DEFENSE ACQUISITION WORKFORCE

Transcription

1 United States Government Accountability Office Report to Congressional Committees December 2015 DEFENSE ACQUISITION WORKFORCE Actions Needed to Guide Planning Efforts and Improve Workforce Capability GAO-16-80

2 December 2015 DEFENSE ACQUISITION WORKFORCE Actions Needed to Guide Planning Efforts and Improve Workforce Capability Highlights of GAO-16-80, a report to congressional committees Why GAO Did This Study GAO and others have found that DOD needs to take steps to ensure DOD has an adequately sized and capable acquisition workforce to acquire about $300 billion in goods and services annually. DOD is required by statute to develop an acquisition workforce plan every 2 years. DOD issued a plan in 2010, in which it called for the department to increase the size of the acquisition workforce by 20,000 positions by fiscal year 2015, but has not yet updated the plan. Congress included a provision in statute for GAO to review DOD s acquisition workforce plans. In the absence of an updated plan, this report examines DOD s efforts to (1) increase the size of its acquisition workforce, (2) identify workforce competencies and mitigate any skill gaps, and (3) plan for future workforce needs. GAO analyzed current and projected DOD workforce, budget, and career field data; reviewed completed competency assessments; and obtained insights on workforce challenges from the largest acquisition commands within the Army, Navy and Air Force. What GAO Recommends GAO recommends that DOD complete the remaining competency assessment, establish time frames for conducting follow-up assessments, issue an updated acquisition workforce plan, and issue guidance to prioritize the use of funding. DOD concurred with GAO s recommendations. View GAO For more information, contact Timothy J. DiNapoli at (202) or DiNapoliT@gao.gov. What GAO Found The Department of Defense (DOD) has increased the size of its acquisition workforce from about 126,000 in September 2008 to about 153,000 in March The growth was accomplished by hiring additional civilian personnel, insourcing work previously performed by contractors, adding more military personnel, and re-categorizing existing positions. However, 6 of the 13 acquisition career fields, including 3 priority career fields contracting, business and engineering did not meet growth goals. Difference in Planned and Actual Growth in Five DOD Priority Career Fields from September 2008 to March DOD has completed workforce competency assessments for 12 of the 13 acquisition career fields and added training classes to address some skill gaps. It is unclear the extent to which skill gaps remain, in part because 10 of the career fields have not conducted follow-up competency assessments to gauge progress. DOD has not established time frames for doing so. Office of Personnel Management standards state that identifying skill gaps and monitoring progress towards addressing gaps are essential steps for effective human capital management. DOD has not updated its acquisition workforce plan, which would allow it to be better positioned to meet future needs. GAO s analysis of DOD budget information indicates that many career fields will continue to be significantly over or under the growth goals DOD established in 2010, especially in priority career fields such as contracting and engineering. In the past, some hiring decisions made by DOD components using the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund exceeded initial 2010 career field targets. In addition, over the past 7 years, about 2,700 personnel, or 26 percent of those hired with these funds, were in career fields that were not considered high priority in the 2010 acquisition workforce plan. An updated plan that includes revised career field goals, coupled with guidance on how to use the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund, could help DOD components focus future hiring efforts on priority career fields. Without an integrated approach, the department is at risk of using the funds to hire personnel in career fields that currently exceed their targets or are not considered a priority. United States Government Accountability Office

3 Contents Letter 1 Background 4 DOD Exceeded Its Overall Acquisition Workforce Growth Goal, but Shortfalls Exist in Several Career Fields 8 DOD Has Completed Most Workforce Assessments, but Has Limited Data on Workforce Proficiency and Skill Gaps 16 DOD Has Not Issued an Updated Acquisition Workforce Strategy or Guidance on Workforce Funds to Focus Future Hiring Decisions 21 Conclusions 28 Recommendations for Executive Action 29 Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 30 Appendix I Comments from the Department of Defense 33 Appendix II GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 36 Related GAO Products 37 Tables Table 1: Roles and Responsibilities of Key DOD Players in Strategic Workforce Planning, Budgeting, and Training 6 Table 2: Defense Acquisition Workforce Oversight Boards 7 Figures Figure 1: Defense Acquisition Workforce Size by Component between September 2008 and March Figure 2: Sources of Defense Acquisition Workforce Growth, September 2008 through September Figure 3: Acquisition Workforce Demographics, Fiscal Years 2008 and Figure 4: Difference between Planned and Actual Career Field Growth between September 2008 and March Figure 5: Process Used by the Department of Defense to Assess Skill Gaps 17 Page i

