrslyck (2013). N-bgld bunlands mndrjargn. Blang van d jongr aljd voorop, Alr. CONTENT: Th bs nrss of unaccompand mgran mnors. DISCIPLINE: (law?) THEME: unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b 12) COUNTRIES: Europ, spcfcally Fnland, Span. REF: *Europan Mgraon Nwork (2009). Polcs on rcpon, rurn and ngraon arrangmns for, and numbrs of, unaccompand mnors - an EU comparav sudy, *hp://c.europ.u/dgs/hom-affars/wha-wdo/nworks/uropan_mgraon_nwork/rpors/docs/mn-suds/unaccompandmnors/08._fnland_naonal_rpor_on_unaccompand_mnors_fnal_vrson_july09_n.pdf; *hp://c.europ.u/dgs/hom-affars/wha-wdo/nworks/uropan_mgraon_nwork/rpors/docs/mn-suds/unaccompandmnors/25a._span_naonal_rpor_on_unaccompand_mnors_publshd_vrson_28aprl10_n.pdf; *HIT-foundaon (2014). Monorng rurnd mnors, hp://hfoundaon.u/wpconn/uploads/2012/12/summr_2014_mgran_monorng-rurnd-mnors.pdf. CONTENT: Th Fnnsh asssd volunary rurn program (AVR) nsss on a clar ngraon and monorng sysm n h hom counry bfor sndng chldrn back. As wll, h procon of parn(s) or guardan(s) n h chld s hom GUIDELINES/PLAN: Ingrad acon plan focusng on h bs nrss of mmgran chldrn. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla o bas all dcsons rgardng unaccompand mgran mnors on ndvdual bs nrss drmnaons. Also: Bs nrss drmnaons. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Bs nrss of chldrn ak frs plac n hs sparad chldrn program. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl rcommndaons rgardng h bs nrss of unaccompand mgran mnors. IMPLEMENTATION: Good praccs rgardng safguardng h bs nrss of chldrn n rurn polcs. 53 P a g
g r a n m n o r counry s undrlnd, n h bs nrss of h chld. Span as wll monors h ffcv runfcaon wh h famly and/or h avalably of adqua car for h chld afr asssd rurns of chldrn. Th HIT-foundaon dvlopd, a h rqus of h Europan Commsson, a Monorng of Rurnd Mnors (MRM) projc o promo a safr rurn for mnors n h chld s bs nrss. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: mgraon/rurn polcs/unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 13) COUNTRIES: USA n Blgum. REF: Caras Inrnaonals, Caras Inrnaonal Bgum & US Confrnc of Caholc Bshops Mgraon and Rfug Srvcs (2012). Unaccompand Mnor Mgrans. Two Cas Suds/Bs Praccs. Conrbuon o h Day of Gnral Dscusson on Th Rghs of All Chldrn n h Conx of Inrnaonal Mgraons of h Comm, hp://www2.ohchr.org/nglsh/bods/crc/docs/dscusson2012/submssonsdgdmgraon/caras.pdf. CONTENT: Good praccs o guaran h bs nrss of h chld n dcsons abou unaccompand mgran mnors ar oulnd n hs publcaon. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds. THEME: unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: OHCHR va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 14) COUNTRY: Swdn. REF: Förnngn Skyddsvärn (2011). Praa md oss, n om oss ( Spak wh us, no abou us ), hp://www.skyddsvarn.s/kval--forsknng/skyddsvarns-projk/projk-praa-mdoss-n-om-oss/. CONTENT: Ths projc smulas unaccompand mgran mnors n Swdn o cra hr own, ndpndn organzaon. Thy ar suppord o do so hrough mnorng, acvs, conacs wh h communy and suppor from dffrn govrnmnal and ohr organzaons. Furhrmor, n hs projc, h suaon of unaccompand mgran mnors n Swdn s oulnd n a book. