Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2012

Transcription

1 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Edited by Elizabeth Fuller A survey carried out for the Health and Social Care Information Centre by NatCen Social Research and the National Foundation for Educational Research

2 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01

3 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Edited by Elizabeth Fuller Principal authors Helen Henderson, Laura Nass, Colin Payne, Andrew Phelps and Alice Ryley

4 Published by the Health and Social Care Information Centre Health and Social Care Information Centre responsible statistician: Paul Eastwood, Lifestyles Statistics Section Head Contact via tel: For queries about printed copies of this report, contact: Publications Officer NatCen Social Research 35, Northampton Square London EC1V 0AX Contact via tel: The full text of this publication has been made available to you on the internet. You can find this at Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. This work remains the sole and exclusive property of the Health and Social Care Information Centre and may only be reproduced where there is explicit reference to the ownership of the Health and Social Care Information Centre. This work may be re-used by NHS and government organisations without permission. Commercial reuse of this work must be granted by the Health and Social Care Information Centre. This work is subject to the Re-use of Public sector Information Regulations and permission for commercial use must be obtained from the copyright holder. First published 013 ISBN Designed by Davenport Associates

5 Contents Acknowledgements 7 Summary 9 1 Introduction Background The 01 survey How reliable are young people s answers? Precision of estimates About the tables 15 Smoking Laura Nass and Alice Ryley 17.1 Introduction 19. Smoking prevalence and consumption 0.3 Influences on pupils smoking.4 Where pupils get cigarettes 6.5 Dependence on smoking 30.6 Attitudes and beliefs 31.7 Sources of information about smoking 34.8 Factors associated with regular smoking 34 Tables 39 3 Drinking alcohol Colin Payne and Andrew Phelps Introduction Prevalence of drinking alcohol Patterns of drinking alcohol in the last week Obtaining alcohol Where pupils drink Who pupils drink with Consequences of drinking Family influences Attitudes and beliefs Sources of information about alcohol Factors associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week 94 Tables 99

6 4 Drug use Helen Henderson Introduction Prevalence and frequency of drug use Vulnerable pupils and drug use Availability and awareness of drugs Sources of information about drugs Factors associated with drug use in the last year 15 Tables Smoking, drinking and drug use Helen Henderson Introduction How many young people smoke, drink or take drugs? The prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use Attitudes School teaching about smoking, drinking and drug use 186 Tables Smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use by region Background Smoking Drinking alcohol Drug use 198 Tables 00 Appendices A Survey design, fieldwork and response 05 B Data analysis and reporting 13 C Questionnaire 19 D School questionnaire 47

7 Acknowledgements Social surveys are the work of a team. The editor takes full responsibility for the content of this report, but gratefully acknowledges the contribution of many colleagues. In particular, thanks are due at NatCen to the interviewers who administered the survey in schools; researchers Victoria Hawkins and Helen Henderson; Sarah Allcock, Kay Renwick, Wendy Watson, Christopher Whiffin and their colleagues in the Operations department, for organising the fieldwork and data processing; Joanna D'Ardenne, who led the cognitive testing of new questionnaire elements; Mel Taylor for design input; programmers John Hurn and Sue Corbett; and statisticians Julia Hall and Vicky Marsh. At NFER, we would like to thank Jennie Jupp, Joanne Haswell and their team, who managed the initial contact with schools. We are also grateful to Sharon Thandi, Victoria Cooper, Victoria Jones, Jesmond Smith, Bethan Thomas and Steve Webster at the Health and Social Care Information Centre; Lee McGill at the Department of Health; Rajikiran Egan at the Department for Education; and everyone else in the project team. Above all, the authors would like to thank all the schools that took part for their cooperation, and, most importantly, the pupils who took part in the study. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 7

