Lesson 10. Sports Vision 10-1

Transcription

1 Sports Vision 10-1

2 Outline Visual skills related to different sports Evaluation of visual skills related to sport Visual training in sport Examples of lighting design in sport Discussion Supplementary reading and learning Free activity no

3 Bibliography & Links Basic: ERICKSON, G.E.: Sports vision: vision care for the enhancement of sports performance. Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann, WILSON, T.A. & FALKEL, J.: SportsVision: training for better performance. Boston: Human Kinetics Publishers, WILLIAMS, A.M., DAVIDS, K., & WILLIAMS, J.G.: Visual Perception and Action in Sport. London: E & FN Spon, LORAN, F.C. & MacEWEN, C.J.: Sports vision. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

4 Bibliography & Links Complementary: RODRÍGUEZ, S., GALLEGO, I. & ZARCO, D.: Visión y deporte. Barcelona: Editorial Glosa, UNDERWOOD, G.: Cognitive processes in eye guidance, Oxford University Press, VICKERS, J: Perception, Cognition and Decision Training: a quiet eye in action. New York: Human Kinetics, SILVERSTONE, B.: The lighthouse handbook on vision impairment and vision rehabilitation. New YorK: Oxford University Press,

5 Bibliography & Links Complementary links: AOO website: European Academy of Sports Vision Optometric services for visual training from companies Magazines, Journals in Optometry (Ver y Oir, Gaceta Óptica, etc.), Ophthalmology, Sports Science, Visual Perception, etc. Doctoral Thesis, patents, etc. 10-5

6 Introduction: vision & sport Evaluation, compensation and training visual skills as well as visual protection and prevention system against ocular trauma, in order to enhance sport performance Activity Task User (Eye) ENVIRONMENT Tool (Display, car, etc) 10-6

7 The on-road driving tasks: Basic control (e.g., steering) General driving (surveillance) Traffic conditions (e.g., passing) Roadway characteristics (e.g., intersections) Environment (e.g., weather) The vehicle (e.g., car emergencies) The off-road driving tasks Introduction: vision & driving Pre-trip planning Vehicle maintenance Legal responsibilities Perception & information processing 10-7

8 Perception + information processing + decision/action: Introduction: vision & driving Drivers and capable to adapting to driving situations in three main ways: Strategic: decide or not drive in certain conditions (night, bad weather, etc) for avoiding accidents Tactical: speed selection under particular conditions Operational: increased attention at intersections, or using specific search patterns to look for traffic signs or radars Other breakdown for driving task itself: Control: vehicle-driver interaction (braking, displays, etc) Guidance: safe path and speed (roadway, signs, etc) Navigation: planning and execution a trip (maps, guide signs) 10-8

9 Introduction: history Compensation and correction Skeft (1920): visual skills are learned, so they can be trained and improved 1978: Sports Vision Section of the AOO 1989: European Academy of Sports Vision 1990: High Performance Center of St. Cugat del Vallés 2007: Release of the Spanish book Visión y deporte External factors: fatigue and lighting 10-9

10 Visual skills related to sports Theoretical profile of visual abilities sport Integration of all sensory information: Welford s model 10-10

11 Visual skills related to sports Welford s model (1968): Perceptual mechanism: to ensure that the sensory receptors for visual information are functioning adequately Resolution, depth judgment, eye movements, peripheral vision Decision mechanism: contextual interpretation for searching the maximum performance Effector mechanism: appropriate motor response signals Feedback: training, etc. Short term (STM) Long term (LTM) 10-11

12 Visual skills related to sports Sports Vision Pyramid: Visualization Visual Attention Anticipation Timing Span of Perception Visual software (higher level): maintain visual attention while undergoing maximal stress and fatigue Go / No-Go (Decision Making & Impulse Control) Peripheral Eye-Hand Speed Central Eye-Hand Reaction & Response Speeds Visual hardware (lower level): Increasing processing speed and function Dynamic VA C/A facility Stereopsis Ocular Health Aberrations Binocularity VA CSF 10-12

