COB 302 Management Information System (Lesson 8)

Transcription

1 COB 302 Management Information System (Lesson 8) Dr. Stanley Wong Macau University of Science and Technology Chapter 13 Security and Ethical Challenges 安全與倫理挑戰 Remarks: Some of the contents in this series of files are taken from the course book (Management Information Systems by O Brien and Marakas) and other materials published by McGraw-Hill. 1-2

2 Learning Objectives Identify several ethical issues on how the use of information technologies in business affects Employment Individuality Working conditions Privacy Crime Health Solutions to societal problems 13-3 Learning Objectives Identify several types of security management strategies and defenses, and explain how they can be used to ensure the security of business applications of information technology Propose several ways that business managers and professionals can help to lessen the harmful effects and increase the beneficial effects associated with the use of information technology 13-4

3 IT Security, Ethics, and Society 13-5 IT Security, Ethics, and Society Information technology has both beneficial ( 有益 ) and detrimental ( 有害 ) effects on society and people Manage work activities to minimize the detrimental effects ( 盡量減少不利的影響 ) of information technology Optimize the beneficial effects ( 優化正面影響 ) 13-6

4 Business Ethics Managers in making decisions day-to-day may need to address the following ethics questions Equity ( 公平 ) Rights ( 權利 ) Honesty ( 誠實 ) Exercise of corporate power ( 行使公司權力 ) 13-7 Categories of Ethical Business Issues 知識產權私隱權公司信息安全工作場所安全 13-8

5 AITP Standards of Professional Conduct 13-9 Responsible Professional Guidelines A responsible professional Acts with integrity ( 誠信 ) Increases personal competence ( 個人能力 ) Sets high standards of personal performance Accepts responsibility ( 承擔責任 ) for his/her work Advances ( 提升 ) the health, privacy, and general welfare of the public 13-10

6 Computer Crime Computer crime includes Unauthorized use, access, modification, or destruction of hardware, software, data, or network resources The unauthorized release of information The unauthorized copying of software Denying ( 拒絕 ) an end user access to his/her own hardware, software, data, or network resources Using or conspiring ( 串謀 ) to use computer or network resources illegally to obtain information or tangible property Hacking Hacking is The obsessive use ( 濫用 ) of computers The unauthorized access and use of networked computer systems Electronic Breaking and Entering Hacking into a computer system and reading files, but neither stealing nor damaging anything Cracker A malicious ( 惡意 ) or criminal ( 犯罪 ) hacker ( 黑客 ) who maintains knowledge of the vulnerabilities ( 漏洞 ) found for private advantage ( 私利 ) 13-12

7 Common Hacking Tactics Denial of Service (DoS, 拒絕服務 ) Hammering ( 攻擊 ) a website s equipment with too many requests for information ( 資訊請求 ) Clogging ( 堵塞 ) the system, slowing performance, or crashing the site Scans Widespread probes ( 試探 ) of the Internet to determine types of computers, services, and connections Looking for weaknesses Common Hacking Tactics Sniffer ( 嗅探 ) Programs that search individual packets of data as they pass through the Internet Capturing passwords or entire contents Spoofing ( 偽冒 ) Faking an address or Web page to trick users into passing along critical information like passwords or credit card numbers 13-14

8 Common Hacking Tactics Trojan Horse ( 特洛伊木馬 ) A program that, unknown to the user, contains instructions that exploit a known vulnerability in some software Back Doors A hidden point of entry to be used in case the original entry point is detected or blocked Malicious Applets ( 惡意小程序 ) Tiny Java programs that misuse your computer s resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake , or steal passwords Common Hacking Tactics War Dialing 撥號偵測閒置的數據機 Programs that automatically dial thousands of telephone numbers in search of a way in through a modem connection Logic Bombs ( 邏輯炸彈 ) An instruction in a computer program that triggers a malicious act Buffer Overflow ( 緩存溢出 ) Crashing or gaining control of a computer by sending too much data to buffer memory 13-16

9 Common Hacking Tactics Password Crackers Software that can guess passwords Social Engineering ( 社交工程 ) Gaining access to computer systems by talking unsuspecting company employees out of valuable information, such as passwords Dumpster Diving ( 垃圾桶尋寶 ) 直接向對方套話 Sifting through a company s garbage to find information to help break into their computers Cyber Theft Many computer crimes involve the theft of money The majority are inside jobs that involve unauthorized network entry and alternation of computer databases to cover the tracks of the employees involved Many attacks occur through the Internet Most companies don t reveal ( 不會透露 ) that they have been targets or victims ( 受害者 ) of cybercrime ( 網絡犯罪 ) 13-18

10 Unauthorized Use at Work Unauthorized use of computer systems and networks is time and resource theft ( 盜用時間和資源 ) Doing private consulting Doing personal finances Playing video games Unauthorized use of the Internet or company networks Sniffers Used to monitor network traffic or capacity Find evidence of improper use Internet Abuses ( 濫用 ) in the Workplace General abuses Unauthorized usage and access Copyright infringement/plagiarism Newsgroup postings Transmission of confidential data Pornography Hacking Non-work-related download/upload Leisure use of the Internet Use of external ISPs Moonlighting 13-20