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: Förnngn Skyddsvärn va Europan Commsson va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 15) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Corl, Mchll, Van Hov, Bowrng & Wrgh (2012). Capurd Chldhood. Mlbourn: Inrnaonal Dnon Coalon, hp://www.vluchlngnwrk.b/acul/nuwsm.php?n=1105. CONTENT: Th auhors undrln ha h dnon of (unaccompand) chldrn nrng Blgum s an nfrngmn on h bs nrss of h chld. Thy nroduc a nw modl o prvn dnon. Toghr wh h publcaon of hs rpor, h Inrnaonal Dnon Coalon (IDC) launchd a worldwd campagn o nd chld dnon. DISCIPLINE: crmnology/socal work suds, THEME: dnon/mgraon/unaccompand mgran mnors. SOURCE: Vluchlngnwrk Vlaandrn va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 16) COUNTRY: Nhrlands. REF: Kalvrbor, Zjlsra (2006-2008). H Blang van h Knd n h Vrmdlngnrch. Kndrn u aslzokrsgznnn: Onwkklng, prspcf n jurdsch pos, hp://www.pharos.nl/documns/doc/j11-ondrzoksrappor_blang_knd_vrmdlngnrch.pdf. CONTENT: Th spulaons from h Duch mgraon lgslaon ar nvsgad basd on h bs nrss of h chld. Basd on hs analyss, dffrn polcy rcommndaons ar formulad. DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: mgraon/mnors. SOURCE: Pharos va Googl. IMPLEMENTATION: Good praccs rgardng safguardng h bs nrss of unaccompand mgran mnors. IMPLEMENTATION: Good pracc o safguard bs nrss of unaccompand mgran mnors. Also: Parcpaon. IMPLEMENTATION: A nw modl o prvn dnon of unaccompand mgran mnors s nroducd. Also: Dlnquncy/juvnl jusc/chld abus/vcmzaon. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl rcommndaons rgardng h bs nrss of mgran chldrn. 54 P a g
s 17) COUNTRIES: Blgum, Franc, Ialy, h Nhrlands, Poland, UK. REF: Plaform for Inrnaonal Coopraon on Undocumnd Mgrans (Pcum) (2013). Chldrn frs and formos. A gud o ralzng h rghs of chldrn and famls n an rrgular mgraon suaon, hp://pcum.org/pcum.org/uploads/publcaon/chldrn%20frs%20and%20formos.pdf. CONTENT: Ths projc, whch ran unl March 2013, focuss on buldng srags o ovrcom h barrrs ha chldrn n an rrgular mgraon suaon fac n accssng ducaon, halh car and housng n EU mmbr sas. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds, THEME: chldrn n rrgular mgraon suaons. SOURCE: Pcum va Googl. IMPLEMENTATION: Possbly adopabl srags o safguard h bs nrss of llgal chldrn n ducaon, halh car and housng. Also: Halh. D l n q u n c h l d a b u 1) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Comm of Mnsrs of h Councl of Europ (CoE) (2010). Gudlns on chld-frndly jusc, hp://c.europ.u/jusc/fundamnal-rghs/rghs-chld/frndly-jusc/ndx_n.hm. CONTENT: Th gudln s basd on h prms ha h bs nrss of h chld n jusc mars can only b consdrd by gvng chldrn h chanc o xprss hr opnon n cass ha apply o hmslvs. Tha s why a srong focus s placd on parcpaon of chldrn and youh n jusc procdurs. DISCIPLINE: law/crmnology, THEME: jusc/parcpaon. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Und Naons Economc and Socal councl (2005). Rsoluon 2005/20, Gudlns on Jusc n Mars nvolvng Chld Vcms and Wnsss n Crm, hp://www.un.org/n/cosoc/docs/2005/rsoluon%202005-20.pdf. CONTENT: Ths gudlns rgardng undr agd vcms and wnsss of crm ar basd on h bs nrss of h chld. Th gudlns a.o. nclud h provson of adqua asssanc, h prvnon of unncssary dlay of procdurs (unlss hs s n h bs nrss of h chld) and h provson of gnral masurs o guaran h nrss and dgny of h chld n h procdur. DISCIPLINE: law/crmnology, THEME: judcal procdurs. SOURCE: UN va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRY: Fnland. REF: Pösö, Knoja & Kkon (2010). Lockng Up for h Bs Inrss of h Chld: Som Prlmnary Rmarks on Spcal Car. Thousand Oaks (USA): SAGE publcaons. CONTENT: Th auhors dscuss how lockng youh up n a spcal youh car conx s nrprd as a rsrcd acvy n h bs of h chld, bcaus s don n ordr o brak h crmnaly cycl. DISCIPLINE: crmnology/ducaonal suds THEME: juvnl dlnquncy, youh car, ou-of-hom placmn. