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1 BSc in Optometry - 12/07/08 The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine RATIONALE FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF AN OPTOMETRY PROGRAMME AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES, ST. AUGUSTINE CAMPUS This proposal for the introduction of a Bachelor of Optometry programme at the undergraduate level at the St. Augustine campus of the University of the West Indies arose out of the need to increase the number of trained optometrists to adequately service the region s ever growing demand to deliver effective health care services within the health sectors of the region. The WHO/PAHO strategic plan for Vision 2020 The right to sight outlines a proposal for eliminating avoidable blindness through effective screening and monitoring of health care systems. The main causes of visual impairment in the Caribbean region are: 1. Cataract 2. Glaucoma 3. Diabetic related eye diseases 4. Uncorrected refractive errors and low vision 5. Childhood eye diseases 6. Eye Injuries 7. Keratoconics To reduce preventable blindness the provision of effective eye care facilities well serviced by an adequate number of trained professionals is necessity. The Optometrist is an eye care professional responsible for many aspects of vision care. Optometrists undertake examination of the eye for optical defects and correct defects using spectacles and contact lenses. They access functional disorders of the eye and visual system and can detect abnormalities that require medical attention. The University of the West Indies has as one of its mandates the provision of appropriate human resources both in terms of numbers and appropriate skills and competences necessary to fulfill the developmental needs and in the process positively transform the Caribbean Region. It is in this context that the FSA is pleases to propose this programme and now sets the way ahead to address this human resource need required by the region as it strives to fulfill the delivery of Vision

2 NEEDS ASSESSMENT Current situation in Trinidad and Tobago Optometrists Total Number ; 98 (1 per 13000) but about 15% are not active in practice. Public sector; 1 per 1,300,000) Needs 289 to match UK (1 per 4500) Current situation in the English Speaking Caribbean (2001) Country Population No. of Optometrists Approx. Ratio Antigua&Barbuda 72, per 24,000 Bahamas 303, per 22,000 Barbados 250, per 28,000 Belize 232, per 23,000 Dominica 71, per 71,000 Grenada 102, per 34,000 Guyana 743, per 186,000 Jamaica 2,605, per 109,000 Monsterrat 5, St. Kitts & Nevis 45, per 23,000 St. Lucia 151, per 38,000 St. Vincent & Grenadines 111, BROAD OBJECTIVES The broad objectives of the Department of Optometry at the University of West Indies, St. Augustine could be summarized as follows: a) To provide a sound scientific and professional base for the production of Optometrists capable of working anywhere in the Caribbean and elsewhere in the world where the qualification, skills and competence of the BSc Optometry (UWI) are acceptable. b) To produce Optometrists who would satisfy internationally recognizable standards and who could undertake further training towards specialization. c) To produce Optometrists with sufficient management ability to play a leadership role in health care delivery 2

3 d) To provide such training as would equip the optometrists to render and/or participate with other health practitioners in providing health care. QUALIFICATIONS FOR ADMISSION In order to be considered for entry into the Optometry Programme a candidate must satisfy the following minimum qualifications: The University requirements for Matriculation ( see the UWI General regulations) and have passed English, Mathematics, Biology and Physics at CSEC General Proficiency level at Grades I, II or since 1998, Grade III or equivalent qualifications. Obtained passes in THREE two unit subjects at CAPE both Units at Grade II or better, or GCE A Level Equivalent. This must include Physics and Chemistry. OR OR Have an appropriate Associate Degree or equivalent certification with a minimum GPA of 3.0 ( or equivalent) from a recognized Tertiary Level Institution Have any other appropriate qualification and experience acceptable to the FSA. PROGRAM SUMMARY Year 1 OPTOM 1011 (4 credits) Human Anatomy and Physiology. OPTM 1012 (4 credits) General Pathology and Microbiology. OPTM 1062 (3 credits) Introductory Biochemistry OPTM 1021 (6 credits) Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye OPTM 1022 ( 3 credits) Anatomy and Physiology and Physiology of related structures OPTM 1031 ( 2 credits) Introduction to the Optometry Profession OPTM 1032 ( 2 credits) Introduction to the Clinical Optometry OPTM 1041 ( 3 credits) 3

4 Pure Optics OPTM 1042 ( 3 credits) Visual Optics OPTM 1051 ( 3 credits) Vision 1 OPTM 1052 ( 3 credits) Perception 1 OPTM 1061 ( 3 credits) Learning and key skills development. Year 2 OPTM 2021 ( 3 credits) General Pharmacology OPTM 2022 ( 3 credits) Ocular Pharmacology OPTM 2042 ( 3 credits) Ocular Pathology and Immunology OPTM 2072 ( 3 credits) Ophthalmic lenses and dispensing OPTM 2031 Visual and ocular assessment and techniques OPTM 2061 ( 3 credits) Assessment of Binocular Vision OPTM 2051 ( 3 credits) Physiology of vision and Perception II OPTM 2082 (3 credits) Contact lens practice OPTM 2011 (6 credits- Yearlong) Clinical Optometry and communication skills OPTM 2092 ( 3 credits) Clinical Methodology and Statistics OPTM 2102 ( 3 credits) Low vision and Ageing Year 3 OPTM 3011 (3 credits) Ocular and Systemic Diseases I OPTM 3012 (3 credits) Ocular and Systemic Diseases II OPTM 3021 ( 6 credits yearlong) General Clinical Practice OPTM 3031 ( 6 credits yearlong) Advanced Clinical Practice OPTM 3041 ( 3 credits) 4

5 Visual Ergonomics OPTM 3051 (3 Credits) Binocular Vision and Orthoptics OPTM 3061 (3 credits) Contact Lens Practice II OPTM 3072 (3 credits) Law and Optometric Management OPTM 3082 ( 6 credits) Research Project Year 4 Pre-registration Year Yearlong enhancement of skills at walk-in clinic of Optometry Department, eye clinics in the public hospital environment and private eye clinics where proper supervision is guaranteed. Upon successful completion of Years 1, 2 and 3 and 4 the student shall obtain the student shall obtain the B.Sc. Optom. Degree. Year 1 OPTOMETRY General Area: Human Body in Health & Disease (8 Credits) Objectives: To develop knowledge of anatomy, physiology, immunology, microbiology and general pathology and their relationship to body systems including the eye. Homeostatic principles and ways in which their disruption lead to diseased states. To develop knowledge of microbial causes of infection/diseases and ways in which they may be diagnosed and controlled. Learning Outcomes Upon completion of the modules of this course the student will be able to: 1. Outline the anatomy of the systems included and describe their function and control including aspects of abnormal function that affect ocular physiology 2. Interpret physiological data and use different sources of physiological information 3. Demonstrate teamwork skills through completion of laboratory work in groups 5

6 Book List A. Introduction to the Human Body, 5 th Edition. Tortora G J & Grabowski, S R, Wiley, USA ISBN: X A. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, (International Edition), Martini FH & Bartholomew EF (1997) or A. Anatomy & Physiology 3 rd Edition, Seeley, Stephens & Tate (1995) Mosby Year Book Human Anatomy and Physiology: 4 Credits CODE: OPTM 1011 Outline Syllabus Gross anatomy. Histology of tissues. Cellular functions. Respiration and body temperature control. Gastrointestinal activity. Nerves and muscular physiology and neuromuscular transmission. Body fluid control and kidney. The cardiovascular system and blood. Anatomy and physiology of the endocrine system. Brain, neuroanatomy and neurophysiology Principles of neurotransmission. Sensory receptors. Anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system. Practical: A course of laboratory practical work consistent with the outline syllabus General Pathology and Microbiology : 4 Credits CODE: OPTM 1012 Outline Syllabus General Pathology of the human body and body systems. Microbiology - Overview of the microbial world. Structure and function of microbes and their nutritional and physiological requirements. The role of the human commensal microflora. Introduction to microbial diseases. Introduction to bacterial genetics and gene transfer. Sterilization and disinfections. Practical: A course of laboratory practical work consistent with the outline syllabus General Area: Introductory Biochemistry ( 3 Credits) Objective 6

