The Relationship between Use of Cell-Phone and Mental Health of Students

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1 Available online at Reef Resources Assessment and Management Technical Paper ISSN: RRAMT Vol. 40, 2014, 1 The Relationship between Use of Cell-Phone and Mental Health of Students Roghayeh Barzegar Noshahr a *, Behnam Talebi b a Ajabshir Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ajabshir, Iran b Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Abstract This resesrch was carried out with the purpose of studying the relationship between use of cell-phone and mental health in middle school girl students in district three of Tabriz in the academic year This research is practical, and research method was a descriptive survey. Sample of 467 students were selected by stratified random sampling method to run this project. Goldberg mental health questionnaire (1979) and researcher made questionnaire cell phone use were used to gather information. In order to determine relationship between use of cell-phone and public health variables, Pierson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions (step by step method) were used. Data analysis showed that there is positive and significant relationship between use of cell-phone and mental health of students.. Stepwise multiple regressions analysis showed that public health variables state totally determines 11% of use cell-phone variance. Other findings indicated that Anxiety has a largest share in predicting variance of cell phone use Published by RRAMT France Ltd. Keywords: Cell-phone, mental health, Students; 1. Introduction Today, information technology and communications with biotechnology and nanotechnology make 3 sides of triangle that indicate the path and direction of sciences and crafts of several further decades(motamednejad, 2008); therefore, communication revolution and 21 th century information should be known far more than electrical making the humans relation. New information and communication technologies, by providing network society existence possibility that gives new identity to people and societies in new frameworks, not only change the relation and interaction among humans (Castelz, 2001: quoted from Ganji & Moeeidfar, 2008), but also they change our perspective toward ourselves and others (Evelson,1998). Communicational and informational new technologies existence, in comparison to conventional public communication media, have more amplitude, provide many facilities to change, and predict and to have new landscape in development field. These technologies cause ideas, values, improvement in education, sciences, hygiene cares and culture to spread out (Stover, 1996). Moreover, communicational and informational new technologies have altered our performance method, and they have changed social and economic affairs and even our thoughts. Business, banking, leisure time, recreation, services,

2 production line, education and hygiene in the present era is changing completely in comparison to the ten previous decades, and people chronically recognize this change that is caused by communicational and informational new technologies. Combination of computers, satellites, internet, cell-phone and other electronic devices,that are management communication and information equipment, shape communicational and informational technology that cause more effective and more efficient action and reaction, and cause new job opportunities,new industries and frequent creativities in developing countries, and have made some changes in lives (Stover,1996). One of the axes of different societies health evaluations is mental hygiene of those societies. Mental health has the great role in mobility guarantee and efficiency of society (Sadeghian, 2009). Adolescence is considered as one of the most important and critical level of growth and evolution process in human life, and this era is remembered as crisis, storm, stress, rebirth, identity searching and the same cases alike (Hosseini, 2003). What add more on teenager treatment is moral harms which are encountered with new generation for special social and cultural space and conditions existed, and they have caused human societies, especially industrial ones, to face with serious problems (Mohammadi, 2006). Children and teenagers are more vulnerable in social and inner serious harms because of their inexperience and unconsciousness of deterring, relaxing and ameliorating skills. Students who don t have skills to face with stressful conditions would somehow become subdued; therefore, they would become susceptible of mental and emotional disorders, depression, and maybe tend to use drags and have antisocial behaviors. This matter causes students to have problem in decision makings (Ginter, 2008). School and educational environments are under the focus of mental health authorities because these environments are dealing with age groups known as sensitive; Moreover, primary, guidance and high school students are in ages known as the ages people characteristics for their adulthood get shape (Adabi, 2009). Our country is considered as one of the young and developing countries that significant numbers of this population are students. Studies have shown that if a student has spiritual contradictions and problems, he won t have power to adapt himself with school environment, teachers, friends and family (Sadeghian, 2010). Therefore, we can expect better and brighter future and healthier society in cultural political, economic and social fields by paying attention to this group and exploring their problems especially in mental health field if it is done well and their mental health is provided (Jahani, Hashemi, 2004). Using cell-phone is an important part of adolescence life in advanced countries. In pacific and east-south of Asia, Taiwan is as the first economic pole in which every 100 people have more than 100 cell-phone authorizations (Yen et al, 2009). Cell-phone is equipment for teenagers as a pass to youth besides it dedicates self-assertion and safety and qualification. Cell-phone give this possibility to teenagers to show their adulthood, disobey from family and other power sources, get far from parents provision, and discuss parental and special boundaries with their friends, and transfer to each other (Dresler and Mansvelt, 2008). Use of cell-phone fulfills the person s need when he is passing from primary to high school, it means between ages 12 and 13 (Ling R., & Hermersen, 2000).Choosing reason of this time level is that, in this age child changes to teenager, and social networks becomes wider, and he can have many group setting with his friends by cell-phone, and make wider social links out of his family space (Skelton, 1985). Nonetheless, cell-phone can make new communication possibilities for children according to its performances for children; especially, children who have a little use of cell-phone or even do not have its accessibility. Another reason to use cell-phone among children is 123

