Health on the Homefront: Substance Abuse Cessation for Veterans

Transcription

1 Substance Abuse Cessation for Disclaimer The contents of this presentation do not represent the views of the Department of Affairs or the United States Government 1

2 OBJECTIVES Identify the impact of tobacco use on diagnosed with substance use disorders. Identify the significance of tobacco use among coping with mental illness. Identify treatment interventions for tobacco cessation, both pharmacological and behavioral. Identify the impact of a residential substance abuse program that includes a formal smoking cessation component on who abused drugs/alcohol and tobacco &nbr=006444&string=tobacco Our lack of progress in tobacco control is more the result of failure to implement proven strategies than the lack of knowledge about what to do. David Satcher, M.D., Ph.D. Surgeon General 2

3 THE PROBLEM Tobacco kills over 443,000 Americans every year Just under half of all cigarettes smoked in America are smoked by people with a substance use disorder or a mental illness. It is estimated that 26.2% of Americans age 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental illness in a given year. Approximately 25 40% of enrolled in the VA health system have a psychiatric disorder. receiving care in the Administration (VA) healthcare system are disproportionately affected by smoking related illnesses as they smoke at higher rates than the general population. 3

4 Nationally, percent of clients in substance abuse treatment settings use tobacco, triple the national average. Among clients in substance abuse treatment, 51 percent died of tobacco related causes, double the national average. Lasser et al.,2000 While in substance abuse treatment, the emphasis is on illicit substances and alcohol. Tobacco dependence is the greatest contributor to disease and death in the substance use disorder population. Tobacco dependence causes more deaths than all deaths from HIV, illegal drug use, alcohol use, motor vehicle injuries, suicides and murders combined. 4

5 This program evaluation examined the impact of a residential substance abuse program that included a formal smoking cessation component on who abused drugs/alcohol and tobacco. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Smoking cessation counseling and treatment during substance abuse treatment does not adversely affect abstinence rates from alcohol and drugs of abuse. (Level of Evidence 1b) positively affects abstinence rates from alcohol and drugs of abuse. (Level of Evidence 1b) does not adversely affect smoking cessation rates. (Level of Evidence 1b) 5

6 RESEARCH SETTING AND SAMPLE of the United States Armed Forces are eligible for treatment Men and women ages 18 and older Admitted to the Salem Affairs Medical Center Substance Abuse Residential Rehabilitation Program (SARRTP) from May 1, 2012 through December 31, 2012 Reported tobacco use within one month prior to admission to the program Tobacco Cessation Program Topics Health benefits of tobacco cessation Personal reasons for tobacco cessation Coping with triggers Breathing techniques for stress management Strategies to reduce smoking Quit date preparation Identifying supportive people Weight management strategies, exercise tips Dealing with slips and relapse Medications for tobacco cessation 6

7 The Process Veteran admitted to SARRTP Nicotine dependence added to problem list in EMR Clinical reminders for Tobacco Cessation completed on admission Consult to Tobacco Cessation Program placed Consult acknowledged Tobacco use disorder and treatment added to interdisciplinary treatment plan Veteran participates in Tobacco Cessation groups three times weekly Progress notes entered with each encounter Upon discharge from SARRTP, tobacco cessation medications ordered as appropriate with follow up during aftercare visits and one month postdischarge PROTECTION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS All admitted to SARRTP who used tobacco were assigned to the Tobacco Cessation Group within the Substance Abuse Program. All Veteran information was blinded to protect the identity of the participants. Full IRB approval at both the Salem Affairs Medical Center and the University of Virginia was obtained. 7

8 RESEARCH PROCEDURES Diagnostic information for substance use and other mental health disorders was obtained from the electronic medical records of each Veteran admitted to SARRTP. were classified as having a substance use disorder with or without co occurring psychiatric disorders (yes/no). Socio demographic data was gathered from the SARRTP Screening Packet including age, race, gender, income, education and marital status. Tobacco use status and motivation to quit using tobacco was assessed during preadmission screening, on admission, and with each follow up. RESEARCH MEASURES Days of use for alcohol, other drugs, and tobacco Stages of change for tobacco cessation Pharmacotherapy prescribed Adherence to pharmacotherapy Biomarkers for substance use, including urine drug screens and breathalyzers along with self report of use Workbook progression Measurements taken at four points in time, on admission, two weeks following admission, at graduation, and at one month follow up 8

9 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Descriptive analyses were conducted for all demographic data & complete abstinence rates. In order to examine changes in alcohol and other drug use, t tests were performed that compared the month prior to treatment to the month following treatment. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was conducted to examine change in tobacco use over four points in time. VETERANS LOST TO FOLLOW UP Demographic and baseline descriptive variables were compared for those who completed the 1 month follow up (n = 97) to those who did not (n = 40). Chi squares analysis compared categorical variables and independent t tests examined continuous variables. No statistical significance was noted on any of the variables. 9

