The Israeli Healthcare System: from Health Funds Dominance to a National Health Insurance Law
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1 1 The Israeli Healthcare System: from Health Funds Dominance to a National Health Insurance Law Yair Babad & Tuvia Horev International Health Seminar ICA 2002
2 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Health Ideal A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity WHO Preamble to its Constitution, 1946
3 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Healthcare Systems The means by which societies provide support for citizens to maintain their good health
4 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Healthcare Systems Objectives Effectiveness - Quality Improving population health Social Acceptability - Responsiveness Responding to peoples expectations ( needs and wants ) Cost Fair financing of healthcare Providing financial protection against costs of ill-health
5 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Factors Influencing Health Fixed Social & Economic Environment Lifestyle Access to Service Genes Poverty Air quality Diet Education Sex Employment Housing Physical activity Social services Ageing Social exclusion Water quality Social environment Smoking Alcohol Transport Leisure Sexual behavior Health System Drugs Source: Healthcare in the UK: the need for reform, Institute of Directors Policy Paper. February 2000
6 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Factors Shaping Healthcare Systems Social and family ethics and ethos Social Solidarity Personal Autonomy Medical decision-making ethics State Paternalism Political-economical ideology Free Market Political power centers and decision-making process Providers Economics (infra)structure Technical capability Patient Autonomy Social Democracy Consumer Professional Paternalism Collective - Socialist Bureaucrats
7 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Healthcare Systems Typology as Determined by Government Involvement Freedom pf action for workers and employers United States Welfare health policy via health funds Germany Comprehensive and universal healthcare system Scandinavia (Totally) socialized health service Eastern Europe Roemer, M.I., National Health Systems of the World, Oxford University Press, 1991
8 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Healthcare Systems Goals World Health Organization New Universalism Delivery to all of high-quality essential care, defined by criteria of: effectiveness, cost, and social acceptability United States Universal access to high-quality, comprehensive, cost-effective healthcare United Kingdom Comprehensive, high-quality medical care to all citizens on a basis of meeting professionally judged medical needs and without financial barriers to access
9 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Healthcare Systems Goals Israel National Health Insurance Law based on principles of justice, equality and mutual support while maintaining dignity, privacy, and medical secrecy
10 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA The Major Israeli Medical Players Prior to National Health Insurance Law KHC a socialistic healthcare coverage Care based on needs, regardless of income Lack of personal freedom for service options Family premiums based on salary up to ceiling Involuntary membership in JLF Other sick funds picking the cream Metropolitan areas, better population Use of hospitals and other KHC and government facilities Ministry of Health Network of general hospitals Specialized (geriatric, psychiatric, long term care) facilities Services to target groups National Insurance Institute of Israel Support of needy handicapped, nursing care, and long term care
11 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Israeli Healthcare System Historical Background I Key health provider - Sick Fund Not for profit HMO belonging to its members 1911 first sick fund (later known as KHC) Organized by socialistic Jewish agricultural day laborers Involuntary membership in JLF and KHC Equality of service per needs, regardless of income first Jewish Labor Federation s sick fund End 1920s first proposal for compulsory health insurance law Opposition weaken labor, reduce JLF control over KHC
12 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Israeli Healthcare System Historical Background II s KHC + private healthcare KHC about 50% of population, throughout country European medical providers immigrants Several small sick funds» Metropolitan areas» Independent providers» Better population: young, economically well doing members State of Israel Same structure, with KHC + 3 sick funds A parallel public (Ministry of Health [MOH]) system and services Minor health insurance market
13 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Israeli Healthcare System Historical Background III Political pressures for change : KHC superiority 80% of population» Labor in control» KHC healthcare provider of new immigrants» KHC premiums finance JLF» KHC heavily subsidized : Non-labor government» Decline in JLF & KHC financial position» Decline in JLF power and KHC membership» Labor voices calling for disengagement of JLF and KHC 1994: Labor government ready for National Health Insurance Law» Deal between JLF and Ministry of Finance» Includes financial saving of the JLF and KHC 1990: Netanyahu National Investigation Commission Healthcare System 1995: National Health Insurance Law
14 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Health-related Israeli Knesset Activity Law Proposals Queries