3 providing heart assurance for parents about their children health and safety; Otherwise, its use by some children; especially, in ages less than 12, has root in basis and classification signs (Campbell, 2005). Many teenagers have a great mental involvement with their cell-phone as their individual companion and mate. Some ideas like My cell-phone is part of me or I can t live without my cell-phone show that interest in cell-phone is far more than other technologies (Matthews, 2004; Wei & Lo, 2006 quoted from Valas Patrick, 2011). Interpersonal communication facilitations are as the most important cell-phone performance that take attention; especially from young adults, and become a part of young adults culture all over the world. Short massage sending (SMS) can solve some limitations for personal reasons (like shyness) or cultural reasons (taboos and social norms) happened in interpersonal and facial communication streams, and by facilitating communication fill the emptiness. If we look at this matter from utilizing and satisfaction theory point of view, cell-phone and SMS are incomparable and unrivaled; therefore, if cell-phone and SMS, in some aspects, have performances and applications like medias, they are unrivaled (Kosari, 2006). Cell-phone, beside making individual independent privacy, make person s social relation significant in networks basis; therefore, person is in complete social condition besides introspection that make a kind of identity crisis and characteristics duality (Kalantari, 2008). One of the most serious related subjects with virtual space is shaping a permanent addiction to utilize this space. Overall reduction of physical activities and inattention to individual health, refusing from life important activities in order to spend more time in network, changing sleep pattern, decreasing society, neglecting family and friends, disliking to spend long time without cell-phone from the most important signs of this addiction kind (Ameli, 2006). Researches show that girls tend to use cell-phone more than boys to deepen their social relationships, and they are more precise to identify using time, and boys are more intended to use educational-software, advanced relational and recreational use of cell-phone (Sadeghi, 2009). In Farashbandi s research, 2010,with purpose of exploring harms resulted from cell-phone and internet on students mental health, results showed that except two lying and aggression hypotheses that didn t have significant relation with main variable, while the other variables that consist mental harms, social control, violence, decentralization and sleep disorder have significant relation with cell-phone and internet. Chen Yi-fan (2007) research with title of cell-phone and sociability: Results from use of cell-phone in transferring from family to school life among US students showed that cell-phone is the most important communicational and informational technology in making students relationships with social networks. Cell-phone is useful in acquisition of social skills, and it was against initial expectation assumed that cell-phone caused young adults isolated and independent of family; unlike, cell-phone cause students to become more sociable and have more sharing. In another research, Madell and Muncer (2007) with title of teenagers important reasons for use of cell-phone concluded that communicational and informational technology usage among teenagers and young adults cause social anxiety and facial reduction. Resulted achievements from another research done by Kamibeppu.k & Sugiura in 2005, by title of cell-phone effect on the last year high school students, are supporter of negative effects of extreme use of cell-phone and negative effect on physical and mental health on users.resulted achievements from some studies of epidemiology show that cellphone waves even with density potential less than allowable level make signs like headache, heat feeling in ear, 124