4 Figure 6: Difference between Current Career Field Growth and Projected Changes through Fiscal Year Abbreviations DOD Department of Defense This is a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. The published product may be reproduced and distributed in its entirety without further permission from GAO. However, because this work may contain copyrighted images or other material, permission from the copyright holder may be necessary if you wish to reproduce this material separately. Page ii

5 Letter 441 G St. N.W. Washington, DC December 14, 2015 Congressional Committees The acquisition workforce of the Department of Defense (DOD) must be able to effectively award and administer contracts totaling more than $300 billion annually. The contracts may be for major weapon systems, support for military bases, consulting services, and commercial items, among others. A skilled acquisition workforce is vital to maintaining military readiness, increasing the department s buying power, and achieving substantial long-term savings through systems engineering and contracting activities. During the 1990s, as defense budgets decreased, DOD reduced the size of its military and civilian acquisition workforce and by the early 2000s began relying more heavily on contractors to perform many acquisition support functions. DOD reported that between 1998 and 2008, the number of military and civilian personnel performing acquisition activities decreased 14 percent from about 146,000 to about 126,000 personnel. Amid concerns about the skill gaps within the military and civilian workforce and the growing reliance on contractors, the Secretary of Defense announced his intention in April 2009 to rebalance the workforce mix. DOD issued an acquisition workforce plan in April 2010 that specified DOD would add 20,000 military and civilian personnel to its workforce by fiscal year 2015 through hiring actions and converting contractor positions to civilian or military positions. The 2010 acquisition workforce plan also identified growth targets for each of DOD s 13 acquisition career fields and included a process for assessing workforce competencies. This report examines DOD s efforts to rebuild its acquisition workforce. We began this work in response to Section 1108 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, which, as amended, requires DOD to develop a strategy for improving DOD s civilian workforce, including a plan specifically for DOD s military and civilian acquisition workforce, on a biennial basis. The legislation also contained a provision for GAO to assess plans that DOD was to submit between 2009 and DOD 1 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010, Pub. L. No , 1108(b) (1) (2009) (codified as amended at 10 U.S.C. 115b). Page 1

6 issued a strategic workforce plan that included an appendix detailing the plan for the acquisition workforce in April 2010; accordingly, we assessed the plan and issued a report. 2 DOD is currently developing an update to the April 2010 acquisition workforce plan, but it is uncertain when it will be issued. In the absence of an updated plan, we determined the extent to which DOD has (1) increased the size of its acquisition workforce; (2) identified workforce competencies and mitigated any skill gaps; and (3) planned for future workforce needs. To determine the extent to which DOD has increased the size of its acquisition workforce, which consists of both civilian and military personnel, we collected acquisition workforce data for fiscal years 2008 through 2015 from DOD s DataMart, a central repository of workforce data. We analyzed the data to determine whether DOD has met its overall and individual career field growth targets and to identify workforce trends. Because DOD s acquisition workforce plan addressed the department s strategy to revitalize its acquisition workforce between fiscal years 2009 and 2015, we used workforce data from the end of fiscal year 2008 as a baseline to conduct our analysis. In most cases we compared fiscal year 2008 data to March 2015 data. However, in some cases the most current data DOD could provide was through the end of fiscal year We noted whether we used fiscal year 2014 or March 2015 data as appropriate in the report. To assess the reliability of DOD s DataMart data, we (1) reviewed existing information about the data and the system that produced them, (2) reviewed the data for obvious errors in accuracy and completeness, and (3) worked with agency officials to identify any data problems. When we found discrepancies, we brought them to DOD s attention and worked with DOD officials to correct the discrepancies. We also interviewed agency officials knowledgeable about the data. We determined that the data were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of our report. We interviewed acquisition leaders in each of the military departments and other defense agencies, collectively referred to in this report as DOD components, to determine how the growth in the acquisition workforce was achieved in their respective components. 2 GAO, Human Capital: Further Actions Needed to Enhance DOD s Civilian Strategic Workforce Plan, GAO R (Washington, D.C.: September 27, 2010). We have conducted a number of other reviews on strategic human capital and DOD workforce issues. Selected reports are included in the Related GAO Products section at the end of this report. Page 2

