How to treat early gastric cancer. Surgery

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1 How to treat early gastric cancer Surgery Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen Department of Surgery, AMC, Amsterdam Director upper GI surgical unit

2 Academic Medical Center Upper GI surgery at AMC 100 oesophagectomies / yr 30 resections for gastric cancer / yr no endoscopy by surgeons

3 Is there a debate? Debate Surgery or Endoscopy Is surgery better for T1 tumours? NO

4 Decisions in treatment for EGC endoscopy vs surgery All comes down to chances of lymphatic metastasis comorbidity balance between cure and chances of dissiminated disease

5 Guidelines in early gastric cancer Dutch Guidelines Japanese Guidelines Which patients should undergo surgery?

6 Japanese Cancer Association Treatment flow chart EGC Japanese guidelines 2010

7 Japanese Cancer Association Treatment flow chart EGC Japanese guidelines 2010

8 Surgery in early gastric cancer Lymph node metastasis Chances of lymphatic dissimination in EGC Dutch guidelines 2009

9 Surgery in early gastric cancer Lymph node metastasis LNN dissection in sm2 tumors and deeper but questionable in SM1 definitely not in mucosal tumors

10 Standard treatment ESD / EMR In summary Clinically diagnosed T1 tumors: < 2cm (size differs between guidelines) Differentiated No ulceration Sm1 and lower Treatment within investigational protocols: Differentiated / no ulceration > 2cm Differentiated / ulceration <3 cm Undifferentiated / no ulceration < 2cm

11 Standard treatment ESD / EMR Clinically diagnosed T1 tumors: < 2cm Differentiated No ulceration If ESD / EMR is not technically possible local surgical excision should be undertaken Local resection

12 Surgery in early gastric cancer Surgical therapy - Local laparoscopic excision Hiki Ann Surg Oncol 2013

13 Surgery in early gastric cancer Local surgical therapy - Local gastric excision - Advantages: smaller resection, low morbidity, faster recovery - Disadvantages: no lymphadenectomy; indication similar to ESD Hiki Ann Surg Oncol 2013

14 Surgery in early gastric cancer Local resection A must for laparoscopic local excision - Pre operative clipping or staining of the lesion - Especially important in laparoscopic surgery

15 Surgery in early gastric cancer Extent of resection Surgical steps Lymphadenectomy Omentectomy Surgical technique

16 Surgery in early gastric cancer Extent of resection As defined by stage: <T1 (sm1 and smaller) local excision with 2 cm margin > T1sm1 radical surgery and lymphadenectomy

17 Radical gastrectomy Total gastrectomy

18 Radical gastrectomy Subtotal gastrectomy

19 Radical surgery Distal gastrectomy

20 Radical gsatric surgery = major surgery in hospital mortality for gastric resection was 6 % % (more centralization)

21 Other surgical techniques in early gastric cancer Surgical therapy - Local excision Hiki Ann Surg Oncol 2013

22 Other surgical techniques in early gastric cancer - Surgical therapy Local gastric excision - Advantages: smaller resection, low morbidity, faster recovery - Disadvantages: no lymphadenectomy; indication similar to ESD Hiki Ann Surg Oncol 2013

23 Other surgical techniques in early gastric cancer Surgical therapy -pylorus preserving gastrectomy Hiki Ann Surg Oncol 2013

24 Other surgical techniques in early gastric cancer Surgical therapy -pylorus preserving gastrectomy Advantages: presumed retained gastric function; formal lymphadenectomy (D1+, D2) Disadvantages: extensive procedure, morbidity Peri pyloric lymph nodes stay behind Hiki Ann Surg Oncol 2013

25 Surgical techniques in early gastric Surgical therapy -proximal gastrectomy cancer Advantages: presumed retained gastric function; formal lymphadenectomy (D1+, D2) Disadvantages: extensive procedure, morbidity Distal lymph nodes stay behind

26 Surgery in early gastric cancer Lymphadenectomy T1 sm1 and less no formal lymphadenectomy > T1sm1 lymphadenectomy D1+ / D2 for T1N0 tumors D2 for TxN+ tumors

27 Surgery in early gastric cancer Lymphadenectomy D2 lymphadenectomy Standard of care

28 Dutch upper GI clinical Audit No of lymph nodes resected > 15

29 Surgery in early gastric cancer Lymphadenectomy or Sentinel Node A number of studies have shown feasibility Takeuchi Ann Surg Oncol 2013

30 Surgery in early gastric cancer Lymphadenectomy or Sentinel Node A number of studies have shown feasibility Takeuchi Ann Surg Oncol 2013

31 Surgery in early gastric cancer Omentectomy In case of T3-T4 tumors omentectomy is standard of care In T1 tumours only resection of 3 cm of the omentum adjacent to the gastro epiploic arcade Japanese guidelines 2010

32 Surgery in early gastric cancer Omentectomy

33 Surgery in early gastric cancer conclusions EMR / ESD is standard of care in diffentiated small non ulcerative lesions For lesions > 2cm or < 2cm with ulceration or for undifferentiated lesions endoscopic resection in investigational protocols is feasible Resectional specimen can be used to choose final therapy

34 Surgery in early gastric cancer conclusions Local surgical resection only in patients in whom EMR / ESD is not technically possible In differentiated small lesions no formal lymphadenectomy is necessary. In lesions > sm1 a formal lymphadenectomy has to be performed. Preferrable D2

35 Thank you!

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