15 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Comparative Performance Private Voluntary System Strengths Choice (responsiveness) Expansive wants benefits Available to most customers willing to pay an equitable cost for coverage Private control of decisions over provision of Healthcare Weakness Universal coverage impossible Fragmentation of risk pool Cream Skimming High sales and administrative costs Risk-rated premiums Challenge to limit costs Public Mandatory System Strengths Universal coverage Direct cost control through government budgets No market fragmentation Tax salary based financing (financial fairness) Low overhead costs Weaknesses Bureaucracy (unresponsiveness) Not likely to provide all Healthcare wants demanded by public Strong public involvement in provision of medical care services (may be considered a strength)
16 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Netanyahu Healthcare System Report Systematic Concerns Unclear entitlement to healthcare service Missing policy-making government leadership Centralized control Politicization Unclear financial support by state of sock funds Uncontrolled growth of personnel and costs Fragmentation of system => inefficiencies
17 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Netanyahu Healthcare System Report Issues Majority MOH failure - dual role as provider and regulator Ministry of Finance budget control Shortage of managerial talent Oversupply of physicians Employees unrest Regressive fees Adverse selection by sick funds Poor service, queuing No patients bill of rights Minority Flaws are outcomes, since: Reasonable health outcomes and costs Spectrum of coverages Equitable access to services Sources of flaws: Poor functioning of MOH Reduction of public financing Inadequate compensation and collective bargaining processes
18 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Majority Netanyahu Healthcare System Report Revolutionary approach National Health Insurance State as health provider Private services in not-forprofit hospitals Regionalism of sick funds Considered as lacking on implementation Recommendations Minority Evolutionary approach Concentrate on critical change levers Money Manpower Technology Better understood by policy makers
19 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA National Health Insurance Law National Health Insurance Sick funds as health providers Universal coverage Free selection of sick fund and move between funds Basic package of services From conceive to grave Centralized state funding Health tax linked to income Allocation of funding to sick funds by a capitation formula Revoking rights of sick funds to collect fees State responsible to cover deficits Managed competition model for the healthcare system Does not cover long-term care
20 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA The 1995 Law Shortcomings Lack mechanisms for Basic package updates Other support services by sick funds Long-term planning Risk management processes Ignores funding for Ageing of population Medical advances Health index inflation beyond cost of living Full payment of costly services (e.g., dialysis) Improper initial costs assumptions Infrastructure maintenance and upgrading
21 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Additional Developments 1998 Regularization Law Enabled Complimentary Health Services by sick funds» Collective, non-underwritten, voluntary coverage» Expansion of the basic package services and options» Complete separation from basic package Prevented sick funds from providing insurance» Health or long-term care Requires full information and transparency : move to include long-term care
22 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Israel Healthcare Structure Today Three coverage levels Basic package per National Health Insurance Law» Involuntary, covers all Complimentary services by sick funds» Collective coverage for members of funds Individual health insurance by insurers» Extensive coverage options Strong competition insurers sick funds Poor information infrastructure Pricing and control problems Unresolved issues Short and long-term funding Level and equitability of coverage Role and responsibilities of the actors
23 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA National Expenditure on Health as Percent of GDP
24 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Health Spending as % of GDP Nigeria Niger Siera Leona Ind ia Russia Ukraine Mexico Malawi Zamb ia Cuba Brazil United Kingdom Japan South Africa Australia Greece Spain Argentina EU Average Canada Israel Sweden It aly France Switzerland Germany United States Source: WHO
25 National Expenditure by Financing Sector 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Others/unknown Government and Local Aouthorities Households Since 1995 Government funding include health tax Israeli Healthcare System - ICA
26 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Hospital Beds Israel 2000 General care 37% Rehabilitation 2% Long term care 47% Private 27% Government 27% Municipalgovernment 4% Other Public 24% Clalit Health Services(1) Psychiatric care 14% Mission 2% Meuchedet Sick Fund (3) 1% Maccabi Health Care Services(2) 1% By type of bed By ownership 38,577 beds
27 Israeli Healthcare System - ICA Other Statistics 6.2% of employed (1996) 22 healthcare employees per 1,000 (1996) 472 physicians per 100,000 (1997) 6 hospital beds per 1,000 (1997) Hospitals: 47 generals, 28 psychiatrics, 200 nursing and long-term care (1997)
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