7 To provide students with an introduction to the major clauses of physiologically important molecules and to enable them to understand the function of such molecules in living cells and tissues, including the eye and related organs. Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: Understand the fundamental biochemical processes in cells and organs, including the structure and functions of the major classes of bio-molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids) Booklist A. Core text: Biochemistry, 3 rd Edition, Campbell M A. Advanced text: Biochemistry, 4 th Edition, Stryer L Introductory Biochemistry (6 credits over two Semesters ) CODE: OPTM 1062 Outline Syllabus: Introduction, aims and relevance. Definitions and basic structural and functional features of lipids, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, nucleic acids. Enzymes including essential functions, factors affecting their activity and regulation. Carbohydrate metabolism: glycolysis (definition, physiological role, overall pathway, fates of pyruvate & lactate); glycogen storage and mobilisation, including hormonal control; gluconeogenesis. Citric acid (Krebs') cycle: its location, physiological function and relation to other pathways, and its overall pathway; electron transport chain & generation of ATP. Fat metabolism: adipose tissue storage including hormonal control, fatty acid oxidative metabolism and synthesis. Gene expression including transcription and translation; mechanisms of hormone action including signal transduction systems; visual signal transduction (the visual cycle) Overview of drug metabolism, overview of integration of metabolism. Practical: A course of laboratory practical work consistent with the outline syllabus One 3 hr. at end of module- 60% General Area: Ocular Anatomy and Physiology( 6 credits) Objective: 7

8 To develop a broad understanding of anatomical and functional relationships between the eye, brain and their supporting structures Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the normal eye and its relationship to the brain 2. Recognize the fundamental anatomical and physiological substrates underlying ocular pathology 3. Demonstrate teamwork through completion of laboratory work in small groups Booklist Inc. A. Clinical Anatomy of the eye, 2 nd Edition, Snell and Lemp (1998). ISBN X B. Wolf s Anatomy of the eye and Orbit. 8 th Edition, Bron, Tripathi& Tripathi (1997). ISBN 0-4` B. Ocular anatomy and histology. Pipi D M and Rapley L J (fbdo text) B. Ophthmology Fritz Hollwich adapted by Frederick Blodi, Publ. Thieme Course:Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye (3 Credits) CODE: OPTM 1021 Outline Syllabus: Introduction to ocular anatomy and physiology. Ocular surface (cornea, sclera, conjunctiva), Vascular structures (choroid, ciliary body, iris). Aqueous humour (formation, flow and drainage). Crystalline lens. Control of pupil and accommodation. Neural structures (retina, optic nerve). Practical: A course of laboratory practical work consistent with the outline syllabus Course:Anatomy and Physiology of related structures ( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 1022 Outline Syllabus 8

9 Ocular adnexa (eyelids, lacrimal apparatus). Bones of the skull (including orbit). Extraocular muscles. Cranial nerves. Visual pathways. Embryology of the eye. Practical: A course of laboratory practical work consistent with the outline syllabus General Area:Introduction to the Optometry Profession and Clinical Optometry (4 Credits) Objective: To introduce students to the profession of optometry. To provide students with understanding underlying refraction and ophthalmoscopy. To develop the ability to apply practical skills in refraction and ocular examination Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the relevant basic visual optics underpinning ametropia, retinoscopy and subjective refraction 2. Perform retinoscopy, visual acuity assessment and subjective refraction 3. Work together in small teams or a partner 4. Follow a plan of action to meet set targets Booklist A. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eyecare, Elliot (Ed) 2003, Butterworth- Heinemann B. Clinical Visual Optics, Bennett and Rabbetts (1997), 3 rd Edition, Butterworth- Heinemann. B Introduction to Visual Optics, Tunnacliffe A H (1993), A.B.D.O., London B The Ocular examination, Zadnik (ed) 1997, W. B. Saunders B. Practice of Refraction. Duke Elder. Abrams Course:Introduction to the Optometry Profession (2 Credits) CODE: OPTM 1031 Understanding Optometry as a health care profession. Relationship of the profession to others in the eye care field including Ophthalmology, opticianry. Opportunities available to the Optometrist as a professional. Attitudes needed for the study and practice of optometry. A general knowledge the legal status, standards of 9

10 practice, professional conduct and associations. Introduction to Optometric terms, instrumentations and literatures. Optometry in America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe and the Caribbean. One 2 hr. examination at end of module- 60% Two in course exams 40% Course:Introduction to Clinical Optometry ( 2 Credits) CODE: OPTM 1032 Outline Syllabus Retinoscopy and Subjective Refraction Retinoscopy. Astigmatism. Retinoscopy on patient. Distance visual acuity measurements. Subjective monocular refraction: best vision sphere. Interpupillary distance. Jackson crossed-cylinder. Fan and Block. Clinical Accommodation. Development of refractive errors. Auto refractors. Refractive Surgeries. Direct and Indirect Ophthalmoscopy. Spherical ametopia Practical Clinical Sessions: Lab orientation. Direct Ophthalmoscopy. Model eye retinoscopy. Retinoscopy, visual acuity and mean sphere subjective. Interpupillary distance. Retinoscopy, visual acuity, mean sphere and Jackson cross-cyl. Retinoscopy, visual acuity, mean sphere and Fan & Block. Accommodation. Putting it all together. General Area: Pure and Visual Optics; 6 Credits Objective: To introduce students to fundamentals of optical principles and their application to the eye and to describe the optical characteristics of instruments used to examine the eye and to explain the theory and limitation of the human eye. Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of visual imagery based upon a sound understanding of fundamental optical theory 2. Discuss the issues that limit quality of the image in the eye 3. Describe optical principles which are fundamental to optometric practice 10

11 4. Improve application of numbers through collection, recording and presentation of data and use of geometry and algebra. Booklist A Introduction to Visual Optics, Tunacliffe A.H. (1993). A.B.D.O. London B Visual Optics, Emsley, H.H. (1953) Butterworth B The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments., Smith G and Aitchison D A B Optics, Fincham W H A and Freeman M H (1980) Butterworth, London B Clinical Visual Optics, 3 rd Edition, Bennett A G and Rabbetts R B (1997), Butterworth- Heinemann Course: Pure Optics (3 Credits) CODE: OPTM 1041 Outline Syllabus The nature and propagation of light. Laws of reflection and refraction. Diffraction and interference. Power, vergence and the Dioptre. Effectivity. Image formation. Reflection and refraction. The prism. The thin lens and cardinal points. Thick lens theory. Practical classes: Ray tracing to investigate reflection at plane and curved surfaces. Ray tracing to investigate refraction. Optical bench methods for finding the focal length of thin positive and negative lenses. Newton's Rings. Astigmatic imaging. Principal points of a thick lens. Telephoto Lens Systems. Variation of focal length of a lens system with separation of the components. One 2 hr. examination at end of module- 60% Course: Visual Optics (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 1042 Outline Syllabus: Simplified and reduced eyes. Myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism. Axial and refractive ametropias. Retinal image size. Aniseikonia, spectacle and relative spectacle magnification. Ocular aberrations. Instruments and techniques in eye examination. Low vision aids. Introduction to viscimeter. 11

