CSC/ECE 574 Computer and Network Security. What Is PKI. Certification Authorities (CA)
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1 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Computer and Network Security Topic 7.2 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 1 What Is PKI Informally, the infrastructure supporting the use of public key cryptography. A PKI consists of Certificate Authority (CA) Certificates A repository for retrieving certificates A method of revoking certificates A method of evaluating a chain of certificates from known public keys to the target name Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 2 Certification Authorities (CA) A CA is a trusted node that maintains the public keys for all nodes (Each node maintains its own private key) CA 4 If a new node is inserted in the network, only that new node and the CA need to be configured with the public key for that node 6 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 3
2 Certificates A CA is involved in authenticating users public keys by generating certificates A certificate is a signed message vouching that a particular name goes with a particular public key Example: 1. [Alice s public key is ] carol 2. [Carol s public key is ] Ted & [Alice s public key is ] carol Knowing the CA s public key, users can verify the certificate and authenticate Alice s public key Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 4 Certificates Certificates can hold expiration date and time Alice keeps the same certificate as long as she has the same public key and the certificate does not expire Alice can append the certificate to her messages so that others know for sure her public key Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 5 CA Advantages 1. The CA does not need to be online. [Why?] 2. If a CA crashes, then nodes that already have their certificates can still operate. 3. Certificates are not security sensitive (in terms of confidentiality). Can a compromised CA decrypt a conversation between two parties? Can a compromised CA fool Alice into accepting an incorrect public key for Bob, and then impersonate Bob to Alice? Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 6
![[Carol s public key is 676554] Ted & [Alice s public key is 876234] carol Knowing the CA s public key, users can verify the certificate and authenticate Alice s public key Computer Science CSC/ECE](/docs-images/58/3470607/images/page_2.jpg "574 Dr.")
3 CA Problems What if Alice is given a certificate with an expiration time and then is revoked (fired) from the system? Alice can still use her certificate till the expiration time expires. What kind of harm can this do? Alice can still exchange messages with Bob using her unexpired certificate. Solution: Maintain a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) at the CA. A Certificate is valid if (1) it has a valid CA signature, (2) has not expired, and (3) is not listed in the CA s CRL list. Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 7 Terminology A CA signing a certificate for Alice s public key CA issuer Alice subject Alice wants to find the Bob s public key Bob target Anyone with a public key is a principal Alice is verifying a certificate (or a chain of certificates) Alice verifier Trust anchor A CA with a trusted public key Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 8 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 9
4 Monopoly Model One CA universally trusted by everyone Everyone must get certificates from this CA The public key to this organization is the only PKI trust anchor and is embedded in all software and hardware Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 10 Problems 1. There is NO universally trusted organization 2. Monopoly control. CA could charge any fees. 3. Once deployed, it is hard to switch to a different CA 4. Entire world s security relies on this CA 5. Inconvenient. Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 11 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 12
5 Monopoly + Registration Authorities (RA) RAs are affiliated with the single CA and are trusted by this CA. RAs check identities and provide the CA with relevant information (identity and public key information) to generate certificates. More convenient (more places to be certified). Still a monopoly. All the monopoly problems still hold. Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 13 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 14 Delegated CAs The trust anchor (known CA) issues certificates to other CAs (delegated CAs) vouching for their trustworthiness as CAs. Users can obtain their certificates from delegated CAs instead of the trust anchor CA. Example: [Carol s public key is ] Ted & [Alice s public key is ] carol Ted: trust anchor CA & Carol: delegated CA Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 15
6 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 16 Oligarchy Model A few trusted CAs and a certificate issued by any one of them is accepted Competition between CAs is good Problems: Not as secure as the monopoly case Need to protect more CAs (instead of only one) Might be easier to trick a naïve user by inserting a bogus trust anchor in the list of trusted CAs It is hard to examine the set of trust anchors and determine whether some has modified the set Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 17 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 18
7 Anarchy Model (Web of Trust) Fully distributed approach. No CA or list of CA provided to the users. Anyone can sign certificates for anyone else. Each user is responsible for configuring some trust anchors (provide his own certificates for them). A database maintains these certificates. Unworkable on a large scale (Why?). Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 19 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 20 Name Constraints A CA is responsible for certifying users in his domain only NCSU CA certifies NCSU students Provides complete autonomy CAs need to be able to identify each other. How? Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 21
8 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 22 Top-Down with Name Constraints Everyone agrees on a root organization and the root CA delegates to other CA. (A centralized trust anchor (CA) + delegated CAs). To get a certificate, contact the root. You will be redirected to an appropriate delegated CA. Delegated CAs can only issue certificates for users in their domain. Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 23 Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 24
9 Bottom-Up with Name Constraints Assumes a hierarchical name space. Similar to Internet domain names. Each organization maintains its own CA, and CAs link to others. Similar to DNS tree hierarchy but also cross-links (cross certificates) are allowed (Forest hierarchy). A parent certifies its children and children certify their parent. The hierarchy is traversed in a bottom-up fashion. Follow up-links until you encounter an ancestor of the target, then follow at most one cross-link, and then follow down-links from there. Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 25 Bottom-Up with Name Constraints A B/Y/Z A/B A/C B/Y/Z/A B/Y/Z/C A/B/X A/B/K A/C/Y B/Y/Z/A/C How can A/C/Y verify the certificate of B/Y/Z/C? How can B/Y/Z/C verify the certificate of A/C/Y? Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 26 Advantages 1. Easy to navigate the hierarchy (similar to DNS). 2. No monopoly. 3. Replacing keys is reasonably easy. 4. Can be deployed in any organization without help from the rest of the world. 5. Authentication between users in the same organization does not need to go outside the organization. Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 27
10 Certificate Revocation Certificates for public keys (Campus IDs) might need to be revoked from the system Someone is fired Someone graduated Someone s certificate (card) is stolen Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 28 Certificate Revocation Certificates typically have an associated expiration time Typically in the order of months (too long to wait if it needs to be revoked) Solutions: Maintain a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) A CRL is issued periodically by the CA and contains all the revoked certificates Each transaction is checked against the CRL Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 29 CRLs 1. Why are CRLs issued periodically even if no certificates are revoked? 2. How frequent should CRLs be issued? 3. If a CRL is maintained, why associate an expiration time with certificates? Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 30
11 Delta CRL Certificates (1) may be huge, and (2) need to be issued periodically A Delta CRL includes lists changes from the last complete CRL Delta CRLs may be issued periodically (frequently) and full CRLs are issued less frequently Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 31 On-line Revocation Servers (OLRS) An OLRS is a system that can be queried over the network for the revocation status of individual certificates An OLRS maintains the full CRL list What if someone impersonates an OLRS?.. Solution?.. Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 32 Good-lists vs. Bad-lists How about maintaining a list of valid certificates in the CRL instead of the revoked certificates? Is this more secure? Why? Problems: 1. A good list is likely to be much larger than the bad list (worse performance) 2. Organizations might not want to maintain its list of valid certificates public. Solution: The good-list can maintain only hashes of the valid certificates Computer Science CSC/ECE 574 Dr. Peng Ning 33
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