11 Software Piracy Software Piracy Unauthorized copying of computer programs Licensing Purchasing software is really a payment for a license for fair use ( 合理使用 / 公平使用 ) Site license allows a certain number of copies A third of the software industry s revenues are lost to piracy 反思 : 什麼是公平? Theft of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Copyrighted material Includes such things as music, videos, images, articles, books, and software Copyright Infringement is Illegal Peer-to-peer networking techniques have made it easy to trade pirated intellectual property Publishers Offer Inexpensive Online Music Illegal downloading of music and video is down and continues to drop 不公平的價格可能是知識產權盜竊的主要原因 13-22

12 蠕蟲是可以自動自我複製的病 Viruses ( 病毒 ) and Worms ( 蠕蟲 ) A virus is a program that cannot work without being inserted into another program A worm can run unaided ( These programs copy annoying or destructive routines into networked computers Copy routines spread the virus Commonly transmitted through The Internet and online services and file attachments Disks from contaminated computers Shareware 毒 ) The Cost of Viruses, Trojans, Worms Cost of the top five virus families Nearly 115 million computers in 200 countries were infected in 2004 Up to 11 million computers are believed to be permanently infected In 2004, total economic damage from virus proliferation was $166 to $202 billion Average damage per computer is between $277 and $

13 Adware and Spyware Adware ( 廣告軟件 ) Software that purports ( 看來 ) to serve a useful purpose, and often does Allows advertisers to display pop-up and banner ads without the consent of the computer users Spyware ( 間諜軟件 ) Adware that uses an Internet connection in the background, without the user s permission or knowledge Captures information about the user and sends it over the Internet Spyware Problems Spyware can steal private information and also Add advertising links to Web pages Redirect affiliate payments Change a users home page and search settings Make a modem randomly call premium-rate phone numbers Leave security holes ( 安全漏洞 ) Degrade system performance Removal programs are often not completely successful in eliminating spyware 13-26

14 Privacy Issues The power of information technology to store and retrieve information can have a negative effect on every individual s right to privacy Personal information is collected with every visit to a Web site Confidential information stored by credit bureaus, credit card companies, and the government has been stolen or misused Security Management of IT The Internet was developed for inter-operability ( 互通性 ), not impenetrability ( 互斥 ) Business managers and professionals alike are responsible for the security, quality, and performance of business information systems Hardware, software, networks, and data resources must be protected by a variety of security measures 13-28

15 Security Management The goal of security management is the accuracy ( 準確性 ), integrity ( 完整性 ), and safety of all information system processes ( 系統進程 ) and resources ( 資源 ) Internetworked Security Defenses Encryption Data is transmitted in scrambled form It is unscrambled by computer systems for authorized users only The most widely used method uses a pair of public and private keys unique to each individual 13-30

16 Public/Private Key Encryption Internetworked Security Defenses Firewalls A gatekeeper system that protects a company s intranets and other computer networks from intrusion Provides a filter and safe transfer point for access to/from the Internet and other networks Important for individuals who connect to the Internet with DSL or cable modems Can deter hacking, but cannot prevent it 13-32

17 Internet and Intranet Firewalls Denial of Service Attacks Denial of service attacks depends on three layers of networked computer systems The victim s website The victim s Internet service provider Zombie or slave computers that have been commandeered by the cybercriminals 13-34

18 Defending Against Denial of Service At Zombie ( 殭屍 ) Machines Set and enforce security policies ( 制定和執行安全政策 ) Scan for vulnerabilities ( 漏洞掃描 ) At the ISP Monitor and block traffic spikes ( 尖峰 ) At the Victim s Website Create backup servers and network connections Internetworked Security Defenses Monitoring ( 郵件監控 ) Use of content monitoring software that scans for troublesome words that might compromise corporate security Virus Defenses ( 病毒防禦 ) Centralize the updating and distribution of antivirus software Use a security suite that integrates virus protection with firewalls, Web security, and content blocking features 13-36

19 Other Security Measures Security Codes ( 安全碼 ) Multilevel password system Encrypted passwords ( 加密密碼 ) Smart cards ( 智能卡 ) with microprocessors Backup Files ( 文件備份 ) Duplicate files of data or programs Security Monitors ( 安全監控 ) Monitor the use of computers and networks Protects them from unauthorized use, fraud ( 詐騙 ), and destruction ( 破壞 ) Other Security Measures 視網膜掃 Biometrics ( 生物識別技術 ) Voice recognition, fingerprints, retina scan ( Computer devices measure physical traits that make each individual unique ( 個人獨特的 ) Computer Failure Controls ( 電腦故障控制 ) Prevents computer failures or minimizes its effects Preventive maintenance Arrange backups with a disaster recovery organization 描 ) 13-38

20 Other Security Measures In the event of a system failure, fault-tolerant systems have redundant ( 冗餘 ) processors, peripherals, and software that provide Fail-over capability ( 容錯移轉能力 ) : shifts to back up components Fail-save capability ( 故障保护能力 ) : the system continues to operate at the same level Fail-soft capability ( 故障弱化能力 ) : the system continues to operate at a reduced but acceptable level Other Security Measures A disaster recovery plan ( 災難恢復計劃 ) contains formalized procedures to follow in the event of a disaster Which employees will participate What their duties will be What hardware, software, and facilities will be used Priority of applications that will be processed Use of alternative facilities Offsite storage of databases 13-40

21 Information System Controls Methods and devices that attempt to ensure the accuracy ( 準確性 ), validity ( 有效性 ), and propriety ( 合乎規範 ) of information system activities Auditing IT Security IT Security Audits Performed by internal or external auditors Review and evaluation of security measures and management policies Goal is to ensure that proper and adequate measures and policies are in place 13-42

22 Protecting Yourself from Cybercrime 13-43