12 Accommodation-convergence. Aphakes and pseudophakes. Resolution in the eye. Optical and retinal/neural considerations. Application of thick lens theory to moderate to high power prescriptions. Visual ergonomics: illumination studies. Practical Classes Field of view with direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes. Accommodation, ametropia and back vertex distance. General Area of Study : Physiology of Vision and Perception I : 6 credits Objectives: To introduce the physiology of vision and perception as applied to the clinical study of optometry. To develop an understanding of the physical, physiological and psychological aspects of visual perception in normal vision. To provide basis for understanding the designs of some clinical tests for vision. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of a wide variety of physiological mechanisms of human visual perception 2. Describe and use visual illusions to explain a variety of properties of visual perception 3. Trace the visual pathway from photoreceptors to cortex 4. Interpret electrical measurements of visual functions 5. Take part in discussions of physiological mechanisms within vision Booklist A. Sekuler R and Blake R (2002) Perception 4 th Edition New York, McGraw Hill ISBN B. Palmer PE. Vision science, London,MIT Press, ISBN Course: Vision (3 Credits) 12

13 CODE : OPTM 1051 Outline Syllabus: Overview of eye and vision. Evolution of eye. Rods and cones. Spectral sensitivity. Colour vision. Retinal physiology. Visual pathway. LGN and visual cortex. Visual acuity. Contrast sensitivity. Electrophysiology. The limits of vision - detection and discrimination. Visual processing - receptive fields, channels and streams. Spatial and Temporal integration. Practical: A course of laboratory practical work consistent with the outline syllabus Course: Perception (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 1052 Outline Syllabus Methods for studying--visual perception - an introduction. Illusions. Visual psychophysics -stimuli, responses and procedures. Binocular vision - fusion, rivalry and sensitivity. Binocular vision - disparity, stereopsis and space perception. Colour perception - normal and abnormal. Visual search and attention. Practical Peripheral visual acuity; Psychophysical methods; Contrast sensitivity function; Illusions; Binocular vision; Contrast; Attention; Colour Vision. 13

14 General Area of Study: Learning and Key skills development (3 credits) Objective: To develop students ability to communicate verbally To develop skills in mathematics used in optometry To develop skills in Information Technology (IT) Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate basic skills of verbal communications 2. Demonstrate basic problem solving capability in basic mathematics 3. Demonstrate computer literacy Booklist: To be given Course: Learning and key skills development ( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 1061 Outline Syllabus Learning and Communication Skills. Use of learning resources. Basic communication skills for academic work and optometric practice. Communication with patients. Basic numeracy. Functions and graphs. Algebraic manipulation of equations. Trigonometry and geometry. Applications of mathematics in optometry. Presentation of data in tables and graphs. Information Technology: Computer literacy; Microsoft Office Applications; Word, Excel. Practicals /Tutorials: Special Laboratory and Tutorial Classes Practical/Tutorial Coursework -20% 14

15 Year 2 Optometry General area of study : General and Ocular Pharmacology( 6 Credits) Objectives: Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Describe the role of pharmaceutical agents in optometric practice. Explain the mechanisms of action of ocular drugs and general principles of pathology. Analyse clinical information and select appropriate pharmaceutical agents. Use a computer simulation to demonstrate key pharmacological principles. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Describe the role of pharmaceutical agents in optometric practice 2. Understand the mechanisms and actions of ocular drugs and general principles of pathology 3. Apply the information to the analysis of case studies. Exercise judgment to select appropriate pharmaceutical agents in optometric practice 4. Use computer simulations to demonstrate key pharmacological principles 5. Prepare a report of a case study Booklist: A. Anatomy and Physiology, 3 rd Edition Seely, Stephens and Tate (1995), Mosby Year Book A Medical Pharmacology at a glance, 4 th Edition, Neal M J (2002), Blackwell A Pathology, Bass & du Boulay (1997) Churchill Livingstone A O Connor Davies Ophthalmic Drugs, Hopkins & Pearson, 4 th Edition A Drugs, Medications and the Eye, Doughty (1996) General pharmacology (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2021 Pre-requisites: OPTM 1021 and OPTM 1022 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus General principles of pharmacology and Toxicity, Autocoid agents and antagonist, Drugs affecting the respiratory system, Gastrointestinal agents, Antimicrobial agents, Antiviral and Antinoeplastic agents. Immunopharmacological agents, Anti-inflammatory agents, General and Local Anesthetics, major drugs acting on the endocrine system, major drugs acting on the kidney, Toxicology, drugs use and metabolism in pregnancy and breast feeding. Autonomic pharmacology. Selected examples of pathology in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. General pharmaceutical term, drug nomenclature and related prescription writing. 15

16 Ocular Pharmacology (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2022 Pre-requisites : OPTM 1021 and OPTM 1022 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus Pharmacology of the major classes of ocular drugs. Processes of general pathology. Diagnostic stains, drugs used in diagnostics and therapeutics. Ocular drugs and contact lens solutions used in primary optometric care. The laws pertaining to the supply and use of ocular drugs. General Area of Study: Ocular Pathology and Immunology (3 Credits) Objectives To introduce the student to specific types of ocular pathology commonly encountered in optometric practice- the signs, symptoms, pathophysiology and management and give the student an adequate understanding of immune and inflammatory responses. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate familiarity with the principal abnormal ocular conditions encountered in optometric practice- their signs and symptoms, pathophysiology and clinical appearance 2. Understand the optometrist s role in the diagnosis and management of such patients 3. Describe immune and inflammatory responses Booklist A. Clinical Ophthalmology, Kanski (1999), Butterworth Heinemann, London A. Medical and Nursing Dictionary (1994), Mosby, St. Louis 16

17 Course: Ocular Pathology and Immunology ( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2042 Pre-requisites: OPTM 1021 and OPTM 1022 Co-requisites : None Outline Syllabus Ocular Pathology: This course brings the student to the facts regarding diseases of the eye, including congenital acquired deformities. The lectures are presented in good details to give the student a well-rounded understanding of the basic causes, symptoms and signs, pathology, prognosis, treatment and prevention of the eye diseases the Optometrist is likely to meet. Included under the course diffuse diseases of the eye-and sequelae; diseases and abnormalities of the external eye and. adnexa, conjunctiva, cornea, sclera, uveal tract, lens, vitreous, glaucoma, orbit, trauma and ocular emergencies. Primary open angle glaucoma; aetiology of cataract; microbial conjunctivitis, diabetic eye disease; arteriosclerotic/hypertensive retinopathy, age-related maculopathy, anterior uveitis, wet and dry eyes, abnormal eye movements; the differential diagnosis of red eye. Immunology -Antigens, antibodies, T-cells, B-cells, cytokines, hypersensitivity, tolerance, transplantation and graft rejections (mechanism) autoimmunity, Tumor immunology and Immunological tests. General area of study : Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing(3 Credits) Objectives: Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Describe advanced types of ophthalmic lenses, including multifocal and aspheric lenses. Describe advanced optical characteristics of ophthalmic lenses. Analyze patient requirements in ophthalmic lens dispensing and apply their knowledge of ophthalmic lenses to select appropriate appliances. Describe the information gained from measurements of optical appliances Refine the ability to take accurate and repeatable measurements and record these in a clear and concise manner. Demonstrate an ability to handle data accurately and confidently. Refine problem-solving skills. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of advanced types of ophthalmic lenses, including multifocal and aspheric lenses 2. Understand advanced optical characteristics of ophthalmic lenses 3. Analyze patient requirements in ophthalmic lens dispensing and apply their knowledge of ophthalmic to select appropriate appliances 4. Use instruments to determine lens power 17