4 memory weakness and fatigue. There is significant relationship between daily conversation and these signs (Hoking, B., Westerman, 2003; Oftedal et al., 2001, Yioultsis et al., 2002). Researches done about dwellers adjacent to cell-phone antenna have indicated that these dwellers reported signs like headache, anxiety, depression and fatigue (Navarro16 et al, 2003; Santini 17 et al, 2003; Roosli18 et al, 2003). Croft et al, (2002) stated that temporal loop is more exposed to electromagnetic square created by cell-phone; On the other hand, it can be referred from anxiety increase resulted from cell-phone waves (Fritze, 1997). Regarded to what stated, cell-phone various usages identifying and exploring the relation between use of cell-phone and teen girls mental health is one of the subjects which should be discussed and explored by researchers and developers in the current society. According to this essentiality, present study is mentioned by this title What is the relation between use of cell-phone and guidance school girl students mental health? In accordance with it, the following hypotheses are discussed: 1-There is significant relationship between use of cell-phone and girl students physical condition. 2-There is a significant relationship between use of cell-phone and girl students anxiety. 3-There is significant relationship between use of cell-phone and girl students knowledge social performance. Method According to the purpose, this research was practical, and according to the data gathering way, it was descriptivecorrelation. Statistical society of this research consists all students of girl middle schools from district 3 of Tabriz in school year of In this research, by paying attention to the society members explored, sample volume was achieved 361 people by Cochrane sampling formula. In order to perform a study on students using cell-phone, 500 students were chosen randomly. Students who do not using cell-phone were omitted, and study was done on the 467 students. Sampling method used in this study was stratified random sampling according to grade. Evaluation Tool In order to evaluate used variable for cell-phone, Made-by-Research questionnaire was used, and to evaluate mental health variable and its aspects (physical condition, anxiety, social performance), Goldberg general health had 7 questions consisting: a- physical condition, b- anxiety signs c- social performance d- depression signs. This questionnaire is a test with multiple nature and self-operational and designed to explore non-mental desperate disorders found in society various conditions (Taghavi, 2001). In the present study, because of having existed limitations 3 sub-criterions were used as evaluation criteria like anxiety signs, social performance, and physical signs. Marking method in this questionnaire is in a way that the high mark shows the reduction of mental health. According to the researches done, questionnaire validity and perpetuity have been reported very proper in England and some other countries. Goldberg and Williams have reported results of more than 70 researches in this field, and in this accordance, they have reported 0.83 for mean credit and 0.87 for mean perpetuity. In his research, Taghavi (2001) performed general health questionnaire (28-question form) on 167 university students about test validity and perpetuity in Iran society. In this research, questionnaire general health perpetuity was explored by 3 methods of retesting, bisection and Cronbach Alpha that perpetuity coefficients of 0.7, 0.93 and 0.9 were achieved, respectively. Questionnaire simultaneous perpetuity of general health was reported 0.55 in operating 125

5 simultaneously by Midelex hospital questionnaire (MHQ). Correlation coefficient among sub-tests of these questionnaires with total mark has been reported satisfying, between 0.72 and Exploring mental health questionnaire perpetuity and sub-criterions of questionnaire (physical condition, anxiety, social performance) Scales Mental Health Questionnaire Physical Condition Anxiety Social Performance Number of Questions Cronbach s Alpha In all subscale questionnaires (physical state, anxiety, social function) is calculated according to Cronbach's alpha which indicates good internal consistency of the scale questions the reliability of the questionnaire of Using Mobile Phone Table of questionnaire reliability of cell phone use Number of Cronbach's alpha for Questions standardized questions Cronbach's alpha In all aspects of questionnaire perpetuity table, it can be stated about use of cell-phone that this questionnaire has enjoyed high perpetuity (coefficient 0.808). In order to achieve the results, descriptive and deductive statistics methods were used. Pierson correlation and step by step multiple regression method by SPSS software version 16 were used to analyze data. Research achievements 1- Descriptive statistics 1-1 descriptive statistics related to have cell-phone according to the grade Table related to descriptive statistics of having cell-phone according to the grade Having a cell phone Total Yes No Second grade abundance