10 Characteristics N % Education 9 th grade or less Some high school High school graduate Some college/technical Bachelor s degree Master s degree Characteristics N % Gender Male Female Race African American Caucasian Hispanic Other Marital Status Never married Married Separated Divorced Widowed

11 Characteristic N % Psych Dx Yes No Drug Dx Yes No Alcohol Dx Yes No N Minimum Maximum Mean S.D. Age Monthly Income

12 STAGES OF CHANGE Pre contemplation not ready Contemplation maybe within 6 months Preparation probably within 30 days, taking steps towards behavior change Action actively changing the behavior Maintenance change has lasted 6 months Stage of Change Baseline N=137 Two weeks N=121 Graduation N=116 One month follow up N=97 Precontemplation 43 (31.4%) 14 (11.6%) 0 (0.0%) 24 (24.7%) Contemplation 42 (30.7%) 25 (20.7%) 19 (16.4%) 23 (23.7%) Preparation 47 (34.3%) 69 (50.4%) 70 (60.3%) 30 (30.9%) Action 5 (3.6%) 69 (50.4%) 14 (12.1%) 20 (20.6%) Maintenance 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 12

13 CO OCCURRING MENTAL ILLNESS No MH diagnosis 42% (n=57) PTSD 26% (n=35) Depression 20% (n=28) Schizophrenia 6% (n=8) Bipolar Disorder 4% (n=6) Anxiety 2% (n=3) Type of N = 137 % Substance Alcohol % Cocaine 53 19% Opiates 49 17% Cannabis 47 16% Polysubstance 29 10% Benzodiazapines 2 1% Amphetamines 1 <1% 13

14 BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS Engage the Veteran. Present a clear, concise, and consistent QUIT message to your patients who use tobacco. Any type of clinician can be effective at delivering evidence based interventions to increase quit rates. Cessation counseling lasting just 4 minutes can double a patient s chance of abstinence. It is important to remember that brief counseling and medications provided as part of an ongoing therapeutic relationship can be as effective as a referral to a tobacco cessation program. The 5 Major Steps to Intervention Ask Identify and document tobacco use status for every patient at every visit. Advise In a clear, strong, and personalized manner, urge every tobacco user to quit. Assess Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt at this time? Assist For the patient willing to make a quit attempt, use counseling and pharmacotherapy to help him or her quit. Arrange Schedule follow up contact, in person or by telephone, preferably within the first week after the quit date. 14

15 Personalize the Intervention Relevance: Explain to patients why cessation is personally relevant. Risks: Ask patients to explain their perceived potential risks of smoking; discuss these risks with them. Rewards: Ask patients to explain what they might gain from cessation Roadblocks: Ask patients to identify barriers to quitting and offer options to address those barriers. Repetition: Discuss these issues with patients at each visit. 15

16 Discuss the Benefits of Quitting 20 minutes after quitting, heart rate and blood pressure drop 12 hours after quitting, carbon monoxide levels drop to normal 2 weeks to 3 months after quitting, circulation and lung function improve 1 year after quitting, risk of coronary heart disease is cut in half 5 years after quitting, stroke risk is the same as for nonsmokers 10 years after quitting, lung cancer risk is cut in half 16

17 VA/DOD Website Pharmacotherapy used included nicotine patches, nicotine lozenges, nicotine gum, and Varenicline. Wellbutrin was not prescribed during this study period. Varenicline was prescribed to three. 17

18 Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacotherapy for Tobacco Dependence at 6 months 2008 USPHS CPG Available at Frequency of Medications Prescribed for Tobacco Cessation Medications 0 18

19 Baseline 2 week Discharge Follow up Variable (N = 137) (n = 121) (n = 116) (n = 97) Alcohol 23.4% (n = 32) Abstinence Outcomes 100.0% (n = 121) 100.0% (n = 116) 90.7% (n = 88) Drugs 32.1% (n = 44) 100.0% (n = 121) 100.0% (n = 116) 91.8% (n = 89) Tobacco 0.1% ( n = 0) 8.3% (n = 10) 11.2% (n = 13) 14.4% (n = 14) Pharmacotherapy Adherence Baseline (n = 44/137) 32.1% 2 week (n = 83/121) 68.6% Discharge (n = 90/116) 77.6% Follow up (n =67/ 97) 69.1% Adherent 42 (95.5%%) 83 (100%) 90(100%) 64 (95.5%) Non adherent 2 (4.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (4.5%) 19

20 Biomarkers and Self Report at One Month Follow up (n=97) Variable Positive for Use Negative for Use Urine Drug Screen (n=54) 4 (7%) 50 (93%) Breathalyzer (n=54) 0 54 (100%) Self Report (n=43) 6 (6%) 91 (94%) Clinical Implications Tobacco use by Veteran populations coping with mental illness and/or substance use disorders is significant and must be addressed throughout mental health treatment. Addressing tobacco cessation should be a critical component of substance abuse treatment since such programs have a positive effect upon abstinence rates from alcohol and drugs of abuse. 20