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. 4) COUNTRIES: Czch Rpublc, Bulgara, Hungary, Ialy, US, Scandnavan counrs. REF: *Fundamnal Rghs Agncy (FRA) (2011). Fundamnal rghs: challngs and achvmns n 2011, hp://fra.europ.u/ss/dfaul/fls/fra_uploads/2211-fra-2012_annual-rpor-2011_en.pdf; *hp://c.europ.u/jusc/nws/consulng_publc/0053/conrbuons/organsaons/rgsrd/sav_h _chldrn_n.pdf; GUIDELINES/PLAN: Pla for parcpaon of youh n jusc procdurs ha apply o hmslvs. Also: Parcpaon. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Dffrn masurs o safguard h bs nrss and dgny of chldrn n jusc procdurs. IMPLEMENTATION: Th auhors consdr lockng up youh n a spcal youh car conx n hr bs nrss. Also: Alrnav car: nsuonalzd youh car. IMPLEMENTATION: Implmnaon of chld-frndly nrrogaon rooms o prvn ngav xprncs of chld vcms and wnsss. 55 P a g
c y / j u v n l j s / v c m s a *hp://c.europ.u/dgs/hom-affars/wha-w-do/polcs/organzd-crm-and-human- raffckng/global-allanc-agans-chld-abus/docs/ga-commmns-201308/ga_commmn_- _hungary_n.pdf; *Op d Bck al., (2013). Evaluaondrzok van h plooprojc Anwrpn Proocol van mod En xprmn nzak h sprkrch n h casusgbondn ovrlg bj suas van kndrmshandlng. Onuggvn ondrzoksrappor, Sunpun Wlzjn, Volksgzondhd & Gzn, KU Luvn. CONTENT: Czch Rpublc and Bulgara propos a jusc rformaon n ordr o srongr algn xsng polcs and praccs o h bs nrss of h chld. On spcfc xampl xss of h nsallaon of chld-frndly rooms n whch chldrn who wr vcm of a crm can b qusond n a mor adapd and comforabl nvronmn ( Blu room projc n h har h chld projc n Bulgara). In Hungary, h nsallaon of chld- nrrogaon rooms s suggsd as wll. Furhrmor, chld-frndly nrrogaon rooms ar ncludd n som of h Chld Advocacy Cnrs or Barnahus ha wr mplmnd for undragd vcms n h Und Sas and n h Scandanvan counrs. DISCIPLINE: law/crmnology, THEME: jusc/vcmzaon. SOURCE: FRA va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 5) COUNTRIES: Swdn, Lhuana, Lava. REF: Councl of h Balc Sa Sas (SE) (2013). Chld xploaon - Cross-naonal chld procon n pracc, hp://c.europ.u/anraffckng/eu%20projcs/home_2012_rfxx_ca_1008. CONTENT: Ths projc nvsgas how praccal coopraon bwn dffrn counrs and dffrn rsponsbl organzaons can b sablshd n smang h chld s bs nrss n rurnng srously abusd chldrn (back o hr hom counry). Th projc sard n Ocobr 2013 and runs bwn Swdn, Lhuana and Lava (duraon: 24 monhs). DISCIPLINE: socal work suds/law/crmnology, THEME: mgraon/rurn polcy/abus. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 6) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Consorum for sr chldrn (2005). Polc Tranng Toolk - Polc Tranng on Chld Rghs and Chld Procon - Lssons Larnd and Manual, hp://op.unscoc.org/ranng-rsourc/cnr-sr-chldrn/polc-ranng-oolk-polc-ranng-chld-rghs-and-ch. CONTENT: Ths publcaon forss h ncssary nformaon o dvlop, mplmn and valua praccbasd courss for polc rgardng chldrn s rghs and h procon of chldrn. Th am s o asss polc offcrs n dvlopng h ncssary knowldg, aud and compncs o allow hm o always ac n h bs nrss of h chld. DISCIPLINE: crmnology/socal work suds, THEME: polc, sr chldrn. SOURCE: UNESCO va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 7) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Blson & Wh (2005). Rprsnng chldrn s vws and bs nrss n cour: an nrnaonal comparson. Chld Abus Rvw. CONTENT: Alrnav nrnaonal modls ar compard wh h sysm of guardans ad lm who rprsn h bs nrss of chldrn and ohr popl n chld car and famly rlad procdurs. Th auhors conclud ha for dffrn groups of chldrn, a lawyr can guaran mor parcpaon and a br rprsnaon n publc or prva law procdurs han a guardan who asssss h chld s bs nrss and communcas h chld s vwpons. DISCIPLINE: law, THEME: guardanshp/parcpaon. SOURCE: www.kkdaabank.b. IMPLEMENTATION: Praccal nrnaonal coopraon n chldrn s bs nrss. Also: Immgraon/ Unaccompand mgran mnors. IMPLEMENTATION: Praccal ranng k for polc offcrs o ac n (sr) chldrn s bs nrss. Also: Spcfc mnory groups. IMPLEMENTATION: Sudy ndcas ha lawyrs provd a srongr guaran for h consdraon of h chld s bs nrss n chld car and famly rlad procdurs han a guardan ad lm. 56 P a g
u s c / C h l d o n c a r 8) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Hulpvrlnrs n h vrrumd sprkrch, hp://www.sunpun.b/publc/arcl/211. CONTENT: Ar. 458bs of Pnal law was adapd wh h am o nlarg car workrs rgh o spak up n lgh of h procon of chldrn and ohr vulnrabl ndvduals. Ths rgh o spak up can only b appld n h bs nrss of h chld or h cln. DISCIPLINE: law/crmnology, THEME: rgh o spak up/profssonal scrcy/chld abus. SOURCE: Sunpun Algmn Wlzjnswrk ( Suppor Cnr for Gnral Socal Suppor ) va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 9) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Europan Commsson (2013). 8h Europan Forum on h rghs of h chld. Towards ngrad chld procon sysms hrough h mplmnaon of h EU Agnda for h rghs of h chld, hp://c.europ.u/jusc/vns/chld-forum-2013/ and hp://c.europ.u/jusc/fundamnal-rghs/fls/8h_forum_background_papr_n.pdf. CONTENT: In hs forum, possbls o dvlop ngrad chld procon sysms ar dscussd. In hs sysms, h nrss of h chld com frs. Four spcfcally vulnrabl groups ak a cnral plac: chldrn who ar abducd by on of hr parns, chldrn on h mov, chldrn who ar vcm of (cybr)bullyng and grls who ar vcm of gnal mulaon. DISCIPLINE: crmnology/ducaonal suds/ socal work suds, THEME: gnral/abducon by parns/bullyng/mgraon/mulaon. SOURCE: Europan Commsson va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 10) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Kndrn krjgn ndljk rch op sprkn (2011), hp://www.mnsnrchn.b/ndx.php/s/nuwsbrchn/kndrn_krjgn_ndljk_rch_op_sprk n. CONTENT: Th draf lgslaon o sablsh a famly and youh cour n Blgum was fnally accpd on July 17 and 18, 2013. Through hs nw lgslaon, chldrn - rgardlss of hr ag - rcv h opporuny o xplan hr opnon rgardng cusody, housng arrangmns and prsonal rlaons o h judg. Chldrn ovr h ag of 12 ar auomacally nvd n cour, howvr hy ar no oblgd o rspond o hs nv: hy hav a rgh o spak, no a duy o spak. DISCIPLINE: law/ducaonal suds, THEME: Dvorc/cusody/parnal rsponsbly/parcpaon. SOURCE: Human Rghs Lagu va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 1) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2006). Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_jb_kr_2006.pdf. CONTENT: Whn h acon plan flxbl and occasonal chld car, spcfc anon s pad o car, focusng on h bs nrss of h chld. For xampl: durng arly and la hours, car a hom s forsn, n ordr o rduc collcv car durng hs hours. DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds, THEME: chld car. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2008).Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_jb_kr_2008.pdf. CONTENT: A slfvaluav nsrumn for chldrn n collcv car and chld-mndrs s dvlopd, o br algn provdd car wh h bs nrss of h chld (ZIKo and ZIKo-Vo). DISCIPLINE: ducaonal suds, THEME: chld car. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. IMPLEMENTATION: Th qulbrum bwn profssonal scrcy and h rgh o spak up s alrd o safguard h bs nrss of h chld. IMPLEMENTATION: Ingrad chld procon sysms ar dscussd, focusng on abducon, mgraon, bullyng and gnal mulaon. Also: Spcfc mnory groups. IMPLEMENTATION: Blgan good pracc rgardng harng chldrn n cour n dcsons ha mar o hm. Also: Parcpaon. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Suggson of a flxbl chld car sysm ha allows for car a hom durng la hours. IMPLEMENTATION: Insrumn o monor h ralzaon of chldrn s bs nrss n chld car. 57 P a g
M d a / (P u b l c) A d v r s n g s p a c 1) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2006). Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_jb_kr_2006.pdf. CONTENT: Kn, h lvson nwork ha spcfcally args chldrn and youh, focuss on h bs nrss of h chld. Kn always ras s young vwrs wh rspc and offrs hm a saf nvronmn. DISCIPLINE: communcaon suds, mda suds, THEME: mda. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRY: UK. REF: Mda Ws, hp://www.mdaws.org.uk/chldrn/. CONTENT: Ths organzaon dvlopd, n h bs nrss of chldrn, dffrn praccal nsrumns amng a a corrc and rspcful porrayal of chldrn and youh. DISCIPLINE: communcaon scncs, mda suds THEME: mda. SOURCE: Mdaws va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: Vlaams ovrhd (2007). Jaarvrslag jugdbld n kndrrchn, hp://www.socaalculurl.b/jugd/kndrrchn/jaarvrslag_jb_kr_2007.pdf. CONTENT: Spcfc spulaons rgardng advrsmn and sponsorng for chldrn wr addd o h gnral cod for advrsmn and sponsorng on rado and lvson. Th craon of hs spulaons ook plac n clos coopraon wh dffrn organzaons from h mda doman as wll as organzaons and nsus dfndng h nrss of chldrn and youh. DISCIPLINE: communcaon scncs, mda suds, THEME: mda. SOURCE: Dvson for Youh of h Flmsh Govrnmn va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 1) COUNTRY: Blgum. REF: Knd & Samnlvng ( Chld & Socy ). E-zn Knd & Rum, hp://k-s.b/zns/. CONTENT: Nwslr abou h prspcv and nrss of chldrn and youh n publc spac and urban plannng. DISCIPLINE: nvronmnal & susanably suds, THEME: (publc) spac. SOURCE: Chld & Socy va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Blgum (Flandrs), also n h Nhrlands. REF: Vvs vzw. Splrumplan of jugdrumplan ( Play ara plan or youh ara plan ), hp://www.vvs-vzw.b/jugdrum/vs and hp://www.splvrndljk.b/. CONTENT: Th goal of hs play ara plan or youh ara plan s o ngra h nrss of chldrn and youh wh ohr (somms conradcory) nrss n h socal dba abou publc spac. DISCIPLINE: nvronmn and susanably suds, THEME: spac. SOURCE: Vvs