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9 Summary This survey is the latest in a series designed to monitor smoking, drinking and drug use among secondary school pupils aged 11 to 15. Information was obtained from 7,589 pupils in 54 schools throughout England in the autumn term of 01. Smoking (Part ) There has been a long-term decline in the prevalence of smoking since the mid-1990s. In 01, less than a quarter (3%) of pupils had tried smoking at least once. In 1996, nearly half (49%) of 11 to 15 year olds had done so. 4% of pupils said that they smoke at least one cigarette a week, the survey definition of regular smoking. In 01, boys and girls were equally likely to smoke. The prevalence of regular smoking increased with age, from less than 0.5% of 11 year olds to 10% of 15 year olds. Being a regular smoker was associated with other risky behaviours, such as drinking alcohol, taking drugs and truancy. Two thirds (67%) of pupils reported that they had been exposed to second-hand smoke in the past year. 55% of pupils said that this had happened in someone else s home, 43% in their own home, 30% in someone else s car and 6% in their family s car. Smokers tended to know other people who smoke: almost all the pupils who said that they smoked had friends who did so, compared with about half of non-smokers. Regular smokers were also more likely than occasional smokers or non-smokers to have family members who smoked (8% of regular smokers, compared with 71% of occasional smokers and 68% of non-smokers). The number of smokers a pupil lives with is related to whether or not he or she smokes. % of pupils who didn t live with any smokers were regular smokers, compared with 5% who lived with one person who smoked and 16% of those who lived with three or more smokers. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Since 007, when the minimum age at which pupils can be sold cigarettes was increased from 16 to 18, the proportion of pupils who have tried to buy cigarettes in a shop has fallen: from 17% in 006 to 5% in 01. However, half of pupils who have tried to buy cigarettes reported that they were never refused. Rather than trying to buy cigarettes in shops, pupils were more likely to have asked someone else to buy cigarettes for them (proxy purchasing), and were more likely to get cigarettes as a result. In 01, 8% of pupils had asked somebody to buy cigarettes on their behalf, and nine out of ten (88%) were successful at least once. Most pupils thought that people of their age smoked to look cool in front of their friends (84%), because they were addicted to cigarettes (70%) or because their friends pressure them into it (70%). The report also includes findings on the patterns of cigarette consumption, dependence on smoking, beliefs and attitudes about smoking, sources of information that pupils found helpful, and personal and school characteristics associated with regular smoking. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 9

10 Drinking alcohol (Part 3) Less than half of pupils (43%) had ever drunk alcohol. Boys and girls were equally likely to have done so. The proportion of pupil who have had an alcoholic drink increased from 1% of 11 year olds to 74% of 15 year olds. One in ten pupils (10%) had drunk alcohol in the last week. This continues the downward trend in since 003, when a quarter (5%) of pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. Older pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week: the proportion who had increased from 1% of 11 year olds to 5% of 15 year olds. Pupils who had drunk in the last week had drunk an average (mean) of 1.5 units. Median consumption, a more reliable measure, was lower (8.0 units). Most pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had consumed more than one type of drink. Boys were more likely than girls to have drunk beer, lager or cider, whereas girls were more likely than boys to have drunk spirits, alcopops or wine. Younger pupils were most likely to drink with family members, older pupils were most likely to drink with friends. Since 006, there has been an increase in the proportions of pupils who usually drink at home or in other people s homes or at parties with friends, and a reduction in the proportion drinking outside. Half (50%) of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks said that they had been drunk at least once during that time. Although 61% of them said that they had deliberately tried to get drunk, 39% said they had not. Whether pupils drink or not was strongly influenced by the behaviour and attitudes of their families. Pupils were more likely to drink alcohol if someone they live with does: 83% of pupils whose households did not include anyone who drank had never themselves drunk alcohol, compared with 30% of pupils who lived with three or more drinkers. Similarly, pupils who thought their families didn t like them drinking were less likely to have drunk alcohol than those who thought their families didn t mind if they drank. 87% of pupils who felt that their parents would disapprove had never drunk alcohol had never drunk alcohol, compared with 8% of those who thought that their parents wouldn t mind as long as they didn t drink too much. The proportion of pupils who think it is OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol has fallen in recent years. In 01, 8% of pupils thought that it was OK for someone of their age to drink once a week compared with 46% in 003. Pupils beliefs about why people of their age drink alcohol varied according to whether or not they have drunk alcohol themselves. Pupils who have never drunk alcohol were more likely than those who have to think that people of their age drink because of social pressures: to look cool in front of their friends or because their friends pressure them into it. Pupils who have drunk alcohol were more likely than non-drinkers to believe that people of their age drink to be sociable with friends or because it gives them a rush or buzz. The report also includes findings on patterns of drinking, where pupils get alcohol, beliefs and attitudes about drinking alcohol, sources of information that pupils found helpful, and personal and school characteristics associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week. Drug Use (Part 4) In 01, the prevalence of illegal drug use was at its lowest since 001, when the current method of measurement was first used. 17% of pupils had ever taken drugs, 1% had taken them in the last year and 6% in the last month. Boys and girls were equally likely to have taken drugs, and older pupils were more likely than younger ones to have done so. The prevalence of ever having taken drugs increased with age from 7% of 11 year olds to 31% of 15 year olds. There were similar patterns for drug use in the last year (from 4% to 4%) and in the last month (from % to 13%). 10 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

