Bats from the islands of the Southwestern Indian Ocean display high Leptospira prevalence and diversity

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1 Bats from the islands of the Southwestern Indian Ocean display high Leptospira prevalence and diversity Erwan Lagadec, Yann Gomard, Steve M. Goodman, Pablo Tortosa and Koussay Dellagi

2 Research Program FEDER Faune Sauvage Océan Indien Objectives - Iventory pathogens associated with wildlife - Identify animal species which can be reservoirs and their associated ectoparasites

3 Leptospirosis (Adolf Weil, 1886) Pathogen: Bacteria (Spirochaetales, Leptospiraceae, Leptospira sp.) Symptoms: 90% Flu-like symptoms 10% Weil s didease

4 Leptospirosis in the world WHO: «Between 0.1 and 1.0 for Hab in temperate zones 10.0 for Hab in humid tropical zones» Pappas et al. 2008

5 Leptospirosis in the world WHO: «Between 0.1 and 1.0 for Hab in temperate zones 10.0 for Hab in humid tropical zones» Pappas et al. 2008

6 Leptospirosis in the Southwest Indian Ocean: The case of La Reunion Island Point épidémiologique N 34 du 11/ CIRE Océan Indien

Leptospirosis in the Southwest Indian Ocean Seychelles 54.0 (1988-2004) Icterohaemorraghiae Hurstbridge Pappas et al. 2008 CIRE Océan Indien 2011 La Réunion 10 (2010) L.

7 Leptospirosis in the Southwest Indian Ocean Seychelles 54.0 ( ) Icterohaemorraghiae Hurstbridge Pappas et al CIRE Océan Indien 2011 La Réunion 10 (2010) L. interrogans Icterohaemorraghiae Comores? Maurice Mayotte 45 (2009) L. borgpetersenii L. kirschneri Mini CIRE Océan Indien 2010 Cervus timorensis russa Tarassovi Pomona Sejroe Mini Roger 2007 com. pers. Madagascar L. interrogans Canicola-Kuwait Raherlinirina and Al Novembre Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Incidence for Hab Genus species Serovar

8 Leptospirosis in the Southwest Indian Ocean Contrasted epidemiology of human leptospira: Incidence Species diversity / Distribution What are the factors governing the distribution of Leptospira in the islands of SWIO? Diversity of the potential reservoirs? Diversity of the environments? Anthropogenic factors?

9 Bats: a potential reservoir Objectives Iventory pathogens associated with wildlife: example of bats associated leptospira Roussetus obliviosus Mormopterus acetabulosus Miniopterus sp. Miniopterus griveaudi

10 Sampling missions Comores Roussetus obliviosus (n=30) Miniopterus griveaudi (n=17) Chaerephon pusillus (n=30) 3 sp. n=77 Madagascar Otomops madagascariensis (n=8) Triaenops furculus (n=1) Triaenops menamena (n=10) Pipistrellus raceyi (n=1) Miniopterus gleni (n=7) Miniopterus mahafaliensis (n=10) Miniopterus griffithsi (n=2) Mormopterus jugularis (n=12) Maurice Mormopterus acetabulosus (n=55) 1 sp. n=55 8 sp. n=51

11 Detection protocol Pools (Kidney Lung Spleen) of bats Detection qrt-pcr probe on 16S rrna + - PCR on 16S rrna Phylogeny Sequencing

12 Prevalence results Bat species Sampled Island N (positive) % Prevalence Otomops madagascariensis Madagascar 8 (1) 12.5 Triaenops furculus Madagascar 1 (1) 100 Triaenops menamena Madagascar 10 (8) 80 Pipistrellus raceyi Madagascar 1 (0) 0 Miniopterus gleni Madagascar 7 (1) 14.3 Miniopterus mahafaliensis Madagascar 10 (3) 30 Mormopterus jugularis Madagascar 12 (2) 16.7 Miniopterus griffithsi Madagascar 2 (1) 50 Total Madagascar 51 (17) 33.3 Roussetus obliviosus Gde Comore 30 (7) 23.3 Miniopterus griveaudi Gde Comore 17 (1) 5.9 Chaerephon pusillus Anjouan 30 (1) 3.3 Total Union of Comoros 77 (9) 11.7 Mormopterus acetabulosus Mauritius 55 (23) 41.8 Total Mauritius 55 (23) 41.8 Total 183 (49) 26.8 Table. Leptospirosis prevalence. N, number of bats tested; (positive), number of bats positives for Leptospira sp.

13 Sequencing results Pathogenic species L. interrogans L. kirschneri L. noguchii L. Weilii L. borgpetersenii L. santarosai Intermediate strains Saprophytic species L. fainei L. meyeri L. biflexa 24 Novembre Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge Cerqueira and al. 2010

14 Sequencing results Pathogenic species Roussetus obliviosus_com L. interrogans Miniopterus mahafaliensis_mada L. borgpetersenii Mormopterus acetabulosus_maurice Mormopterus acetabulosus_maurice Otomops madagascariensis_mada Roussetus obliviosus_com Miniopterus griveaudi_com Intermediate strains Saprophytic species Triaenops menamena_mada 24 Novembre Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge?

15 Discussion Total Leptospirosis prevalence: 26.8% 11/12 bats species positives Diversity and distribution of Leptospira in bats: - At least 3 species of leptospira (14 sequences) - Presence on the 4 islands Level of host/leptospira specificity?

16 Discussion o Bats infected with pathogenic Leptospira o Molossidae tightly associated with humans o Potential role of bats as reservoirs of Leptospira Role of bats in human transmission?

17 Leptospira genotypes from patients in Mayotte 22 patients L. interrogans : 1 case L. borgpetersenii : 14 cases Bourhy and Al. 2010

18 Discussion o Complete the sampling (Réunion, Mayotte, Seychelles) o Compare human and bat Leptospira sequences o Potential role of bats as reservoirs of Leptospira Humans are dead end hosts for Leptospira. Understanding leptospirosis in humans relies on the understanding of the natural cycle of leptospirosis infection in the environment.

19 Thank you for your attention 24 Novembre Journées scientifiques. Run-Emerge

Table 1.1. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of latex agglutination test during the first week of illness

Table 1.1. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of latex agglutination test during the first week of illness LEPTOSPIROSIS Evaluation of indigenously developed leptospira latex agglutination test for diagnosis of Leptospirosis A latex agglutination assay was developed for the detection of antibodies to leptospires