6 Of guidance school % level of education 66.2% 33.8% 100.0% % having a cell 43.9% 49.3% 45.6% phone % total 30.2% 15.4% 45.6% Abundance % level of education 70.8% 29.2% 100.0% % having a cell 55.8% 50.7% 54.2% phone % total 38.3% 15.8% 54.2% Total Abundance % level of education 68.7% 31.3% 100.0% Third grade Of guidance school % having a cell 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% phone % total 68.7% 31.3% 100.0% Table above shows that in this study total number of students using cell-phone are 467 that 213 of them equals to 45.6% study in the second grade of guidance school, and 253 equals to 54.6% study in the third grade of guidance school. Moreover, 321(68.7%) of total number of students had cell-phone and 30.2% of them in second grade and 38.3% of them were in the third grade of guidance school, and 146 (31.3%) ones didn t have cell-phone consisting 15.4% of them studied in second grade and 15.8% of them studied in the third grade of guidance school. 2-Data analysis Pierson correlation test was used to explore the relationship between use of cell-phone and mental health and its aspects. Pierson correlation Table between use of cell-phone and mental health and its aspects Mental Health Dimensions Statistical Index Mental Health Physical Condition Anxiety Social Performance Pearson s Correlation ** ** ** * Sig(2-tailed ) Number Exploring results from use of cell-phone and mental health show significant level less than (sig=0.000) that indicates the significance of correlation coefficient.( r=.335, n=404 and p<0.000).achieved correlation coefficient shows positive and significant correlation relationship between use of cell-phone and mental health. This means increase in use of cell-phone is in relation with reduction of students mental health (increase in mental disorders). 127

7 Test results showed that there is significant positive relation between use of cell-phone and physical condition of girl students. (r=0.204 n=444 and p<0.000).this means with increase in use of cell-phone, physical signs increase, too. The relationship between cell phone use and anxious of students was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results show that the significance level is less than 0.05 (sig=.00 0) that shows the correlation coefficient is significant. (r=.3, n=440 and p<0.000). Correlation coefficients showed that as cell phone use increases, the anxious of students rises, too. The relationship between use of cell-phone and students social performances were explored by correlation coefficient. Results show that significance level is less than 0.05 (sig=.000) that indicates the significance of correlation coefficient. (r=0.3, n=440, p<0.000). Achieved correlation coefficient (r=0.110) shows that by increasing in use of cell-phone amount, students social performances will increase, too. Step by step multiple regression: In order to predict and determine use of cell-phone by mental health aspects, step by step multiple regressions were used. Criterion variable, use of cell-phone and prediction variable are mental health and its aspects. Table of use of cell-phone prediction regressions with mental health aspects Variables R Standardized Coefficients Beta Coefficients T Significance Mental Health According to regressions table, there is positive and significant relationship between use of cell-phone and general health aspects variables. Step by step multiple regressions to predict use of cell-phone according to mental health variables: In order to test research hypotheses, step by step multiple regressions were used regarding to prediction variables kinds and number means general health and its sub-criterions (physical condition, anxiety and social performance).detailed description of statistical computations are offered in tables. Table of exploring prediction significance amount of cell-phone according to general health variables Step 1 Step 2 Model Sum of Squares Degrees Of Freedom 128 Mean Square F Significance level Regression a Remaining Total Regression b Remaining Total

8 Step by step regressions results to explore the significance show that, according to the table result, prediction use of cell-phone is significant Table of mental health regressions Un-standardized Coefficient Beta Standard Error Standardized Beta Coefficient T Amount Significance Level First Step Second Step Fixed Amount Anxiety Fixed Amount Anxiety Social Performance Physical Condition Coefficient table is specified in the second step that just 2 variable are significant statistically, and determine use of cell-phone variance that are in the importance order anxiety (Beta=0.318) and social performance (Beta ), respectively, and physical condition variable by having significance level of more than 0.05 doesn t have any specific role in regressions. Discussion and conclusion The Ultimate purpose of this research was exploring the relationship between use of cell-phone and students mental health. Exploring results of the relationship between use of cell-phone and girl students physical conditions show that there is positive and mean correlation relationship between these two variables. Results of these two hypotheses with data analyzing results of Yaseminejad et al (2011) results that showed there is a positive and significant relationship between use of cell-phone and physical condition, are in agreement and compatibility. Baghiani Moghadam research achievements also showed that 14% of girls and 24% of boys get more sleep disorders after buying cell-phone.; Moreover, Frashbandi (2010) research showed that there is significant relationship between use of cell-phone and internet with decentralization and sleep disorder that is in agreement with present research result; Moreover, it is in agreement with achievements resulted from Kamibeppu and Sugiura in 2005 that were about cell-phone impacts on last year students of high school supported negative impacts of excessive use of cell-phone and their negative impacts on users physical health. Results achieved from researches of Hoking, B., westerman, 2003; Eftedal et al, 2001, Youlitsis et al, 2002 showed cell-phone waves even with density potential less than allowable limits cause headache, heat feeling in ear, memory weakness and fatigue,and there is significant relationship between daily calling dialogue durations and occurring these symptoms,which are in agreement. Researches done on people adjacent to cell-phone 129