11 Pupils were more likely to have taken cannabis than any other drug. In 01, 8% of pupils reported that they had ever been offered drugs. The report also includes findings on the use of individual drugs, frequency of taking drugs, drug use by vulnerable pupils, and personal and school characteristics associated with having taken drugs in the last year. Smoking, drinking and drug use (Part 5) The estimates from this survey indicate that in England in 01, around 10,000 pupils aged between 11 and 15 were regular smokers, around 30,000 had drunk alcohol in the past week, 00,000 had taken drugs in the last month, and 370,000 had taken drugs in the last year. Around half (5%) of pupils aged between 11 and 15 said that they had tried smoking, drunk alcohol or taken drugs at least once in their lives. 17% had done one or more of these recently. They were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (10%) than to have smoked in the last week (6%) or to have taken drugs in the last month (also 6%). There was considerable overlap between behaviours. For example, 6% of pupils reported taking drugs in the last month and most of those (4% of all pupils) had smoked or drunk alcohol in the last week, or had done both. Almost all schools said that they provide pupils with lessons about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs, and most schools said that they provide pupils with at least one lesson a year about each of these topics. Around three in five pupils said that they recalled having lessons about smoking, drinking alcohol or drug use in the last year. Most pupils think that their school has given them enough information about smoking (74%), drinking (71%) and drug use (68%). The report also includes comparisons of pupils views on the acceptability of smoking, drinking alcohol and taking different types of drugs, and background on the provision of education and advice about smoking, drinking and drug use in schools. Smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use by region (Part 6) Data from 011 and 01 have been combined to enable comparisons of the prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use between regions. The proportion of pupils who had ever smoked varied across regions from % in London and the East and West Midlands to 30% in the North East. Differences between regions in the prevalence of regular smoking were not significant. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. The proportion of pupils who drank alcohol was lower in London than anywhere else; 31% of pupils in London had ever drunk alcohol. Outside London, the proportion of pupils who had ever drunk alcohol ranged from 36% in the West Midlands to 51% in the North East. The same pattern was seen for drinking alcohol in the last week. The proportion of pupils who had ever tried drugs was lower in regions in the north and midlands than in the south of England. There was no significant variation by region in the proportions of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year or the last month. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 11

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13 1 Introduction 1.1 Background This is the latest in the series of surveys of secondary school children in England which provides the national estimates of how many young people aged 11 to 15 smoke, drink alcohol or take illicit drugs. The first survey in the series, carried out in 198, measured the prevalence of smoking among pupils and described their smoking behaviour. Trends in smoking were monitored by similar surveys carried out every two years. Questions on alcohol consumption were added to the survey in 1988; the 1998 survey was the first to include questions on the prevalence of drug use. Since 000, the survey has been carried out annually by the National Centre for Social Research (NatCen Social Research since February 01) and the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER). Each survey now includes a core section of questions covering the following: pupils experience of smoking, drinking and drug use; consumption of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks in the last week; and awareness and availability of specific named drugs. As well as these core measures, questionnaires since 000 have included more detailed questions, with the focus alternating between smoking and drinking in one year and drug use the next. The focus in 01 was smoking and drinking, and this report reflects that. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and the use of illicit drugs, particularly by young people, have long been seen as key policy concerns. Since 010 there have been several strategic initiatives in each of these areas. 1 Underage drinking was highlighted in the coalition government s Programme for government. The White Paper Healthy lives, healthy people: our strategy for public health in England, published in November 010, included alcohol and drug misuse and smoking as key public health priorities, and also identified ways in which healthy behaviour could be promoted among children and young people at school. 3 In December 010, the Home Office published a new drug strategy, 4 which also included alcohol dependence within its scope. Actions to reduce smoking were set out in the tobacco control plan, published in March This included the ambition to reduce rates of regular smoking among 15 year olds to 1% or less by An initiative including government, business and the voluntary sector, The public health responsibility deal, was also published in March It includes a number of pledges on alcohol, and new pledges have been added since. 8 The government s alcohol strategy was published in March More detail about these and other government policies on smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use can be found in the relevant sections of this report. 1. The 01 survey 1..1 Survey design Following consultation with survey users, the design of the sample was changed in 010. For surveys between 000 and 009, the sample of schools was stratified by school type and sex Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 13