7 To determine the progress DOD has made to identify acquisition workforce competencies and mitigate any skill gaps, we analyzed all competency assessments that had been completed by October We determined if career fields completed the process outlined in DOD s 2010 acquisition workforce plan and whether these efforts met the Office of Personnel Management s key principles for assessing the management of human capital. 3 We also interviewed leaders in six career fields, which generally comprise the largest career fields and together make up 73 percent of the acquisition workforce, to obtain their insights into the competency assessment process and challenges. The leaders we interviewed were from the business; program management; contracting; engineering; production, quality, and manufacturing; and test and evaluation career fields. We identified new and revised training classes offered by the Defense Acquisition University to address skill gaps, and discussed efforts to develop proficiency standards with officials from the Defense Acquisition University and the military departments as well as some career field leaders. To determine the extent to which DOD has planned for future workforce needs, we analyzed workforce and funding data submitted as a part of the fiscal year 2016 president s budget submission and the planned funding levels for the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund for fiscal years 2015 through To assess the reliability of the workforce and funding data, we (1) reviewed the data for obvious errors in accuracy and completeness; and (2) worked with DOD officials to identify any data problems. When we found discrepancies (such as missing data), we brought them to DOD s attention and worked with DOD officials to correct the discrepancies. We also interviewed agency officials knowledgeable about the data. We determined that the data were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of our report. We also met with officials at each military department s largest acquisition command Air Force Materiel Command, Army Materiel Command, and Naval Sea Systems Command to determine the impact growth efforts had on the commands and how future workforce needs are determined. Together, these commands constitute about 42 percent of DOD s acquisition workforce. We also met with representatives from the Under Secretary of 3 DOD, Appendix 1, DOD Strategic Human Capital Plan Update, The Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Strategy (April 2010); and Office of Personnel Management, The Human Capital Assessment and Accountability Framework: Systems, Standards, and Metrics (March 2006). Page 3

8 Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Human Capital Initiatives Directorate to discuss future workforce planning efforts. We conducted this performance audit from February 2015 to December 2015 in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. Background Strategic workforce planning an integral part of human capital management is an iterative, systematic process that helps organizations determine if they have staff with the necessary skills and competencies to accomplish their strategic goals. We have previously reported that having the right workforce mix with the right skill sets is critical to achieving DOD s mission, and that it is important for DOD, as part of its workforce planning, to conduct gap analyses of its critical skills and competencies. 4 Since 2001, GAO has included strategic human capital management as a government high-risk area. 5 In 2002, we reported that DOD recognized that human capital strategic planning is fundamental to effective overall management. Further, we reported that DOD was working to identify and address problems that have been hampering this effort, which included a lack of accurate, accessible, and current workforce data; mature models to forecast future workforce requirements; a link between DOD s planning and budgeting processes; and specific planning guidance. 6 In 2015, we reported that DOD has demonstrated sustained leadership commitment to address its acquisition workforce challenges, underscored by the department s emphasis on growing and training the acquisition workforce through its Better Buying Power initiatives. 7 4 GAO, Human Capital: DOD Needs Complete Assessments to Improve Future Civilian Strategic Workforce Plans, GAO (Washington, D.C.: September 27, 2012). 5 GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, GAO (Washington, D.C.: January 2001). 6 GAO, Acquisition Workforce: Department of Defense s Plans to Address Workforce Size and Structure Challenges, GAO (Washington, D.C.: April 30, 2002). 7 GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, GAO (Washington, D.C.: February 11, 2015). Page 4

9 As part of our larger body of work examining human capital management issues, we and the Office of Personnel Management have identified six key principles of strategic workforce planning that organizations should incorporate in their processes, including: aligning workforce planning with strategic planning and budget formulation; involving managers, employees, and other stakeholders in planning; identifying critical gaps and competencies and analyzing workforce gaps; developing workforce strategies to address gaps in numbers, skills, and competencies; building the capabilities needed to support workforce strategies through steps that ensure the effective use of human capital flexibilities; and monitoring and evaluating progress toward achieving workforce planning and strategic goals. 8 Several offices within DOD play key roles in strategic planning activities, such as determining the size and makeup of the acquisition workforce, budgeting for the workforce, assessing workforce competencies, and addressing skill gaps (see table 1). 8 GAO, DOD Civilian Workforce: Observations on DOD s Efforts to Plan for Civilian Workforce Requirements. GAO T (Washington, D.C.: July 26, 2012) and Human Capital: Key Principles for Effective Strategic Workforce Planning, GAO (Washington, D.C.: December 11, 2003). Page 5