18 5. Refine the ability to take accurate and repeatable measurements and record these in a clear concise manner Develop clinical problem solving skills Booklist: A. Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing, Jalie (1999), Butterworth- Heinemann, ISBN B. Spectacle Lenses: Theory and Practice, Fowler and Lathan Petre (2001). Butterworth- Heinemann, ISBN Course:Ophthalmic lenses and Dispensing: (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2072 Pre-requisites :OPTM 1041 and OPTM 1042 Co-requisites :None Outline Syllabus: Bifocal, trifocal and multifocal lenses. Review of thick lens theory as applied to moderate to high power prescriptions. Best form lens theory. Near vision effectivity in spherical and astigmatic prescriptions. Trial case lenses. Aspheric lenses. Tints and coatings. Frame materials. Practical Coursework -40% General Area of study: Visual and Ocular Assessment- Techniques and Instrumentation ( 3 Credits) Objectives: Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Analyse the design of ophthalmic instruments. Explain the role of instrumentation in detection of ocular disease and abnormality. Describe the principal abnormal ocular conditions encountered in optometric practice - their signs, symptoms, pathophysiology and clinical appearance. Describe the information gained from the use of commonly-used ophthalmic instruments. Analyze clinical information from ophthalmic instruments and formulate appropriate tentative diagnoses regarding the principal ocular disease. Analyze clinical information regarding the principal ocular disease and formulate appropriate management plans. 18

19 Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1) Analyze the design of ophthalmic instruments 2) Demonstrate the understanding of the role of ophthalmic instrumentation in the detection of ocular diseases and abnormalities 3) Use ophthalmic instruments in routine contact lens practice 4) Analyze results from instrument use and recognize ocular abnormality and pathology 5) Begin to develop practitioner communication skills 6) Work together in small teams or with a partner Booklist A. Clinical procedures in Primary Eye Care, Elliot D B (ed) 92003)Butterworth - Heinemann B. Clinical Procedures in Optometry, Eskridge, Amos & Bartlett (1991), J.B. Lippincott B. Optometry. Edwards & Llewellyn (1988), Butterworths B Optometric Instrumentation, Henson (1996) Butterworth - Heinemann Course:Visual and Ocular Assessment- Techniques and Instrumentation ( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2031 Pre-requisites : 1031 and OPTM 1032 Co- requisites :None Outline Syllabus: Slit lamp biomicroscopy, conjunctivitis and uveitis, differential diagnosis of the red eye, wet and dry eyes, contrast sensitivity, glare testing, potential vision tests, age-related cataract, tonometry (contact and non-contact), visual field examination, gonioscopy, primary open-angle glaucoma, Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, Fundus Camera,, Visual Field Analyzers, Retinoscopy, Lensometry, Phoropter / Trial lens set. new imaging technology, diabetic eye disease, arteriosclerotic/hypertensive retinopathy, photostress recovery time, age-related maculopathy, clinical colour vision, VEP/ERG, congenital and juvenile ocular disease and abnormality. Practical Clinical Sessions: 19

20 Lab orientation. Direct Ophthalmoscopy. Model eye retinoscopy. Retinoscopy, visual acuity and mean sphere subjective. Interpupillary distance. Retinoscopy, visual acuity, mean sphere and Jackson cross-cyl. Retinoscopy, visual acuity, mean sphere and Fan & Block. Accommodation. Putting it all together. General Area of study: Assessment of Binocular Vision (3 Credits) Objectives: To enable students to develop an understanding of the importance of binocular vision in its relationship to refractive procedures with particular reference to the analysis and management of heterophorias. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: Demonstrate a basic knowledge of normal binocular vision Understand anomalies of visual development Diagnose heterotropia and heterophoria Perform tasks necessary to investigate binocular performance and analyze the results Booklist: A. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care, Elliot DB (ed)(1997), Butterworth- Heinemann B. Pickwell s Binocular vision Anomalies, Evans, 4 th Edition B Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility: theory and Management of Strabismus, Gunter K von Noorden, CV Mosby Company B. Diagnosis and management of ocular motility disorders. Mein J and Harcourt B Course: Assessment of Binocular Vision (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2061 Prerequisites : OPTM 1051 and OPTM 1052 Co- requisites: None Outline Syllabus Spatial localization. Development of binocular vision. The vergence system. Classification of ocular deviations. Measurement of heterophoria. The AC/A ratio. Measurement of convergence. Fixation disparity. The Mallett units. Prism adaptation. Ocular motility; Stereoscopic Vision; Clinical Assessment of Stereopsis; Anisometropia & Aniseikonia; Heterophoria: Investigation and Evaluation; Horizontal Deviations; Vertical Deviations; Accommodation Anomalies; Treatment Theories; Management of Heterophoria. 20

21 General Area of study: Physiology of Vision and Perception II ( 3 Credits) Objectives: To provide an overview of methods for studying visual perception To encourage students to analyse major areas of progress and recent developments in understanding visual perception To provide a framework for understanding the design of clinical tests of vision. Leaning outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: 1) Describe different methods for studying visual perception. 2) Explain the essential principles in visual psychophysics, limited of vision, binocular and colour perception and active vision (search and attention). 3) Explain the psychophysical principles underlying the design of some clinical tests of visual function. 4) Demonstrate competency in the use of PC spreadsheet software. Booklist: B Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology, Palmer S E (1999), MIT Press B Perception ( 3 rd Edition), Sekuler R& Blake R (1994), McGraw Hill B Visual Perception: Physiology, Psychology and Ecology 3 rd Edition) Bruce V, Green P. R.& Georgeson M A (1996), Erlbaum (UK), Taylor and Francis Ltd. Course: Physiology of vision and perception II ( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2051 Pre-requisites : OPTM 1051 and OPTM 1052 Co requisites : None Outline Syllabus: Methods for studying visual perception - an introduction. Visual psychophysics - stimuli, responses and procedures. The limits of vision - detection and discrimination. Binocular vision - fusion, rivalry and sensitivity. Binocular vision - disparity, stereopsis and space perception. Visual processing - receptive fields, channels and streams. Colour perception - normal and abnormal. Visual search and attention. Visual ergonomics: Visual tasks and standards. 21

22 General area of study: Contact Lens Practice I( 3 Credits) Objectives To stimulate an understanding of the optics of contact lenses. To consider the requirements and techniques for surface design, the fitting principles and the consequences of contact lens wear Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Explain the basic principles of contact lens fitting. Explain safety and hygiene issues related to handling contact lenses. Analyze the clinical information gained from initial contact lens fittings. Develop abilities in trigonometry and algebra. Use computer programs to solve lengthy calculations. Work together in small teams or with a partner. Develop practitioner communication skills. Refine problem-solving skills. Booklist A. Contact Lens Optics, Douthwaite W A B. Contact Lenses, Phillips and Stone, 4 th Edition B Contact Lens Manual, Gasson and Morris B Contact Lens Complications, Effron N. B. Contact Lens A Z, Effron N B. The contact Lens Manual A practical fitting guide. Gasson A and Morris J. (fbdo text). Course: Contact Lens Practice 1(3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2082 Pre- requisites : OPTM 1041 and OPTM 1042 Co-requisites : None Outline Syllabus: The principles involved in correcting the eye with a contact lens are considered in relation to factors like lens power magnification, accommodative effort, effects on binocular vision. Thick lens theory is used to illustrate how contact lenses are used to correct both spherical and astigmatic corrections. The back surface geometry of modern contact lens designs in considered in order to illustrate the fitting relationship between the contact lens and the cornea. The short and long term consequences of contact lens wear on the anatomy and physiology of the anterior eye are considered. Practical classes are conducted in contact lens fitting principles 22