14 of intake, and selected across regions in proportion to the distribution of the population of 11 to 15 year olds. 10 In 010, the sample was stratified by Strategic Health Authority (SHA); within each SHA an equal number of schools was sampled. 11 This design was also used in 011, although stratified by nine regions rather than by ten Strategic Health Authorities. 1 This change was designed to enable the publication of more up-to-date regional analyses of the data than was possible with the original design (see Chapter 6). Data were collected from pupils using a self-completion paper questionnaire. These were usually completed during a single school period, generally between 30 and 40 minutes in length. The time taken by individual pupils to complete the questionnaire was not recorded and it is not possible to estimate an average. However, the allotted time was sufficient for almost all pupils to answer the questionnaire in full. In 01 data were also collected from a school staff member about their school s approach to teaching and otherwise informing pupils about smoking, drinking and illicit drug use. A similar questionnaire had been used in some surveys before 009. For further details of the 01 survey design, see Appendix A. 1.. Coverage As well as the core questions on smoking, drinking and drug use, the 01 questionnaire collected more extensive information about smoking and drinking. This included: where pupils get cigarettes and alcohol; dependence on smoking; exposure to second-hand smoke; where and with whom pupils drink; experience of drunkenness; the attitudes of pupils and their families to smoking and drinking; and the impact of school lessons and other sources of information about smoking and drinking. The questionnaire also included a set of questions designed to measure well-being. 13 The school-level questionnaire covered the frequency of teaching about smoking, drinking and illicit drug use in each school year from Year 7 to Year 11, how lessons were delivered, and other relevant school activities. This focus on smoking and drinking is reflected in the content of this report, which also presents main findings on drug use. Results are presented at a national level, including breakdowns by key characteristics such as age and sex. In addition, data from 011 and 01 have been combined to present key survey estimates by region Response The 01 survey achieved a sample of 7,589 pupils aged between 11 and 15 in 54 schools. In addition, school-level data were collected from 148 schools. Further details on survey response are given in Appendix A Weighting The 01 data collected from pupils have been weighted; both unweighted and weighted bases are shown in the tables. For further information, see Appendix B. No weights have been applied to the school-level data. 1.3 How reliable are young people s answers? Are pupils honest? This survey relies on several strategies to encourage honest reporting of behaviours which pupils may wish to conceal from adults or to exaggerate to their peers; these include 14 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

