Long-Term Recovery from Nuclear Accidents
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- Clementine Johnson
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1 Long-Term Recovery from Nuclear Accidents THE SCIENCE AND RESPONSE TO A NUCLEAR REACTOR ACCIDENT Post Emergency Transition to Recovery The National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC May 13, 2014 S.Y. Chen, Ph.D., CHP Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL 1
2 National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements 1929: U.S. Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection 1946: U.S. National Committee on Radiation Protection 1964: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements chartered by Congress (Public Law )
3 175 S.Y. Chen, Chairman SC 5-1 Illinois Institute of Technology, DECISION MAKING FOR LATE- PHASE RECOVERY FROM NUCLEAR OR RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENTS In 2008, DHS issued Protective Action Guides (PAGs) for Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) incidents, providing recommendations for protection of public health in response to an RDD or IND incident. The current Report, expanded to include nuclear reactor accidents, provides a basic framework and approaches to implementing and optimizing decision making during late stage recovery for large-scale nuclear incidents.
4 Late-phase recovery: a challenging journey back to new normality New Normality Community Resiliency Resourcefulness Adaptive capability Expediency Recovery from a nuclear or radiological incident is contingent on proper remediation of contamination (Source: NCRP). 4
5 Addressing wide-area contamination: the unprecedented impacts Fukushima cleanup level at 1 msv/y: 13,000 km 2, or 3% of Japan s land mass, Costs at $15.6 B Connecticut Contaminated area is about the size of State of Connecticut (Contamination area near Fukushima. Source: The Asahi Shimbun 2011) 5
6 Weighing difficulty options during remediation Estimated radioactive waste volume from cleanup of nearby prefectures surrounding Fukushima NPP is 29x10 6 m 3, or about 1 billion ft 3. This has exceeded the US commercial LLW disposal capacities combined. Some adaptive management strategy is needed. (Source: ICRP 2012) Waste volume is directly proportional to the rigor in cleanup. 6
7 Late-phase recovery: major issues in wide-area radiological contamination Recovery considerations Local economic viability Major infrastructures Repatriating displaced populations Returning to new normality in the most expedient manner Remediation strategy Future land uses Priority of remediation Resources and technology Decision-making process: site-specific optimization Wide-area contamination Multi-faceted issues Radiological vs non- radiological concerns Involving stakeholders Empowerment Whole community approach Risk communication IRPA principles Use of modern communication technology 7
8 Approach to address long-term recovery issues ICRP 103 on optimization: The likelihood of exposure, the number of people exposed, and the magnitude of individual doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable, taking into account economic and societal factors. ICRP 111 on long-term exposure: while initially the exposures may be rather high and priority may be given to reducing the highest exposures, continuous efforts need to be made to reduce all exposures with time. DHS (2008): A long-term recovery effort will likely involve a full-scope risk management approach over a broad range of issues that include: impacted areas, types of contamination, human health, public welfare, technical feasibility, resource availability, costs, short-term and long-term effectiveness, economic effects, and public acceptance. Use site-specific optimization to address the multifaceted issues involving long-term recovery. 8
9 Optimization vs statutory cleanup Addressing wide-area remediation: Optimization encompasses full range of cleanup approaches Complex decision making with iterative, graded approach Challenging environmental conditions for remediation - varying levels of contamination - cross contamination or re-contamination - elevated background Multiple exposures to individuals (difficult to define critical group) Generation of radioactive waste is already problematic Competing societal priority issues Infeasible to declare the entire area a Superfund site Wide-area issues: individual dose vs multiple exposure scenarios The optimization approach aims at dose reduction through long-term management strategy. 9
10 Long-term recovery: managing the residual impacts Population Monitoring Controlling Residual Contamination (Source: IAEA) 10
11 A long-term strategy by engaging stakeholders Individual Dose Multi-Faceted Decision Making Initial Contamination Long-Term Management A community-centered recovery effort Focusing on priorities Managing residual effects An iterative process over the long term Optimal Level Cessation of Long-Term Monitoring (Source: NCRP) Time of Late-Phase Recovery 11
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