13 Visual hardware skills/functions: Visual skills related to sports Ocular Health, Refractive status (ocular aberrations) Binocularity (C/A balance), Static VA, CSF, Dynamic VA C/A facility: clear and haplopic target at changing distances Central eye-hand reaction and response speeds: It is the athlete s ability to synchronize finger, hand and arm movements with visual information from a dynamic sporting environment that happens directly in front of an athlete Peripheral eye-hand speed: It is the athlete s ability to synchronize finger, hand and arm movements with constantly changing visual information from a dynamic sporting environment 10-13

14 Visual software skills/functions (I): Visual skills related to sports Go / No-Go (decision making & impulse control): Decision making is the mental process that results from a reaction to a situation. The quicker you react to a situation, the faster you will be able to make a decision. Span of perception: Visual memory is the ability to recall information when prompted by a visual cue. It gives the athlete the ability to rapidly recognize patterns, and to make quick and accurate decisions. Anticipation & Timing: Eye tracking helps you follow objects without much head motion to maintain better balance and react to the situation more quickly

15 Visual software skills/functions (II): Visual skills related to sports Visual attention: Visual Concentration is the ability to screen out distractions to stay focused on the ball or the target Visualization: Visualization is seeing an image or movie in your mind. The more vividly you visualize an event, the more real it will seem, and the more effective you will be at re-programming your brain. Examples in YouTube:

16 Visual skills related to sports General visual characteristics of the sport activity: Static vs. Nonstatic Sustaining demands Intense demands for brief periods Nondynamic vs. dynamic Contrast levels Target size Boundaries Visual space ranges Figure/Ground color, texture, shade Visual time Distance vs. near Directional localization Depth discrimination Spatial discrimination Gaze angles Body position and balance Stress cognitive cardiovascular Visual attention demands central vs. peripheral Vs. split attention 10-16

17 What sport has the maximum punctuation profile? Why? And the minimum profile? Why? Would you suggest more visual functions in any sports? 10-17

18 Other issues related to the optical compensation: Visual skills related to sports Glasses vs. contact lenses Ocular injuries and protection ASTM normatives 10-18

19 Visual skills related to sports Other issues related to the optical compensation: 10-19

20 Evaluation of visual skills in sport Is it enough to assess the visual skills related to sports using conventional optometric tests? Yes, for general skills Examples: 10-20

21 Evaluation of visual skills in sport Quantitative analysis: How is it evaluated every visual function with equivalent scales? 10-21

22 Visual training in sport Improving poor or inconsistent visual skills: limiting the competitive potential or responsible for inconsistent actions (Paralympics) Improving visual motor functions which are not fast, accurate, precise and automatic Improving cognitive visual functions that are critical for decision-making during the competition: visualization capability targeting ability visual attention 10-22

23 General Protocol: Visual training in sport all optical prescription required off season increasing difficulty: basic visual skills integrated It is not always the panacea perceptual speed and recognition: tachistoscope, etc. Vision Analyzers?? Analysis of visual tasks: basic and specific ergonomic features of the play ground The subject (athlete): motivation and information Initiation Training Competition 10-23

24 General principles of the visual training: Visual training in sport visual demands: distant vision always compensated visual ability: isolated integrated visual skill: basic complex simultaneous distractions / demands and cognitive processes fast movements and reactions non primary gazes or equilibrium positions fatigue effect: phorias, visual field, VA, reaction time Optometric protocols from Erickson s book 10-24

25 Objectives: Lighting design in sport Owners: good lighting and low cost Athletes, officials and spectators agencies: optimum performance in color, without glare TV: color needs and uniformity Factors: Type of sport Field Dimensions, open or closed Services to the spectators Chance of lighting situation Ceiling height and configuration Presence and location of stands, and roads or built-up areas 10-25

26 Lighting design in sport Illuminance levels recommended for some sports: UNE-EN 12193:

27 Supplementary reading and learning Download the next document: Which issues explained here are not included in this lesson no. 10? Do you agree with the future role of optometrists in sports vision? 10-27

28 Relative Weight: 0 % Individual Task: Free activity nº 6 Download the patent US B2 (21 st June 2011) Chromatic architecture for sports equipment by Nike, Inc. Which is the main purpose of this patent? Do you understand well all technical background? What are the claims? 10-28