15 collecting information in school classrooms rather than homes, and repeated assurances of confidentiality, backed up by survey procedures which demonstrate this. 14 But, as with most surveys, there are limited opportunities to provide independent verification of pupils responses. This has been investigated in two main ways. Between 1990 and 1998 the survey obtained saliva samples from pupils in half of the participating schools. The samples were tested for the presence of cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine that indicates recent exposure to tobacco smoke, in order to validate the estimates of the prevalence of smoking derived from the questionnaire. Results from these surveys consistently indicated that children were largely honest about their smoking; only a few children in each survey had saliva cotinine levels that clearly contradicted their self-reported smoking behaviour, and there were no significant differences in the prevalence of smoking between children who supplied saliva samples for testing and those who did not. 15,16 Since questions about drugs were introduced in 1998, the questionnaire has asked about Semeron, a fictional drug. In 01, only 11 pupils (0.% of the total sample) reported that they had ever taken Semeron; this matches the experience of previous years, and lends support to the view that most pupils do not exaggerate their drug use. However, reported rates of awareness may be exaggerated, given that 1% of pupils claimed to have heard of Semeron (this, too, has remained at a similar level since the question was introduced) Are pupils accurate? Honesty is not the only factor affecting the accuracy of responses. In particular, recall of the number of cigarettes smoked or the amount of alcohol drunk can be problematic, given that pupils patterns of behaviour between the ages of 11 and 15 may be experimental and episodic rather than habitual and regular. In order to minimise the difficulties of reporting usual behaviour, questions are asked about consumption of alcohol and cigarettes in the last week. In each case the series of questions is designed to provide effective prompts to memory while minimising data loss caused by incomplete recording. These are discussed in more detail in the relevant chapters of this report. 1.4 Precision of estimates As the data are based on a sample (rather than a census) of pupils, the estimates are subject to sampling error. Appendix B details how to calculate sampling errors for this survey, and includes true standard errors and design effects calculated for key survey estimates. Differences are generally commented upon in the text only if they are significant at the 95% confidence level, implying no more than a 5% chance that any reported difference is not a real one but a consequence of sampling error. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 1.5 About the tables Percentages may not add up to 100% because of rounding. The following conventions have been used: 0 = less than 0.5%, but not zero - = zero (i.e. no responses were recorded in this answer category) Unweighted bases and weighted bases are shown. Weighted bases are rounded to the nearest integer and individual weighted bases may not add up to the total base because of rounding. A few pupils failed to answer each question. These no answers have been excluded from the analysis, and so tables describing the same population may have slightly different bases. Square brackets are used in tables to warn of small sample bases (between 30 and 49). Estimates based on 9 or fewer cases would not normally be shown. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 15

16 In tables where age is a variable, those aged 16 have been grouped with 15 year olds. This is because the survey did not include pupils in Year 1, and the small number of pupils aged 16 sampled from Year 11 were not representative of all pupils aged 16. Similarly, pupils aged 10 have been grouped with 11 year olds. The school year classification is based on the standard system of years used in maintained secondary schools. The school years of pupils attending other types of school have been adjusted accordingly. Notes and references 1 For more information about official strategy, guidance and legislation between 1998 and 011, see past reports in this survey series. HM Government (010) The coalition: our programme for government. London. 3 Department of Health (010) Healthy lives, healthy people: our strategy for public health in England. London. 4 Home Office (010) Drug strategy 010 reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: supporting people to live a drug-free life Department of Health (011a) Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England. London. 6 Department of Health (011a), cited above. This aspiration had already been achieved by the time the policy was published, although this was not known by the authors of the tobacco control plan. See Wright V, Gill V (011) Smoking in Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 010. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. 7 Department of Health (011b) The public health responsibility deal. London, available via the website 8 Up to date information on the Public Health Responsibility Deal can be found on the website. 9 Home Office (01) The government s alcohol strategy For a description of the sample design of these surveys, see Appendix A in Fuller E & Sanchez M (eds) (010) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 009. NHS Information Centre, Leeds 11 See Appendices A and B of the 010 report for full details and a discussion of the possible impact on survey estimates. Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 010. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. 1 This change was made in anticipation of the proposed abolition of Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) outlined in the Health and Social Care Bill 011, subsequently enacted in the Health and Social Care Act For the purposes of this survey, the boundaries of SHAs and regions are effectively the same, except that the South East region is split into South Central and South East Coast SHAs. 13 These questions, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale, have been validated and used by the Children s Society in surveys of young people aged between 10 and 15. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 14 For example the omission of names or other identifiers from the questionnaires pupils complete. 15 See Goddard E & Higgins V (1999) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young teenagers in 1998, TSO, London, for a fuller discussion. 16 The Health Survey for England (HSE) measures smoking among 8 to 15 year olds using confidential selfcompletion questionnaires. The prevalence of self-reported smoking among 11 to 15 year olds is consistently lower than that reported by pupils in this survey; for example in 008, 3% of 11 to 15 year olds reported to the HSE that they smoked at least once a week, compared with 6% reported to this survey. The HSE also collects saliva samples which are tested for cotinine. 15ng/ml of cotinine is used as a threshold, above which the subject can be reliably considered to have smoked in recent days. Once children with cotinine at this level have been taken into account, HSE estimates of the prevalence of smoking are at levels similar to those measured by this survey. See Moody A, Reilly N (009) Children s smoking and exposure to others smoke in Craig R, Mindell J, Hirani V (eds) Health Survey for England 008: Volume 1: Physical activity and fitness. NHS Information Centre, Leeds 16 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