10 Table 1: Roles and Responsibilities of Key DOD Players in Strategic Workforce Planning, Budgeting, and Training Office Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel and Readiness Primary Responsibilities Issue guidance on overall personnel management to be used by DOD and military departments Provide guidance on personnel levels of the components Develop personnel mix criteria and other information used by the departments to determine their workforce mix Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller) Ensure that DOD s budget is consistent with the total force management policies and procedures Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Oversee department-wide acquisition workforce strategic planning Technology and Logistics Human Capital Oversee acquisition workforce education, training, and career development Initiatives Directorate Develop policy for the defense acquisition workforce Coordinate, implement, and oversee acquisition workforce programs Manage the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics-Functional Leaders Functional Integrated Product Teams (Membership includes functional leaders, career field experts, and representatives from DOD military departments and the Defense Acquisition University) Military department secretaries and defense agency heads Director, Acquisition Career Management office for each military department and other defense agencies Serve as subject matter experts for their respective career fields Oversee and maintain education, training, and experience requirements for their career fields, including competencies and certification standards Establish and oversee functional integrated product teams Support the functional leaders in carrying out their responsibilities Provide functional leaders with information on DOD s acquisition workforce, including training material and tools Determine workforce requirements Perform planning, programming, and budgeting for total force management Serve as the service acquisition executives representative in assisting the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Human Capital Initiatives Directorate with the execution and oversight of acquisition workforce responsibilities within their respective components Key advisor for policy, coordination, implementation, and oversight of acquisition workforce programs within their respective components Defense Acquisition University Offer training and certification courses to military and civilian personnel in each acquisition career field Source: GAO presentation of DOD data. I GA Pursuant to the Defense Acquisition Workforce Improvement Act, DOD identified 13 career fields and designated acquisition-related positions held by military or civilian personnel. 9 DOD also established certification 9 Pub. L. No , (1990) (relevant sections codified as amended at 10 U.S.C ). The business career field was divided into two career fields in 2010, cost estimating and financial management. We combined the two career fields under the business career field throughout the report for consistency. Page 6

11 requirements that included education, training, and experience elements for each acquisition position. Certification is the procedure through which DOD components determine that an employee meets these requirements for one of three levels in each acquisition career field. DOD components fund their acquisition workforce personnel through a variety of accounts, including (1) operation and maintenance; (2) research, development, test and evaluation; and (3) working capital. Additionally, Congress established the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund in 2008 to provide funds dedicated to recruiting, training, and retaining the acquisition workforce. 10 There are two boards that oversee acquisition workforce programs, including the Fund and related initiatives. The Senior Steering Board is expected to meet quarterly and provide strategic oversight, while the Workforce Management Group is expected to meet bimonthly and oversee the fund s operations and management (see table 2). Table 2: Defense Acquisition Workforce Oversight Boards Board Members Board responsibilities Senior Steering Board Chaired by the Under Secretary of Defense Governance and oversight of the Fund for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics Alignment of the Fund with DOD s Civilian Human The Director of Human Capital Initiatives is Capital Strategic Plan and human capital initiatives the Executive Secretary Fund allocation to components for execution of Members include senior leaders for acquisition within DOD components, the Comptroller, and the functional leaders approved initiatives, based on recommendations of the Workforce Management Group Workforce Management Group Source: GAO presentation of DOD data. I GA Chaired by the Director of Human Capital Initiatives Members include the principal representatives of the Senior Steering Board The Comptroller and Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness are invited to attend Advise the Senior Steering Board regarding management and use of the Fund, including alignment with strategic objectives and guidance Oversee Fund initiatives and execution plans, and ensure these support statutory intent and strategic objectives Assist DOD leadership and components with annual update to Congress on the acquisition workforce 10 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, Pub L. No , 852, (codified as amended at 10 U.S.C. 1705). For more information on the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund, see GAO, Defense Acquisition Workforce: Improved Processes, Guidance, and Planning Needed to Enhance Use of Workforce Funds, GAO R (Washington, D.C.: June 20, 2012). Page 7

12 DOD Exceeded Its Overall Acquisition Workforce Growth Goal, but Shortfalls Exist in Several Career Fields DOD has increased the size of its workforce since September 2008, exceeding its 20,000 personnel growth target by over 7,000 as of March The growth varied within individual components. For example, the Air Force and Navy, as well as the other DOD agencies collectively, have more acquisition personnel now than in fiscal year Conversely, the Army has experienced an 8 percent decrease in the size of its acquisition workforce since fiscal year 2008 due to Army-wide cost savings measures that have impacted the size of the civilian workforce. The reported increase in DOD s acquisition workforce was accomplished through hiring of additional personnel, converting functions previously performed by DOD contractors to performance by DOD civilian personnel (referred to as insourcing), adding military personnel to the acquisition workforce, and administratively recoding existing personnel, the last of which does not result in an increase in DOD s workforce capacity. Shortfalls, however, exist in certain career fields. For example, 6 of DOD s 13 acquisition career fields, including 3 priority career fields contracting, engineering, and business did not meet growth goals. Overall Acquisition Workforce Growth Goals Have Been Met DOD increased the size of its military and civilian acquisition workforce by 21 percent, from about 126,000 to about 153,000, between September 2008 and March This equates to a nearly 27,000 personnel increase and 7,000 personnel more than identified in DOD s April 2010 acquisition workforce plan. Figure 1 shows that most of this growth occurred in fiscal years 2009 and Page 8