21 Research Limitations Lack of randomization Compliance bias Social desirability bias Lack of biochemical verification of tobacco abstinence Research Strengths Large, diagnostically diverse sample Longitudinal data collection Findings could serve as a model for the development of integrated tobacco cessation programming during SARRTP programs throughout the VA 21

22 How Does the Research Relate to the Literature? Since there was no comparison condition, conclusions about causation cannot be drawn regarding alcohol, other drug, or tobacco use outcomes. However, findings appear consistent with previous research in that the intervention did not appear to adversely impact alcohol, other drug, or tobacco use outcomes. Future Research and Development Effective programs and tools must be developed, utilized, and evaluated in the treatment of tobacco use disorders in with mental illness and/or substance use disorders. Healthcare education must incorporate tobacco cessation education into the curriculum. We all need to have a greater role in tobacco cessation treatment. 22

23 References American Psychiatric Association. (2011). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 6 th Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Baca, C. T., Yahne, C. E., (2009). Smoking cessation during substance abuse treatment: What you need to know. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, Beckham, J., Roodman, A., Shipley, R., Hertzberg, M., Cunha, G., Kudler, H., Fairbank, J. A. (1995). Smoking in Vietnam combat veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8 (3), Burling, T., Burling, A., Litini, D. (2001). A controlled smoking cessation trial for substance-dependent inpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69: Burling, T. A., Marshall, G. D., Seidner, A. L. (1991). Smoking cessation for substance abuse inpatients. Journal of Substance Abuse, 3(3), Cradock-O Leary, J., Young, A. S., Yano, E. M., Wang, M., Lee, M. L. (2002). Use of general medical services by VA patients with psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Service, 53(1), Dalack, G., Meador-Woodruff, J. (1999). Acute feasibility and safety of a smoking reduction strategy for smokers with schizophrenia. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 1: Duffy, S. A., Essenmacher, C., Karvonen-Gutierrez, C., Ewing, L. A. (2010). Motivation to Quit Smoking among Diagnosed with Psychiatric and Substance Abuse Disorders. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 21(2&3),

24 References Evins, A.E., Cather, C., Deckersbach, T., Freudenreich,O.,Culhane,M.,Olm-Shipman, C.M., Rigotti, N.(2005) A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 25(3), Gariti, P., Alterman, A., Mulvaney, F., Mechanic, K., Dhopesh, V., Yu, E.,... Sacks, D. (2002). Nicotine intervention during detoxification and treatment for other substance use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28(4), Grant, B.F., Hasin, D. S., Chou, P., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A. (2004). Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 61(11), Hayford, K. E., Patten, C. A., Rummans, T. A., Schroeder, D. R., Offord, K. P., Croghan, I. T., Hurt, R. D.(1999). Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in smokers with a former history of major depression or alcoholism. British Journal of Psychiatry, 174(2), Hughes, J. (1993). Treatment of smoking cessation in smokers with past alcohol/drug problems. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10, Hurt, R. D., Offord, K. P., Croghan, I. T., Gomez-Dahl, L., Kottke, T. E., Morse, R. M., Melton, L. J. (1996). Mortality following inpatient addictions treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275 (14), Kalman, D., Hayes, K., Colby, S. M., Eaton, C. A., Rohsenow, D. J., & Monti, P. M. (2001). Concurrent versus delayed smoking cessation treatment of persons in early alcohol recovery: A pilot study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20, References Landolt, K., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Angst, J., Merikangas, K., Gamma, A., Rossler, W. et al. (2010). Smoking and psychiatric disorders: Have subthreshold disorders been overlooked? Nicotine & Tobacco Research 12(5): Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., Bor, D.H. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284(20), Martin, J. E., Calfas, K. J., Patten, C. A., Polarek, M., Hofstetter, C. R., Noto, J., Beach, D.(1997). Prospective evaluation of three smoking interventions in 205 recovering alcoholics: One-year results of Project SCRAP-Tobacco. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, Reid, M. S., Fallon, B., Sonne, S., Flammino, F., Nunes, E. V., Jiang, H., Rotrosen, J. (2008). Smoking cessation treatment in community-based substance abuse rehabilitation programs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35 (1), VA (Department of Affairs) VA in the Vanguard: Building on Success in Smoking Cessation. Edited by S. Isaacs, S. Schroeder and J. Simon. San Francisco, CA: Department of Affairs. Health Administration (2006). Integrating tobacco cessation treatment into mental health care: Conference Summary, May 4-5, Ziedonis, D. M., Kosten, T. R., Glazer, W. M., Frances. R. J. (1994). Nicotine dependence and schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45,

25 25