17 Smoking Laura Nass and Alice Ryley Key findings for 01 In 01, 3% of pupils had tried smoking at least once. This is lower than in 011 (5%), and continues the decline in the proportion of pupils who have smoked since 1996, when it was 49%. 4% of pupils were categorised as regular smokers; that is, they reported smoking at least once a week. Unlike in previous years, both boys and girls were just as likely to be regular smokers (both 4%). The prevalence of regular smoking has declined from a peak of 13% in As in previous years, in 01, the prevalence of regular smoking increased with age: from less than 0.5% of 11 year olds to 10% of 15 year olds. 6% of pupils reported smoking in the last week. This was higher amongst girls than boys (7% and 6% respectively). Regular smokers smoked on average about 36 cigarettes per week. 67% of pupils reported being exposed to second-hand smoke in the last year. This was most likely to be in someone else s home (55%). 43% said they had been exposed to second-hand smoke in their own homes, 30% in someone else s car and 6% in their family s car. 68% of pupils reported that members of their family smoked. About a third (3%) reported that one or both of their parents smoked. Almost all smokers had at least one friend who smoked (97% of regular smokers and 98% of occasional smokers) compared with about half (51%) of non-smokers. Regular smokers were also more likely than occasional smokers or non-smokers to have family members who smoked (8% of regular smokers, compared with 71% of occasional smokers and 68% of non-smokers). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils who lived with someone else who smoked were more likely to smoke themselves. Just % of pupils who did not live with a smoker smoked regularly, compared with 5% of those who lived with one person who smoked and 16% of pupils who lived with three or more smokers. Pupils who smoked were most likely to get cigarettes by being given them by other people (69%), typically by other friends (57%). As well as being given cigarettes by other people (63%), regular smokers were also likely to report buying cigarettes from a shop (60%) or from other people (46%). The proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in shops in the past year has fallen in recent years, from 17% of pupils in 006 to 5% in % of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop were refused at least once in other words half (49%) were always successful. In 01, 8% of pupils had asked someone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop in the last year. 88% of these were bought cigarettes by someone else on at least one occasion. Friends were the most likely people to buy cigarettes on a pupil s behalf Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 17

18 (77%), with strangers being the next most common source (58%). Pupils who were regular smokers were likely to show signs of dependence on the habit. 67% reported that they would find it difficult not to smoke for one week and almost three quarters (7%) would find it difficult to give up altogether. Almost two thirds of regular smokers (63%) had tried to give up smoking. Most pupils (84%) believed that people smoked because they thought it made them look cool in front of their friends. Pupils were also very likely to agree that people of their age smoked because they were addicted to cigarettes (70%), or their friends pressure them into it (70%). Pupils were most likely to say that they got helpful information about smoking from their parents (73%), teachers (71%) and television (69%). Factors strongly associated with smoking include being female, being older, risky behaviours (drinking alcohol, drug use, truancy), and having friends and family who smoke. 18 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