va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. IMPLEMENTATION: Chld-frndly lvson nwork basd on h bs nrss of h chld. IMPLEMENTATION: Praccal nsrumns for a corrc porrayal of chldrn and youh, basd on hr bs nrss. IMPLEMENTATION: Adapon of gnral advrsmn cod o nclud chldrn s bs nrss, basd on a parcpav mhodology wh chld advocacy acors. Also: Bs nrss advocacy. IMPLEMENTATION: Communcaon of nsghs rgardng chldrn and youh s nrss n publc spac. IMPLEMENTATION: Implmnaon of chldrn and youh s nrss n socal dba abou publc spac. H 1) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Und Naons (2008). Human Rghs Insrumns Vol. II, hp://www.ohchr.org/documns/hrbods/tb/hri-gen-1-rev-9-vol-ii_n.doc. CONTENT: Ths documn prsns an ovrvw of h advc and rcommndaons of dffrn human rghs comms, amongs whch h Comm on h Rghs of h Chld. In lgh of safguardng h bs nrss of h chld, focus s placd on (1) dmnshng dffrncs bwn chldrn from marrd and chldrn from unmarrd parns, (2) smang h bs nrss of chldrn and youh and oulnng h mpac of nw lgslaon on chldrn and youh (as wll as h us of budg analyss) and (3) h rcognon of h bs nrss of h chld n HIV/AIDS prvnon and curaon programs: n hs programs, chldrn and youh GUIDELINES/PLAN: Rcognon of h bs nrss of chldrn n HIV/AIDS prvnon and curaon programs. Also: Chld mpac assssmns. 58 P a g
a l h S p c f c m should ak a cnral plac. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: gnral/famly/ffc analyss/halh. SOURCE: OHCHR va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: WHO (2006). Chld growh sandards, hp://www.who.n/mdacnr/nws/rlass/2006/pr21/n/. CONTENT: Th WHO dvlopd global growh sandards ha can b usd as a nw nsrumn n provdng h bs mdcal srvcs and nuron for chldrn from all ovr h World. A.o. h prsdn of h Inrnaonal Pdarc Assocaon (IPA) urgs s mmbrs o us hs sandards n h bs nrss of h chld, and o convnc hr rspcv govrnmns o mplmn h sandards. DISCIPLINE: mdcn/ halh suds, THEME: growh sandards. SOURCE: WHO va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Moodly, Hard, Slgld, Waldman, Srbl, Rs & Durrhm (2013). Ehcal consdraons for vaccnaon programs n acu humanaran mrgncs. Bulln of h World Halh Organzaon, 91, 290-297, hp://dx.do.org/10.2471/blt.12.113480. CONTENT: Th auhors argu ha vaccnaon s crucal o rduc moraly among chldrn. In ln wh hs argumn, hy suggs o only rspc parns rfusal o vaccna hr chld whn h argd llnss s lss srous and chancs of gng ll ar low. Howvr, h auhors clam ha f a hgh chanc of harm xss, h chld s bs nrss should b a supror consdraon ovr parnal auhory. As wll, h auhors suggss ha n absnc of parns or guardan n mrgncy suaons, halh workrs should rcv a manda, basd on h chld s and/or communy s bs nrss, o dcd whhr a chld should b vaccnad. DISCIPLINE: mdcn/ halh suds, THEME: vaccnaon/hcal dcsons. SOURCE: WHO va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 1) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Comm on h rghs of h chld. Gnral Commn No. 11 (2009): Indgnous chldrn and hr rghs undr h Convnon, hp://sarch.ohchr.org/sarch?q=cach:hiff9tj92mj:www2.ohchr.org/nglsh/ssus/racsm/groups/do cs/8hssson/crc_gc11.doc++bs+nrss+of+h+chld+&cln=dfaul_fronnd&s=dfaul_coll con&oupu=xml_no_dd&proxysylsh=n_fronnd&=utf-8. CONTENT: In hs commn, h Comm dmonsras how h concp bs nrss of h chld should b nrprd for nav chldrn and youh. DISCIPLINE: anhropology/socal work suds/culural suds, THEME: mnors/nav chldrn and youh. SOURCE: UNHCHR va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 2) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Europan Nwork of Ombudsprsons for Chldrn (2009). Th bs nrss of h chld. hp://crn.org/docs/flmanagr/noc/nocrporconfrncagpars.pdf. CONTENT: Dffrn polcy navs rgardng h promoon of h bs nrss of h chld ar dscussd, wh a spcfc focus on h followng arg(s)(groups): (1) unaccompand mgran chldrn, asylum skrs, (2) chldrn of dvorcd parns, (3) chldrn s parcpaon, (4) h rgh o b hard n dcson-makng procsss, (5) chldrn n h lgal sysm, (6) chldrn wh a dsably, (7) chldrn placd ou of hom, (8) chldrn of IMPLEMENTATION: Craon of growh sandards o b usd n chldrn s bs nrss. IMPLEMENTATION: Concr suggsons o safguard chldrn s bs nrss n halh and mrgncy suaons. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Gnral commn on how o nrpr h bs nrss prncpl for nav chldrn and youh. GUIDELINES/PLAN: Suggsd polcy navs rgardng chldrn of dvorcd parns, chldrn s parcpaon, h rgh o b hard n dcson-makng procsss, chldrn n h lgal sysm, chldrn placd 59 P a g
n o r y g r o u p s parns n dnon. DISCIPLINE: gnral, THEME: dvorc/parcpaon/parns n dnon. SOURCE: CRIN va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 3) COUNTRIES: Europ. REF: Eurochld (2008). Includng Chldrn: a chld rghs approach o chld wllbng, hp://www.urochld.org/fladmn/usr_upload/fls/publcaons/nwslrws2009.pdf. CONTENT: On of h workshops a hs congrss n Budaps focusd on ways o safguard h chld s bs nrss n povry rducon srags. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds/povry suds, THEME: povry. SOURCE: Eurochld va Daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 4) COUNTRIES: Inrnaonal. REF: Fny (2005). In Bs or Vsd nrss? An Exploraon of h Concp and Pracc of Famly Runfcaon for Sr Chldrn, hp://www.crn.org/docs/in_bs_or_vsd_inrss.pdf. CONTENT: Ths papr dscrbs h chld s bs nrss srssng h mporanc of parcpaon n drmnng bs nrss n runng sr chldrn and hr famls hrough so calld runfcaon programs. Praccal gudlns rgardng xsng and nwly dvlopd runfcaon programs ar provdd, focusng on h chld s bs nrss. DISCIPLINE: socal work suds/crmnology, THEME: sr chldrn. SOURCE: ENOC va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 5) COUNTRY: Blgum (Flandrs). REF: KAJ vzw (2010). Inrm-ac, hp://www.kaj.b/ovr-ons/6-kajwn-m-hun-nrmac-d-craprjs-2010. CONTENT: KAJ vzw won h CERA award 2013 whch ams a drawng anon o projcs ha bnf socally vulnrabl chldrn and youh. KAJ vzw won hs award for s nrm-acon, n whch KAJ, oghr wh socally vulnrabl youh, promos youh s nrss n mploymn mars. DISCIPLINE: socal scncs THEME: work/socal vulnrably. SOURCE: KAJ va daabas Chldrn s Rghs Coalon. 6) In, among ohrs, hp://www.lo.org/sarch3/sarch.do?sarchwha=bs+nrs+of+h+chld&navgaors=&sorby=df aul&lasday=0&collcon=&offs=20, dffrn navs rgardng srous chld labour ar brough forward. Howvr, hs ar no summd up hr, as hy rahr f n Ar. 32 of h CRC. ou of hom and chldrn of parns n dnon. IMPLEMENTATION: Focus on ways o safguard chldrn s bs nrss n povry rducon masurs. IMPLEMENTATION: Praccal gudlns for famly runfcaon n h chld s bs nrss ar provdd hrough hs projc. Also: Parcpaon. IMPLEMENTATION: Dfndng vulnrabl youh s nrss n mploymn mars. IMPLEMENTATION: (srous) chld labour. Addrssng 60 P a g