13 Figure 1: Defense Acquisition Workforce Size by Component between September 2008 and March 2015 Acquisition workforce growth outpaced losses between fiscal years 2008 and However, in fiscal years 2013 and 2014, the department experienced a small decrease. During this time, DOD components were faced with sequestration and other cost-cutting measures. 11 In preparation for these cuts, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics issued a memorandum in September 2012 that specified that DOD components were to take a strategic view in workforce decisions and protect the rebuilding investments, especially in light of ongoing contractor support reductions. For the most part, components were able to sustain the acquisition growth levels they had already achieved, with the exception of the Army, 11 The Budget Control Act of 2011, as implemented by the Office of Management and Budget, required spending cuts in fiscal year 2013 totaling about $37 billion through across-the-board, proportional reductions in funding provided in the appropriations acts for most defense accounts. Pub. L. No (2011) (as amended). These included accounts related to DOD s civilian workforce and contracted services. For more information, see GAO, Sequestration: Documenting and Assessing Lessons Learned Would Assist DOD in Planning for Future Budget Uncertainty, GAO (Washington, D.C.: May 27, 2015). Page 9

14 which lost several thousand personnel. In fiscal year 2015, each component again experienced an increase, with the exception of the Army. According to Army Defense Acquisition Career Management officials, the Army s cost-cutting efforts have affected all aspects of Army operations, including acquisition. Since 2008, the number of overall Army military and civilian personnel has decreased by 91,000, or 12 percent, from 790,000 to 699,000. The acquisition portion of this reduction was almost 3,400 personnel. The department grew the acquisition workforce through a combination of hiring and insourcing actions, as originally planned, as well as by adding military personnel and administratively recoding existing positions. Figure 2 shows how DOD increased the acquisition workforce through fiscal year 2014, the most recent year for which DOD could provide complete data. Figure 2: Sources of Defense Acquisition Workforce Growth, September 2008 through September 2014 a Recoding can result in either increases or decreases in the number of personnel in the acquisition workforce. The recoding figure represents the net gain to the acquisition workforce through recoding efforts. About 72 percent of the workforce growth has been achieved through hiring new civilian employees, with more than half of this increase attributable to funds provided through the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund. Since 2009, DOD has spent about $1.8 billion from the fund to recruit and hire about 10,400 new civilian employees. DOD Page 10

15 used the majority of the funding to pay their salaries for a 2- to 3-year period, after which the components fund the personnel through their own budget accounts. The hiring actions generally were in the career fields that DOD indicated were a priority in the 2010 acquisition workforce plan. For example, about three-quarters of all Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund hiring was targeted toward five priority career fields contracting, business, engineering, program management, and auditing identified in DOD s April 2010 acquisition workforce plan. 12 DOD components used their own funds to hire the balance of the new civilian and military employees identified in the figure above. Overall, insourcing accounted for about 14 percent of the workforce growth. DOD originally planned to insource 10,000 contractor positions for the acquisition workforce by fiscal year Components insourced about 3,400 positions prior to a March 2011 revision to DOD s insourcing policy. According to the memorandum revising the policy, which was issued jointly by the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and the Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller/Chief Financial Officer, a case-by-case approach would be used for additional insourcing of acquisition functions based on critical need, whether a function is inherently governmental, and the benefit demonstrated by a cost-benefit analysis. 13 DOD officials stated that the revised policy effectively curtailed any additional efforts. 14 Based on data provided by DOD s Human Capital Initiatives Directorate, we estimate that recoding accounted for at least an 11 percent increase in DOD s overall acquisition workforce. Acquisition officials stated that administrative recoding efforts, which resulted in both increases and decreases to the acquisition workforce, were made to ensure that all acquisition personnel were properly accounted for within each component 12 The plan specifically identified cost estimating, which is part of the business career field, as a priority career field. 13 The memorandum also states that additional insourcing must be supported by current budget levels. In cases where added insourcing would breach the existing civilian ceilings, the proposal and associated justification must be provided to the Director of Human Capital Initiatives and then the proposal will be reviewed by the two Under Secretaries of Defense issuing the memorandum and approved by the Deputy Secretary of Defense. 14 For more information, see GAO, Defense Workforce: DOD Needs to Better Oversee Insourcing Data and Align In-sourcing Efforts with Strategic Workforce Plans, GAO (Washington, D.C.: February 9, 2012). Page 11