19 .1 Introduction.1.1 Background Smoking continues to be a public health concern, with an ongoing focus on the protection of children and young people from its harmful effects. Since 010, the coalition government has continued to develop strategy in this area. A series of White Papers, Healthy lives, healthy people 1 laid out policy for improving public health across England. The aims are to limit the population s exposure to serious health threats, to help people live longer, healthier and more fulfilled lives, and to reduce health inequalities by prioritising the health of the poorest. The White Papers make clear that tobacco consumption will continue to be a key public health priority. Previous government policies had supported several actions aimed at reducing the number of children and young people that smoked. The implementation of an extensive control strategy in 1998 was triggered by White Paper Smoking Kills in which they set a target to reduce the number of children and young people aged 11 to 15 who regularly smoked (defined as usually smoking at least one cigarette a week) from 13% (the proportion in 1996) to 11% by 005 and 9% in The Health Act introduced changes in the law aimed at reducing exposure to second hand smoke and reducing the prevalence of smoking among young people. The Smokefree legislation, implemented in July 007, prohibited smoking in enclosed public spaces, including the workplace. This was unlikely to have a direct effect on the age group covered by this survey, though there may have been indirect effects, for example through the influence of changes in smoking habits by other household members. In October 007, it became illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 (rather than 16), in England and Wales. The Health Act prohibited the sale of tobacco products from vending machines from 011, and the display of tobacco products at all points of sale by the end of 015. Since 6th April 01 it is illegal for large shops, like supermarkets, to display tobacco products. This extends the overall ban on promoting tobacco products in public in ways that are believed to be particularly attractive to non-smokers and young potential smokers. 5 The White Paper Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England, published in 011, set out a strategy for reducing tobacco use in the next five years, with the stated aim to reshape social norms to make smoking less desirable, less acceptable, and less accessible. 6 The plan acknowledged that tobacco use amongst adults must be addressed in order to reduce the number of young people who take up smoking. It identified three national ambitions to reach by the end of 015: to reduce smoking prevalence amongst adults in England to 18.5% or less; to reduce the proportion of 15 year olds who are regular smokers to 1% or less; and to reduce rates of smoking throughout pregnancy to 11% or less. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved..1. Smoking and health There is extensive research demonstrating the negative effects of smoking on health. Smoking can contribute to a number of health conditions, including cancers and respiratory, digestive and circulatory diseases. 7 Individuals who start smoking at a young age have higher age-specific rates for all types of tobacco related cancers, linked primarily to their earlier exposure to the harmful toxin from cigarettes. Young smokers are also exposed to more short and long term respiratory symptoms than their non-smoking peers, such as coughing, wheezing and phlegm. Girls who start smoking at a young age are 79% more likely to develop bronchitis or emphysema in adulthood than those who had begun smoking as adults. 8 Further, smoking aggravates asthma symptoms in those already diagnosed, and increases the risk of asthma in young people with no history of the condition. 9 It can also lead to impaired lung growth in children and young adults. 8 There is evidence that 11 to 16 year olds who smoke can also experience high rates of Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 19

20 dependence on cigarettes, showing signs of addiction within four weeks of starting to smoke. It has even been suggested that smoking a single cigarette is a risk indicator of becoming a regular smoker up to three years later. 8, Measuring smoking All pupils were asked questions about their smoking behaviour, including whether they had ever smoked and for those that had, the number of cigarettes and how often they smoke. Based on their responses, pupils were categorised in three ways: Regular smokers (defined as usually smoking at least one cigarette per week) Occasional smokers (defined as usually smoking less than one cigarette per week) or Non-smokers. The term current smoker used in this chapter refers to those who smoke regularly or occasionally. Pupils who stated that they did not smoke, but who recorded elsewhere that they had smoked at least one cigarette in the past seven days, were re-classified in the analysis as occasional smoker, regardless of the number of cigarettes recorded. 11 Until 00, a detailed smoking diary was used to cover smoking behaviour in the past seven days. This method was replaced in 003 by a question recording the number of cigarettes smoked in each of the previous seven days. This change in method means that estimates of the number of cigarettes smoked in the last seven days since 003 are not comparable with estimates from earlier surveys Outline of content This chapter covers the following topics: Smoking prevalence and consumption Influences on pupils smoking, including family and friends Where pupils get cigarettes Dependence on smoking Attitudes and beliefs Sources of information about smoking Finally this report presents an analysis of factors that are associated with regular smoking among pupils.. Smoking prevalence and consumption..1 Whether pupils have ever smoked In 01, 3% of pupils had tried smoking at least once. There has been a decline in the proportion of pupils who have smoked since 1996, when almost half (49%) of pupils had smoked. (Tables.1a,.1b, Figure.1) Since the mid-1990s, higher proportions of girls than boys had tried smoking. In 01, the proportions were similar; 4% of girls and 3% of boys had ever smoked. The likelihood of having ever smoked increased with age from less than 4% of 11 year olds to 45% of 15 year olds. (Table.).. Regular smoking In this study, pupils are defined as regular smokers if they reported smoking at least one cigarette per week. In 01, 4% of pupils were regular smokers; this is in line with the overall decline in regular smoking since the mid-1990s. (Table., Figure.) Similar proportions of boys and girls smoked regularly; this is a change from the pattern in recent years when girls were more likely than boys to be regular smokers. The proportion of regular smokers increased with age: less than 0.5% of 11 and 1 year olds said that they smoked at least once a week, increasing to 10% amongst 15 year olds for both sexes. (Table.3a,.3b, Figure.3) 0 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