23 One 2 hr. exam at end of module- 60% General area of study: Clinical Optometry and Communication Skills Objectives: To enable the students to execute clinical examinations, exercise diagnostic skills and apply clinical judgment in the field of optometry Learning outcomes Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Describe the different component parts that make up an eye examination. Analyze these component parts. Describe how to communicate effectively with a patient. Analyze case history information from patients with a variety of problems and identify missing elements. Critically appraise communication skills used within an eye examination. Analyse clinical information and formulate appropriate correspondence to another health professional. Begin to communicate effectively with people in a clinical setting. Begin to develop clinical problem-solving skills. Booklist: A. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care. Elliot D B (ed) (2003), Butterworth Heinemann B. The Ocular Examination : Measurement and Findings, Zadnik (ed) (1997), W. B. Saunders B Borish s Clinical Refraction, Benjamin W J(ed) (1997), W.B. Saunders B Diagnosis and Management in Vision Care, Amos J F (ed) (1987), Butterworths B Clinical Decision Making in Optometry, Ettinger & Rouse (eds) (1997), Butterworth-Heinemann. B Professional Communications in Eye Care, Ettinger E R. (1994), Butterworth - Heinemann Course: Clinical Optometry and Communication Skills ( 6 Credits) Semesters 1 and 2 CODE: OPTM 2011 Pre-requisites: OPTM 1031 and OPTM 1032 Co-requisites : None Outline Syllabus: 23

24 Introduction to Phoropters. Binocular Balancing. Case History. Pupil Assessment. Differential Diagnosis (distance/near vision blur, sudden visual loss, diplopia, headache). Near VA. Presbyopia & Near Refraction. Examining the Elderly Patient. Professional communication skills. The patient-oriented interview. Listening skills. Nonverbal communication. Delivering bad news. Building patient rapport. Building patient compliance. Patient education Staff communications. Clinical diagnosis and Bayes theorem. Prescribing and counseling. Clinical Assessment at the end of Semester 1 20% Clinical Assessment at the end of Semester 2-20% Practical Clinical Sessions: Direct ophthalmoscopy refresher. Using a Phoropter. Binocular Balancing. Case History taking. Pupil Assessment. Case histories, refraction and ophthalmoscopy. Clinical assessments. Then: Alternate between full and complete examination of volunteer patients in the Eye Clinic and practicing basic optometric techniques. Case history using a variety of 'mock' patients. Volunteer patient examinations to concentrate on case history taking and communication skills. Videotape of full eye examination for subsequent critical appraisal of communication skills. General Area of study: Clinical Methodology and Statistics (3 Credits) Objectives: To illustrate the importance of measurement and decision making in clinical visual science To introduce statistical methods of analysis and their clinical and experimental application Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Apply statistics to clinical experimental data analysis. Analyze clinical data. Assess the usefulness of clinical tests and procedures, using the results of statistical analysis. Undertake descriptive graphical and statistical summaries of research data and other statistical analyses. 24

25 Booklist: A. How to Think about statistics, J.L. Phillips, 6 th Edition (2000), Freeman New, York B. Beginning Statistics (Schaum Outlines), L.J. Stephens (1998), McGraw Hill Course: Clinical Methodology and Statistics ( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2092 Pre-requisites :None Co-requisites :None Outline Syllabus: Defining basic concepts. Description: Data, graphs and summary statistics. Probability and distribution - basic principles. Estimation of population means and proportions - confidence intervals, normal and T-distributions. Differences - introduction to hypothesis tests. Associations - correlation and regression. Clinical measurement - measurement error; precision and reliability. Basic epidemiology - indices, study types, odds and risks, randomized controlled trials. Detecting disease - normal or abnormal? Clinical screening - sensitivity, specificity, ROC analysis. Monitoring disease - detecting change. General Area of Study: Low Vision and Ageing (3 Credits) Objectives To stimulate an understanding of ocular and systemic changes which occur with ageing, particularly in relation to the people with low vision. To provide sufficient knowledge to allow students to prescribe simple low vision aids. 25

26 Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: Understand the physiological and pathological changes with ageing Analyse the needs and of and provide appropriate devices to patients with partial sight and blindness Prescribe various low vision aids Develop an understanding and empathy with the elderly and partially sighted. Booklist: A. Low vision Principles and Practices. Christine Dickinson (Butterworth Heinemann). A. Management and Practices of low visual acuity. Albert T. Dowie B. Windows to the world of the blind. Jennifer Dulat (TTBWA) B. The Braille Manual. Jennifer Dulat (TTBWA) Course: Low Vision and Ageing( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 2102 Pre- requisites: OPTM 1031 and OPTM 1032 Co-requisites : None Outline Syllabus: Physiology and pathological changes with ageing, ocular and vision changes in the normal and in the visually handicapped patient. Physiological aspects of ageing and low vision. Clinical assessment of low vision. Prescribing low vision aids. Low vision prescribing in private practice. The multidisciplinary nature of low vision rehabilitation. 26

27 Year 3 Optometry General area of study: Abnormal Ocular Conditions (6 credits) Objectives To stimulate knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology, clinical features and associated pathology of abnormal ocular and systemic conditions encountered in general optometric practice. To enable students to appreciate the role of the optometrist in the detection, diagnosis, management and treatment of patients with disorders affecting the eye, periocular structures and visual system. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the frequency, pathophysiology and appearance of abnormal ocular conditions affecting the eye and visual pathway. 2. Provide a provisional clinical diagnosis from the signs, symptoms and history of the patient 3. Select the additional tests which may be used to refine the diagnosis 4. Specify the appropriate treatment 5. Advise on the management of the patient. Booklist A. Clinical Ophthalmology, Kanski (1999), Butterworth Heinemann, London A. Medical and Nursing Dictionary (1994), Mosby, St. Louis Course: Ocular & Systemic Disease I (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 3011 Pre-requisites; OPTM 1011, OPTM 1012, OPTM 1021, OPTM 1022, OPTM 2021, OPTM 2022, OPTM 2031, OPTM 2042 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus: Disease. Diabetic Eye Disease. Disorders of the crystalline lens. The glaucoma. Macular disease. Vitreoretinal disease. Retinal vascular disease. Disorders of the lacrimal system. 27

28 Disorders of the conjunctiva. Disorders of the cornea. Disorders of the sclera and espisclera. Course: Ocular and Systemic Disease II( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 3012 Pre-requisites; OPTM 1011, OPTM 1012, OPTM 1021, OPTM 1022, OPTM 2021, OPTM 2022, OPTM 2031, OPTM 2042 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus: Disorders of the eyelids and eyelashes. Uvea and uveitis. Neuro-ophthalmology. Orbital disease. Ocular oncology. Ocular trauma. Anterior Chamber, Angle structure and Abnormal IOP. Peripheral fundus/vitreous, Optic Nerve disorders. Systemic disease and the eye. Red eye. Genetic eye disease. Congenital and inherited ocular disease. Clinical Application. General area of study: General Clinical Practice( 6 Credits, 2 Semesters) Objectives To provide a structure that allows the student to deal safely, accurately, efficiently and courteously with patients who present for examination in a general optometric practice or clinic and to dispense, if required, a suitable optical prescription. (Emphasis is placed on the routine optometric examination and the detection of Pathology). Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the variety of problems encountered during an eye examination when dispensing spectacles 2. Perform an eye examination on real patients and dispense spectacles 3. Communicate with patients to a professional standard 4. Monitor own clinical performance through clinical logbook 5. Exercise appropriate judgment in patient management 6. Demonstrate problem solving skills in relatively complex clinical cases 28