16 and career field. According to acquisition officials, recoding was necessary because some personnel were performing acquisition functions the majority of the time, but were not counted as a part of the acquisition workforce. These personnel generally continued to perform the same duties and do not equate to an increase in the capacity of the organization. The recoded personnel are required to meet acquisition professional certification standards, including training, education, and experience requirements. According to Human Capital Initiatives and DOD component officials, recoding primarily occurred in three career fields facilities engineering, life cycle logistics, and science and technology manager. For example, Air Force Materiel Command estimated that it recoded approximately 3,600 personnel at its maintenance depots as acquisition personnel, some of which were recoded to the life cycle logistics career field. Increases in the number of military positions accounted for 3 percent of the workforce growth. According to Army and Air Force acquisition officials, one of the primary reasons DOD increased the number of military personnel serving in the acquisition workforce was to provide increased capacity. Much of this growth was in the contracting career field during contingency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Overall, Human Capital Initiatives statistics show that growth efforts have helped DOD reshape the civilian workforce. In fiscal year 2008, DOD found that about half of its civilian acquisition workforce had 10 years or less before they were eligible for retirement, with far fewer mid-career individuals ready to take their place or provide mentoring and supervision to those workforce members who were early in their career. Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund hiring has helped strategically reshape the workforce by bolstering critical functions and building early and mid-career workforce size. Although no specific goals were set, figure 3 shows the progress DOD has made increasing the number of earlycareer staff (those eligible to retire in 20 years or more) and mid-career staff (those eligible to retire in 11 to 20 years). Page 12

17 Figure 3: Acquisition Workforce Demographics, Fiscal Years 2008 and 2014 There have also been improvements in the training and qualifications of the workforce. For example, the percent of the workforce that met certification requirements increased from 58 percent to 79 percent between fiscal years 2008 and In addition, the number of acquisition personnel with a bachelor s degree or higher increased from 77 to 83 percent. However, DOD still faces the challenge of an aging workforce, as statistics also show that the average age of the workforce has been static since 2008 at about 45 years, and the percentage of retirement eligible personnel has remained at 17 percent. Defense acquisition officials recognize the risks associated with the loss of very experienced members of the acquisition workforce. These officials noted they are concerned about retaining an adequate number of personnel in the senior career group to provide leadership and continuity for the workforce between 2020 and Page 13

18 Growth Goals Not Met in Some Priority Career Fields While DOD met the overall acquisition growth goal, it did not accomplish the goals set for some career fields. The 2010 acquisition workforce plan identified growth goals, expressed in terms of a percent increase from fiscal year 2008 to fiscal year 2015, for each of the 13 acquisition career fields. The plan indicated that targeted growth in 5 of these priority career fields auditing, business, contracting, engineering, and program management would help DOD strategically reshape its acquisition workforce. As of March 2015, our analysis shows that DOD exceeded its planned growth for 7 career fields by about 11,300 personnel, including the priority career fields of auditing and program management. The department did not, however, reach the targets in its growth plan for the other 6 career fields by about 4,400 personnel, including the priority career fields of contracting, business, and engineering (see figure 4). Page 14

19 Figure 4: Difference between Planned and Actual Career Field Growth between September 2008 and March 2015 a Based on DOD s April 2010 acquisition workforce plan. b The business career field was divided into two career fields in 2010, cost estimating and financial management. The two career fields are reported under business for consistency. According to military department acquisition officials, shortfalls in contracting and engineering career fields are largely the result of high attrition rates and difficulty in hiring qualified personnel. Despite these Page 15

20 challenges, the engineering career field was within 1 percent of its hiring goal. The business career field did not meet its overall growth goal in part because of recoding actions that resulted in a loss to the career field, greater than expected attrition, and Army cost-cutting efforts. Leaders in some of these areas are trying to identify ways to complete activities more efficiently to reduce the impact of shortfalls. For example, the Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation office, which is responsible for completing independent cost estimates for acquisition programs, has started an initiative to develop a centralized database and virtual library of cost and acquisition data so that cost analysts spend less time gathering data and more time analyzing it. DOD Has Completed Most Workforce Assessments, but Has Limited Data on Workforce Proficiency and Skill Gaps Increasing the number of people performing acquisition work is only part of DOD s strategy to improve the capability of its workforce; another part is ensuring that the workforce has the requisite skills and tools to perform their tasks. DOD developed a five-phased process that included surveys of its employees to assess the skills of its workforce and to identify and close skill gaps. Efforts to complete the process were hindered by low survey response rates and the absence of proficiency standards. Further, DOD has not established time frames for when career fields should conduct another round of competency assessments to assess progress towards addressing previously identified gaps and to identify emerging needs. All but One Career Field Completed Required Competency Assessment In October 2009, section 1108 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 required DOD to include certain information as a part of its acquisition workforce plan, including an assessment of (1) the critical skills and competencies needed by the future DOD workforce for the 7-year period following the submission of the report, (2) the critical competencies of the existing workforce and projected trends in that workforce based on expected losses due to retirement and other attrition, and (3) gaps in DOD s existing or projected workforce that should be addressed to ensure that DOD has continued access to critical skills and Page 16