9 antennas have indicated that these dwellers have reported signs of headache, anxiety, depression and fatigue (Navaro et al, 2003; Santini et al, 2002; Rooseli et al, 2003). Croft et al (2002) stated that temporal loop is more vulnerable to electromagnetic squares resulted for cell-phone. On the other hand, it can be referred to anxiety increase resulted from cell-phone waves (Frichts et al, 1997) that these cases are in agreement with contents of this research. This research results showed that there is positive and significant correlation relationship between use of cell-phone and students anxieties. These findings are in agreement with other findings from Yaseminejad et al (2011) research showed that there is positive and significant relationship between anxiety and harmful use of cell-phone. Result achieved is in agreement with Hasanzadeh (2010) research that showed, with title of pathology of communicational and informational technology usage in his research in university students, there is a relationship between addiction to SMS and university students social anxiety. Moreover, it is in agreement with their research with title of important factors of teenagers use of cell-phone and internet to communicate, Madell and Muncer (2007) concluded that communicational and informational technology among teenagers and young adults causes social anxiety and reduce face to face relationships. Besides, it is in agreement with researches done by Navaro et al, 2003; Santini et al, 2002; Roosli et al, 2003; about cell-phone that indicates the relationship between cell-phone and signs like headache, anxiety, depression and fatigue. Repeated ringing and possibility to call in every time and place cause occurring permanent stress for availability. Today, public expectation from a person is to be available, if not, he should be able to bring reason for that or in the worst situation make an excuse. This permanent availability and teen s disability in controlling calls besides occurring hidden relationships with peers out of families supervisions and panic for transpiring these relationships can cause presentiment, anxiety and worrisome in teenager and make some problems for him. Other results showed that there is correlation relationship between cell-phone and social performance. These hypotheses results are in agreement with data analyzing results of Yaseminejad et al (2011) research that showed there is significant and positive relationship between harmful usage of cell-phone and social performance. Besides, These findings are in agreement with Schneider, Hastrof & Ellsworth (1979) and Austin (2001) findings on the basis of significant and positive relationship between university students social performance and amount of use of cell-phone. In his research in 2010, Frashbandi showed, with the purpose of exploring harms resulted from cell-phone and internet on students mental health: there is significant relationship between use of cell-phone and social control. Chen Yi-fan (2002) research showed that cell-phone is beside the most important communicational and informational technology in making relationship among students with social networks. Cell-phone is useful to acquire life skills and unlike initial expectation assumed that it caused young adults isolated and independent of family, it causes increase in participation and sociality of students that are in agreement with results of this research. Therefore, it can be stated that children and teenagers enter to social networks faster by cell-phone and they can have more group settings with their friends and peers and have wider social links out of their family activities. Registering in new social networks and expanding social relationships in present space, deepening teens relationships with peers from one hand, and weakening social relationships and his impressibility from family in another hand are important factors in shaping new identity of teenagers. As the cell-phone owner is always available, this equipment can make the relationship continued and maintained in every time. Moreover, it causes the transient relationship to continue or make chance for new communications. Resources 1. Adabi, R. (2009). Investigating the Relationship between Identity Status and Mental Health in Early and Mid-teens, M.A. Thesis, Clinical Psychology, University of Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. 2. Ameli, S.S.R. (2006). New Individualism and Mobile Phone: Individualism Technology and Identity, Media, June Austin, C. (2001). Impact of Cell Phone Disruptions on Perceptions and Impressions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13 (2),

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