29 Booklist; A. Clinical procedures in Primary Eye Care, Elliot D B (ed) (2003), Butterworth Heinemann B. Visual Fields, Henson D B (1993), Oxford University Press B. The Ocular Examination, Measurements and Findings, Zadnick K (ed) (1997), W. B. Saunders B. Diagnosis and Management in Vision Care, Amos J F (ed) (1987), Butterworth s B. Clinical procedures in Optometry, Eskridge J B, Amos J F & Bartlett (eds) (1991), J B Lippincott B. Borish s Clinical Refraction, Benjamin W B (ed) (1998). W B Saunders B. Atlas of Peripheral Ocular Fundus, Jones W J & Reidy R W (1985), Butterworth- Heinemann B. Spectacle Frames and their Dispensing, Obstfeldt (1997), W B Saunders B. Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, Kanski J J (1999), 4 th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann Course: General Clinical Practice: (6 Credits- Two semesters) CODE : OPTM 3021 Pre-requisites : OPTM 2031 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus: Particular attention is paid to patient/practitioner interaction, clinical decision-making, differential diagnosis, case analysis and difficulties in prescribing and counseling. General Clinical and Dispensing Station Examinations- 60% Submission of case Records/ Log books 20% Two (2) Clinical Diagnosis and recognition Coursework Examinations -20% Course Title: Advanced Clinical Practice ; Two semesters( 6 Credits) Objectives: To provide students with clinical practice in certain specialist areas of optometry. To act as an introduction to the pre-registration year. To address management options, training methods and strategies of maximizing visual performance. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Appreciate the normal and abnormal human visual system 2. Demonstrate knowledge of the variety of problems and solutions encountered in specialist optometry clinics 3. Perform specialist eye examinations in binocular vision and contact lenses 29

30 4. Exercise appropriate judgment in dealing with routine problems in the areas of contact lens fitting and binocular vision anomalies 5. Evaluate patients problems and give appropriate advice to the visually impaired patient 6. Communicate with patients to a professional standard 7. Monitor own clinical performance through clinical log book 8. Exercise appropriate judgment in patient management 9. Demonstrate problem solving skills in relatively complex clinical cases. Booklist: A. Binocular Vision Anomalies, Pickwell L D, Butterworth s A. Clinical Ophthalmology, Kanski J, Butterworth s A. Contact Lens Optica, Douthwaite W A B. Contact Lens, Phillips and Stone, 4 th Edition B. Contact Lens Manual, Gasson & Morris B. Primary Low Vision Care, Nowakowski R W (1994). Appleton & Lange, Connecticut B. Contact Lens Complications, Efron N. Course: Advanced Clinical practice I (6 credits) Two semesters CODE : OPTM 3031 Pre-requisites: OPTM 1012, OPTM 2031, OPTM 2042, OPTM 2061, OPTM 2082 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus: Binocular Vision and Orthoptics The description, classification and evaluation of binocular vision anomalies. Taking a good case history. Communication and clinical approaches with children. The practical management of heterophoria and strabismus. Contact Lens Practice Prospective contact lens patients will be assessed for suitability. Suitable patients will be fitted with the most appropriate type of lenses. Existing wearers will be given full aftercare checks. Visual Impairment Full case records will be taken. Ocular Pathology Experience of ocular abnormality and pathology gained from patient material provided for the hospital visits. Clinical Assessment Station Examinations and case record submissions in binocular vision, - 30% Clinical Assessment Station Examinations and case record submission in contact lens practice 30 % 30

31 Two (2) Clinical Diagnosis and recognition Coursework Examinations,one per semester, -20% x 2 (40%) General area of study: Visual Ergonomics (3 Credits) Objectives: To provide a grounding in the subject matter covered by the occupational optometry section of the professional qualifying examinations-. To provide a frame of reference the student can use to consider the occupational and environmental visual needs of patients. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Describe the prevalence of ocular injuries, and how those arise. 2. Critically evaluate the ocular hazards in an environment 3. Exercise appropriate judgment in designing interior lighting installations 4. Measure, assess for quality describe lighting 5. Analyze the visual and environmental factors that influence visual efficiency 6. Analyze and critically evaluate visual tasks and implement visual screening Programs 7. Synthesize and utilize visual standards for a wide variety of occupations and tasks. 8. Exercise appropriate judgment concerning, and give suitable advice on, the means of controlling for visual hazards, and how statutory instruments affect the implementation of those means of control Booklist: A. Work and the Eye, 2 nd Edition, North R V (2001), London, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN X B. Health and safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations< London, HMSO. ISBN B. Visual Ergonomics in the Workplace, Anshel J (1998), London, Taylor & Francis, ISBN B. Lighting and Occupational Optometry, Smith N A (1999), Leeds,H and H Scientific Consultants, ISBN X C. Environmental Vision: Interaction of Eye, Vision and the Environment, Pitts D G & Kleinstein R N (1993), Boston, Butterworth- Heinemann. ISBN C. Sports Vision, Loran D F C & MACEwan C J (1995), Oxford, Butterworth- Heinemann, London. ISBN

32 Course: Visual Ergonomics (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 3041 Pre-requisites: OPTM 1012, OPTM 2031, OPTM 2042, OPTM 2051, OPTM 2082 CO-requisites: None Outline Syllabus: Illumination Studies: Photometric definitions and units. Light sources and measurement. Illumination of the optometric examination. Interior lighting design.. Industrial, commercial, domestic and street lighting. Directional effects of lighting. Luminaries. The Munsell colour system, Colour coding Visual Tasks and Standards: Effect of variation in characteristics of the visual task and environment on visual efficiency. Visual task analysis. Principles of screening for diseases. Visual screening of children. Industrial vision screening. Visual assessment for employment. Vision and driving. Visual standards for industry, public service military and police operations. Ocular Hazards and their Control.: Prevalance of accidents involving the eye. Quantifying visual impairment. Effects of visible, ultra-violet and infra-red radiation on the eye. Eye protection and safety equipment. OSHA Act (T&T). Protection of Eyes Regulations. General Area of study: Binocular Vision and Orthoptics ( 3 Credits) Objectives: To consolidate and extend the student s understanding of the normal and abnormal development of binocular vision, and to enable students to apply this understanding in the clinical evaluation and management of patients with binocular vision dysfunction. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Understand the basis principles of normal development of binocular vision 2. Demonstrate knowledge of the incidence and demographics of binocular vision anomalies 3. Identify and classify anomalies of binocular vision 4. Clinically assess and evaluate binocular vision function 5. Show awareness of binocular visual function 6. Show awareness of management options for patient care 7. Critically review new information, concepts and evidence from from a wide range of sources. 32

33 Booklist: A. Pickwell s Binocular Vision Anomalies, Evans, 4 th Edition B. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders,Mein J & Trimble R, 2 nd Edition B. Orthoptic Assessment and Management, Stidwell D, Blackwell Publications. Course: Binocular Vision and Orthoptics ( 3 credits) CODE : OPTM 3051 Prerequisites: OPTM 2061 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus: The development of normal binocular vision and the consequences of its abnormal development. The nature, investigation and management of motor and sensory adaptations to squint. Classification and management of concomitant strabismus and its optometric management. Introduction to nystagmus and neuro-ophthalmology. Pediatric optometry: managing the child patient, children s tests. General area of study: Contact Lens Practice II ( 3 Credits) Objectives: To enable students to consolidate and extend their knowledge and understanding of all aspects of modern contact lens private practice, with particular emphasis on dealing with straightforward patients and uncomplicated contact lens specifications. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the specialized aspects of contact lens fitting and contact lens wear 2. Demonstrate knowledge of the ocular consequences of contact lens wear and demonstrate the ability to deal with undesirable changes. 3. Evaluate and supply appliances for routine contact lens patients and monitor patients wearing contact lenses. 4. Demonstrate problem-solving skills in relatively complex clinical cases. Booklist: A. Contact Lenses, Phillips and Stone, 4 th Edition A. Contact Lens Optics and Lens design, Douthwaite W A A. The Contact Lens Manual, Gasson A and Morris J B. Contact Lens Complications, Efron N. 33