21 competencies. 15 Subsequently, the April 2010 acquisition workforce plan outlined a five-phased process that each of the 13 career fields was to use to assess the skills of its workforce and to identify and close skill gaps (see figure 5). Figure 5: Process Used by the Department of Defense to Assess Skill Gaps DOD functional leaders generally relied on input from senior experts to identify the baseline competencies for phase 1, used subject matter experts to identify work situations and competencies contributing to successful performance for phase 2, and solicited feedback on the models through limited testing with the workforce for phase 3. To validate models and assess workforce proficiency in phase 4, career field leaders relied on surveys that were sent to all or a sample of personnel to solicit their assessment of (1) the criticality of each competency, (2) how frequently they demonstrated each competency, and (3) how proficient they were at each competency. For phase 5, among other things, DOD planned to report on the progress made to identify and close skill gaps and ensure that the competencies remained current. 15 Pub. L. No , 1108(a) (codified at 10 U.S.C. 115b (d). According to the Office of Personnel Management, a competency is an observable, measurable set of skills, knowledge, abilities, behaviors, and other characteristics an individual needs to successfully perform work roles or occupational functions. Competencies are typically required at different levels of proficiency depending on the specific work role or occupational function. Competencies can help ensure individual and team performance aligns with the organization s mission and strategic direction. A competency gap is the difference between the projected or actual availability of mission-critical competencies and the projected or actual demand for such competencies. Identification of current or future gaps typically addresses the size, composition, and competency proficiency levels of the workforce. Page 17

22 As of October 2015, 12 of the 13 career fields had completed at least an initial competency assessment. The production, quality, and manufacturing career field is the only career field that had not completed all of the phases at least once, due primarily to turnover in leadership, according to an Office of the Secretary of Defense official. According to DOD s Human Capital Initiatives officials, this career field intends to complete its initial competency assessment by the end of In the interim, this official noted that the functional leader and the functional integrated product team will continue to actively assess workforce gaps and needs and will use other resources, such as the Defense Acquisition University, to address known skill gaps. Until such time, however, this career field may not have the necessary information to fully identify and assess skill gaps, as statutorily required. Low Competency Assessment Response Rates and the Absence of Proficiency Standards Hindered DOD s Ability to Assess Workforce Proficiency for Most Career Fields Assessing workforce proficiency, according to the Office of Personnel Management s human capital assessment guidance, allows agencies to target their recruitment, retention, and development efforts. DOD planned to collect data on workforce proficiency as a part of the competency assessment process by pairing supervisor and employee responses to questions included in the surveys, but this effort was hindered by low response rates. In a separate, but related, effort DOD has not yet completed efforts to develop proficiency standards for the acquisition career fields, which would ultimately allow leaders to measure employee proficiency against standards that are specific to each career field. Contracting and auditing were the two career fields that were able to pair supervisor and employee responses collected in competency assessments to make observations about workforce proficiency. These results helped senior leaders identify areas where the workforce did not possess the same level of proficiency as supervisors expected. For example, senior contracting leaders determined that, among other things, fundamental contracting skills were needed across entry and mid-career levels of the contracting workforce and currency, breadth and depth of knowledge were needed across mid-career and senior levels. Leaders emphasized the importance of not only mastering the what, but in being able to use critical thinking and sound judgment to apply the knowledge, thus mastering the how. In response, the contracting senior leaders worked together with the Defense Acquisition University to develop a 4- week research-intensive fundamentals course that provides new hires practical experience using the Federal Acquisition Regulation and the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement. The auditing career field overhauled its training curriculum for new auditors to closely tie with Page 18

23 government auditing standards, which career field officials stated would play a large role in addressing gaps in the auditing competencies. The new hire curriculum consists of a 2-week onboarding session, followed by a 2-week class in basic contract audit skills, plus another 2-week class focused on applying the skills in specific types of audits. The other 10 career fields that completed a competency assessment relied on staff self-assessments to make observations about workforce proficiency because of low survey response rates, particularly by supervisors. As a result, the Center for Naval Analysis, which conducted surveys for these 10 career fields, generally stated in its reports that the results were less verifiable because they were not validated against supervisor responses and that leaders should exercise caution when extrapolating the results. Overall response rates for these career fields ranged from 13 to 37 percent. Five of the career field leaders we met with stated that they used other reviews and input from functional integrated product teams to complement the survey results and then worked with the Defense Acquisition University to develop or update training classes. The program management career field, for example, conducted two studies, one in 2009 and another in The studies included interviews of program managers and program executive officers to identify opportunities to improve the proficiency of programs managers through additional training or experience requirements for program management candidates. The studies identified, among other things, the need to improve program managers awareness of earned value management, which is a project management technique for measuring performance and progress, and business acumen. In response, the Defense Acquisition University developed a class called Understanding Industry which covers such issues as how contractors align their business strategies, finances, and operations to meet corporate goals. The Center for Naval Analysis reported that it did not explicitly identify proficiency gaps as a part of conducting the competency assessment surveys for most career fields because no proficiency standards exist. The Center for Naval Analysis strongly encouraged leadership to set standards based on baseline data gathered in the surveys. DOD began efforts to establish department-wide proficiency standards in 2012 under the Acquisition Workforce Qualification Initiative. Overall, DOD estimated that it would require establishing up to 2,000 standards across the acquisition career fields. However, the project leader stated that it proved difficult to develop a set of standards whose applicability would be common across all personnel, including those with the same position title, because employees perform different acquisition activities across or even Page 19