34 Course: Contact Lens Practice II (3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 3061 Pre-requisites: OPTM 2082 Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus: The process of assessing the suitability of any prospective patient for contact lenses is considered with reference to the possible anatomical and physiological changes induced by contact lens wear. The procedures adopted in fitting lenses along with techniques required for adequate aftercare are covered. The different lens types, materials and designs are compared, particularly in relation to the advantage or disadvantage of the wearer. The short- and long-term consequences of contact lens wear are considered, with particular emphasis on the ocular response to the wearing of the various lens types. The added complication of RGP, toric, bifocal and multifocal contact lenses is also covered General area of study: Law and Optometric Management ( 3 Credits) Objectives: To stimulate an understanding of the structure of the profession of optometry, the laws and standards governing the optometrist. To provide the management and business skills required to run a successful optometric practice Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge of the development and structure of the profession of optometry; the skills involved and requirements of running a successful business; the legal restrictions of affecting practice as an optometrist 2. Demonstrate practical skills in some elements of running an optical practice. 3. Critically review new information, concepts and evidence from a range of sources. Booklist: A. Business Awareness for Optometrists, Hirji (1999), Butterworth-Heinemann B. Law and Management in Optometric Practice, Taylor and Austen (1993),Butterworth Heinemann, London B. The Opticians Act (T&T) B. Business Law, Doughty, Holmes & Kelly, Letts 34

35 Course: Law and Optometric Management ( 3 Credits) CODE : OPTM 3072 Pre-requisites: None Co-requisites: None Outline Syllabus An overview of the development of the profession of optometry and the current state of the optical market. An introduction to setting up a practice and the key elements in running a successful business including a business plan, marketing strategy, effective communication and basic accounting. An introduction to Trinidad and Tobago law, particularly the laws of contract, tort and negligence and the way they impact optometrists. A detailed look at Opticians Act and other legislation regulating the profession, the professional bodies and professional standards and the rules regarding disciplinary action. Optometry within the National Health Service/ Regional Health Authorities and the current and future roles of Optometry in provision of health care. The course will also include details on referral and case record keeping, employment law vocational vision standards and safety spectacle requirements. Visual ergonomics: Ocular hazards and control. One 2 hr. at end of module- 80% General area of study: Research Project (6 Credits- Two semesters) Objectives To increase awareness of the latest scientific advances in optometry and vision science and to provide students with experience in data collection and analysis. To provide students with the experience of conducting an original piece of experimental research or compiling a thorough dissertation in a specific subject area. To give students the opportunity to learn about information retrieval. Learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of this module the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate awareness of scientific research in optometry and vision science 2. Data acquisition and analysis 3. Gather and collate information 4. Critically review new information, concepts and evidence from a range of sources. 5. Critically evaluate research findings 6. Present methods, results and discussion of scientific work clearly and correctly 35

36 Course: Research Project ( 6 Credits) CODE : OPTM 3082 Pre-requisites: None Co-requisites : None Outline Syllabus: Initial lectures will explain to the students what is required of them in this module. These lectures will clarify the required format for the research report/dissertation; cover basic research methodology and outline suitable routes for information retrieval. Students will then either be allotted or asked to choose from research projects/dissertation titles forwarded by individual members of staff. Once members of staff have been allocated students, they will convey information relevant to the students needs by use of seminar or personal tuition or directed reading. Students should collate and study works relevant to their own research area throughout the semester. Students involved in research projects should carry out pilot experiments to ensure project viability. In the case of Research Projects, students will be introduced to experimental techniques and analysis of the data obtained. Findings will be compiled in an appropriate scientific style including Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. For dissertations, a comprehensive literature survey will be conducted. A summary and critical analysis of previous research in the relevant subject area will be undertaken. 100%, ,000 word research report or dissertation to be submitted no later than week 12 of Semester 2. Year 4 OPTOMETRY OBJECTIVES Year 4 shall consist of twelve (12) continuous months of clinical work aimed at honing in the skills, developing the professionalism and enabling the pre-registrant to be fully seized of ethics required of the Optometrist. LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of the Pre-registration Year, the student will be fully seized of the professional and ethical aspects of the optometry profession and shall have the scientific and clinical competence to deal with all primary eye care problems that are legally under the purview of the optometry profession in the Caribbean region and in addition will have the capacity to be trained to function anywhere in the international/ global environment. CLINICAL EXPERIENCE Clinical experience will be obtained via three methods: Walk-in clinic of the Optometry Department Eye clinics in the public hospital environment 36

37 Private eye clinics where adequate supervision is guaranteed. AREAS OF EXPERTISE TO BE ENHANCED 1. Refraction 2. Binocular vision and Orthoptics 3. Low vision 4. Contact lens 5. Ocular Pharmacology 6. Investigative Techniques 7. Cycloplegics 8. Ocular and Systemic related pathology 9. Observation of surgical procedures 10. Case records 11. Dispensing 12. Occupational Health and Safety 13. Jurisprudence and ethical considerations 14. Business practice 15. Communications OTHER WORK In addition to the Clinical work there shall be special lectures aimed at assisting the student in preparing for registration examinations. MODE OF ASSESSMENT CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT ( 50%) Competency based continuous workplace assessments in all areas of expertise (20%) Log book (10%) Monthly quizzes (20%) 37

38 FINAL ASSESSMENT (50 %) The final examination shall consist of four sections, all of which must be passed: Clinical Science,the profession, law and communications (2 three hour papers) Diagnosis and Management (1 three hour paper) Skills Testing. Candidates will be required to demonstrate their skills at a number of stations Patient examination in a clinical setting. The candidate will do a full examination of four (8) patients and must pass a minimum of seven (7) out of the 8 full patient examinations. CONSOLIDATED BOOKLIST YEAR 1 Book List(OPTM 1011, OPTM 1012) B. Introduction to the Human Body, 5 th Edition. Tortora G J & Grabowski, S R, Wiley, USA ISBN: X B. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, (International Edition), Martini FH & Bartholomew EF (1997) or A. Anatomy & Physiology 3 rd Edition, Seeley, Stephens & Tate (1995) Mosby Year Book Booklist (OPTM 1062) A. Core text: Biochemistry, 3 rd Edition, Campbell M A. Advanced text: Biochemistry, 4 th Edition, Stryer L Booklist (OPTM 1021, OPTM 1022) A. Clinical Anatomy of the eye, 2 nd Edition, Snell and Lemp (1998). ISBN X 38