24 within the DOD components. Further, the project leader stated that it became apparent that developing a single database to collect and track experiences of the acquisition workforce would take considerable time and expense and would contribute to the proliferation of systems that an organization would have to support and maintain. The goal of this initiative is now to map competencies for each career field to on-the-job outcomes, with a focus on assessing the quality versus the quantity of the experiences, according to the project leader. Initiative officials are working with the Defense Contract Management Agency to leverage a database that the agency uses to track employee experiences. For now, initiative officials are creating a computer-based tool using Excel software that employees can use to track their individual acquisition experience. The tool is designed to be used by employees to facilitate career development conversations with supervisors. The project leader expects that the tool should be available for use in DOD Has Not Identified a Time Frame to Conduct Follow-up Assessments According to the Office of Personnel Management, as part of their workforce planning activities, agencies should monitor and evaluate their efforts to address competency gaps on a continuous basis. DOD has not determined how often competency assessments should be conducted; however, five career field leaders we met with stated that assessments should be completed every 3 to 5 years. They stated that this would allow leadership time to gauge the success of efforts to address previous skill gaps, identify current skill gaps, and identify emerging needs. In that regard, the business and contracting career fields recently completed a second round of workforce assessments and are in the process of analyzing results or identifying actions to address gaps. The other 10 career fields that completed an initial competency assessment did so between 2008 and 2012, but have not completed another round of workforce assessments to determine if their workforce improvement efforts were successful and what more needs to be done. Half of these 10 career field leaders indicated that they plan to complete another assessment between 2016 and 2019, or about 5 to 8 years after the initial assessment was conducted for most career fields. Without establishing appropriate time frames to conduct follow-up assessments and completing those assessments, acquisition workforce leaders will not have the data needed to track improvement in the capability of the workforce and focus future training efforts, as called for by Office of Personnel Management standards. Page 20

25 DOD Has Not Issued an Updated Acquisition Workforce Strategy or Guidance on Workforce Funds to Focus Future Hiring Decisions DOD generally plans to maintain the current level and composition of the acquisition workforce. DOD has not, however, verified that the current composition of the workforce will meet its future workforce needs. Officials at the Air Force Materiel Command, Army Materiel Command, and Naval Sea Systems Command indicated that they are having difficulties meeting program office needs, especially in the contracting and engineering career fields. These two priority career fields will remain under the levels targeted by DOD s April 2010 workforce plan, while several other career fields will continue to exceed their targeted level. Further, Human Capital Initiatives has not issued an updated workforce strategy that includes revised career field goals or issued guidance on the use of the Defense Acquisition Workforce Development Fund to guide future hiring decisions. DOD Plans to Maintain Current Workforce Levels and Mix, but Selected Commands Are Concerned about Meeting Acquisition Program Needs In an April 2015 memorandum, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics stated that it is imperative for the components to sustain and build on the investment made to increase the capacity and capability of the acquisition workforce. Specifically, the components were told to responsibly sustain the acquisition workforce size and make adjustments based on workload demand and requirements. According to January 2015 workforce projections included in budget exhibits that components developed for the fiscal year 2016 president s budget, 16 the components generally plan to maintain the current level and composition of the civilian and military acquisition workforce through fiscal year 2020, though individual components project slight shifts. For example, these projections indicate that the Army plans to increase the size of its acquisition workforce by almost 2.5 percent by predominantly adding military personnel, while the Air Force projects a less than 1 percent decrease and the Navy projects a decrease of almost 2 percent Department of Defense R Financial Management Regulation Volume 2B, Chapter 19 requires components to submit Exhibit PB-23 using an online database operated by the Office of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation. The exhibit provides visibility into the size of the entire defense acquisition workforce and the funding required to support the workforce. These submissions indicate the projected number of personnel in the defense acquisition workforce, by DOD component and by career field through the next 5 years. 17 Components update their workforce projections several times a year. Page 21