39 B. Wolf s Anatomy of the eye and Orbit. 8 th Edition, Bron, Tripathi& Tripathi (1997). ISBN 0-4` B. Ocular anatomy and histology. Pipi D M and Rapley L J (fbdo text) B. Ophthmology Fritz Hollwich adapted by Frederick Blodi, Publ. Thieme Inc. Booklist ( OPTM 1031, OPTM 1032) A. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eyecare, Elliot (Ed) 2003, Butterworth-Heinemann B. Clinical Visual Optics, Bennett and Rabbetts (1997), 3 rd Edition, Butterworth- Heinemann B Introduction to Visual Optics, Tunnacliffe A H (1993), A.B.D.O., London B The Ocular examination, Zadnik (ed) 1997, W. B. Saunders B. Practice of Refraction. Duke Elder. Abrams Booklist (OPTM1041,OPTM 1042) A Introduction to Visual Optics, Tunacliffe A.H. (1993). A.B.D.O. London B Visual Optics, Emsley, H.H. (1953) Butterworth B The Eye and Visual Optical Instruments., Smith G and Aitchison D A B Optics, Fincham W H A and Freeman M H (1980) Butterworth, London B Clinical Visual Optics, 3 rd Edition, Bennett A G and Rabbetts R B (1997), Butterworth- Heinemann Booklist (OPTM 1051, OPTM 1052) A. Sekuler R and Blake R (2002) Perception 4 th Edition New York, McGraw Hill ISBN B. Palmer PE. Vision science, London,MIT Press, ISBN YEAR 2 Booklist : OPTM 2021, OPTM 2022 A. Anatomy and Physiology, 3 rd Edition Seely, Stephens and Tate (1995), Mosby Year Book A Medical Pharmacology at a glance, 4 th Edition, Neal M J (2002), Blackwell A Pathology, Bass & du Boulay (1997) Churchill Livingstone A O Connor Davies Ophthalmic Drugs, Hopkins & Pearson, 4 th Edition A Drugs, Medications and the Eye, Doughty (1996) Booklist OPTM 2042) A. Clinical Ophthalmology, Kanski (1999), Butterworth Heinemann, London 39

40 A. Medical and Nursing Dictionary (1994), Mosby, St. Louis Booklist: OPTM 2072 A. Ophthalmic Lenses and Dispensing, Jalie (1999), Butterworth- Heinemann, ISBN B. Spectacle Lenses: Theory and Practice, Fowler and Lathan Petre (2001). Butterworth- Heinemann, ISBN Booklist OPTM 2031 A. Clinical procedures in Primary Eye Care, Elliot D B (ed) 92003)Butterworth - Heinemann B. Clinical Procedures in Optometry, Eskridge, Amos & Bartlett (1991), J.B. Lippincott. B. Optometry. Edwards & Llewellyn (1988), Butterworths B. Optometric Instrumentation, Henson (1996) Butterworth - Heinemann Booklist: OPTM 2061 A: Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care, Elliot DB (ed)(1997), Butterworth- Heinemann B. Pickwell s Binocular visionanomalies, Evans, 4 th Edition B. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility: theory and Management of Strabismus, Gunter K von Noorden, CV Mosby Company B. Diagnosis and management of ocular motility disorders. Mein J and Harcourt B Booklist: OPTM 2051 B Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology, Palmer S E (1999), MIT Press B Perception ( 3 rd Edition), Sekuler R& Blake R (1994), McGraw Hill B Visual Perception: Physiology, Psychology and Ecology 3 rd Edition) Bruce V, Green P. R.& Georgeson M A (1996), Erlbaum (UK), Taylor and Francis Ltd. Booklist: OPTM 2082 A. Contact Lens Optics, Douthwaite W A B. Contact Lenses, Phillips and Stone, 4 th Edition B Contact Lens Manual, Gasson and Morris B Contact Lens Complications, Efron N. B. Contact Lens A Z, Effron N B. The contact Lens Manual A practical fitting guide. Gasson A and Morris J. (fbdo text). Booklist: OPTM 2011 (Two semesters) 40

41 A. Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care. Elliot D B (ed) (2003), Butterworth Heinemann B. The Ocular Examination : Measurement and Findings, Zadnik (ed) (1997), W. B. Saunders B. Borish s Clinical Refraction, Benjamin W J(ed) (1997), W.B. Saunders B Diagnosis and Management in Vision Care, Amos J F (ed) (1987), Butterworths B Clinical Decision Making in Optometry, Ettinger & Rouse (eds) (1997), Butterworth- Heinemann. B Professional Communications in Eye Care, Ettinger E R. (1994), Butterworth - Heinemann Booklist: OPTM 2092 A. How to Think about statistics, J.L. Phillips, 6 th Edition (2000), Freeman New, York B. Beginning Statistics (Schaum Outlines), L.J. Stephens (1998), McGraw Hill Booklist: OPTM 2102 A. Low vision Principles and Practices. Christine Dickinson (Butterworth Heinemann). B. Management and Practices of low visual acuity. Albert T. Dowie C. Windows to the world of the blind. Jennifer Dulat (TTBWA) B. The Braille Manual. Jennifer Dulat (TTBWA) YEAR 3 Booklist: OPTM 3011, OPTM 3012 A. Clinical Ophthalmology, Kanski (1999), Butterworth Heinemann, London A. Medical and Nursing Dictionary (1994), Mosby, St. Louis Booklist: OPTM 3021 A. Clinical procedures in Primary Eye Care, Elliot D B (ed) (2003), Butterworth Heinemann B. Visual Fields, Henson D B (1993), Oxford University Press B. The Ocular Examination, Measurements and Findings, Zadnick K (ed) (1997), W. B. Saunders B. Diagnosis and Management in Vision Care, Amos J F (ed) (1987), Butterworth s B. Clinical procedures in Optometry, Eskridge J B, Amos J F & Bartlett (eds) (1991), J B Lippincott B. Borish s Clinical Refraction, Benjamin W B (ed) (1998). W B Saunders B. Atlas of Peripheral Ocular Fundus, Jones W J & Reidy R W (1985), Butterworth- Heinemann 41

42 B. Spectacle Frames and their Dispensing, Obstfeldt (1997), W B Saunders B. Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach, Kanski J J (1999), 4 th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann Booklist: OPTM 3031 A. Binocular Vision Anomalies, Pickwell L D, Butterworth s A. Clinical Ophthalmology, Kanski J, Butterworth s A. Contact Lens Optica, Douthwaite W A B. Contact Lens, Phillips and Stone, 4 th Edition B. Contact Lens Manual, Gasson & Morris B. Primary Low Vision Care, Nowakowski R W (1994). Appleton & Lange, Connecticut B. Contact Lens Complications, Efron N. Booklist: OPTM 3041 A. Work and the Eye, 2 nd Edition, North R V (2001), London, Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN X B. Health and safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations< London, HMSO. ISBN B. Visual Ergonomics in the Workplace, Anshel J (1998), London, Taylor & Francis, ISBN B. Lighting and Occupational Optometry, Smith N A (1999), Leeds,H and H Scientific Consultants, ISBN X C. Environmental Vision: Interaction of Eye, Vision and the Environment, Pitts D G & Kleinstein R N (1993), Boston, Butterworth- Heinemann. ISBN C. Sports Vision, Loran D F C & MACEwan C J (1995), Oxford, Butterworth- Heinemann, London. ISBN Booklist: OPTM 3051 A. Pickwell s Binocular Vision Anomalies, Evans, 4 th Edition B. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders,Mein J & Trimble R, 2 nd Edition B. Orthoptic Assessment and Management, Stidwell D, Blackwell Publications. Booklist: OPTM 3061 A. Contact Lenses, Phillips and Stone, 4 th Edition A. Contact Lens Optics and Lens design, Douthwaite W A A. The Contact Lens Manual, Gasson A and Morris J B. Contact Lens Complications, Efron N. Booklist: OPTM 3072 A. Business Awareness for Optometrists, Hirji (1999), Butterworth-Heinemann B. Law and Management in Optometric Practice, Taylor and Austen (1993),Butterworth Heinemann, London B. The Opticians Act (T&T) B. Business Law, Doughty, Holmes & Kelly, Letts 42

43 43