21 Figure.1 Ever smoked, by sex: All pupils Boys Girls Percent Year Figure. Prevalence of regular cigarette smoking, by sex: All pupils 5 Boys Girls 0 Percent Year Figure.3 Prevalence of regular cigarette smoking, by sex and age All pupils Boys Girls Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 1

22 ..3 Cigarettes smoked in the last week In addition to questions about their usual smoking habits, pupils were also asked whether they had smoked any cigarettes in the last week, and if so, how many they had smoked on each day. In 01, 6% of pupils said that they had smoked in the last week. Whether pupils had smoked in the last week differed by sex and age. Girls were more likely than boys to have smoked in the last week (7% of girls, compared with 6% of boys). Older pupils were more likely to have smoked in the last week than younger pupils, with less than 0.5% of 11 year olds reporting that they had smoked in the last week, compared with 15% of 15 year olds. (Table.4) As in previous years, the findings suggest that pupils are likely to underestimate their cigarette consumption when classifying their smoking. For instance, 10% of pupils who reported that they had tried smoking, but never smoked now also said that they had smoked at least one cigarette in the last week. Similarly, 60% of pupils who reported that they usually smoked between one and six cigarettes a week said that they had smoked seven or more cigarettes in the previous week. (Table.5) The majority (94%) of regular smokers said that they had smoked on at least one day in the last week. The mean consumption amongst regular smokers was around 36 cigarettes per week. Boys and girls who smoked regularly consumed similar numbers of cigarettes per week (on average 36. cigarettes and 35.0 cigarettes respectively). 60% of occasional smokers had smoked on at least one day in the last week. The mean consumption amongst occasional smokers was just under four cigarettes per week. (Tables.6-.8)..4 When pupils smoke On each day of the last week, between 3% and 4% of pupils reported smoking at least one cigarette. Pupils who smoked were more likely to smoke on Fridays and Saturdays than on any other day of the week. This was largely accounted for by occasional smokers who were more likely to smoke on Fridays (33%) and Saturdays (36%) than on other days of the week (14% to 19% with no clear pattern across the week). The proportion of regular smokers who smoked on any one day in the last week varied less, between 68% (Sundays) and 79% (Fridays). (Tables.7,.8) On average, the number of cigarettes smoked by regular smokers on any day of the week varied from 5.0 cigarettes on Mondays to 7.3 cigarettes on Saturdays; occasional smokers smoked on average one cigarette a day, except on Fridays and Saturdays when their average consumption was around two cigarettes. (Table.9,.10)..5 Types of cigarettes smoked Current smokers were asked about the type of cigarettes they usually smoked, choosing between packet or hand-rolled cigarettes or either. In 01, 39% of current smokers said that they smoked packet cigarettes, 4% hand rolled cigarettes and 37% smoked both types equally. Girls who smoked were more likely than boys to smoke cigarettes from packets only (45% and 31% respectively) and less likely to smoke roll-ups only (15%, compared with 35%). (Table.11).3 Influences on pupils smoking.3.1 Exposure to second-hand smoke Recent government policy has focused on reducing exposure to second-hand smoke as well as reducing the prevalence of smoking. 13 The 01 survey asked pupils different questions about their exposure to other people s smoke. Pupils were asked how often they were near to other people smoking in four different situations: in their own home, the homes of others, in their family s car or someone Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

23 else s car. Pupils were able to report exposure in any of these places from every day or most days down to never in the past year. Two thirds (67%) of pupils had been exposed to second-hand smoke in at least one of these settings. Pupils were most likely to report that in the past year they had been exposed to second-hand smoke in someone else s home (55%). 43% reported exposure to secondhand smoke in their own homes. Pupils were less likely to report being exposed to other people s smoke in their family s car (6%) or someone else s car (30%).Younger pupils were less likely to say they had been exposed to other people s smoke than older ones (61% of 11 year olds, increasing to 76% of 15 year olds), although this pattern varied according to setting and frequency of exposure. (Table.1) In all settings, regular smokers were most likely to say they had been near other people smoking on most days. Half (50%) of regular smokers had been exposed to second-hand smoke on a daily basis in their home, 33% in other people s homes, 3% in their family s car and 17% in someone else s car. In contrast, over the past year, 59% of non-smokers had never been exposed to secondhand smoke at their home, 49% never in someone else s home, 76% never in their family s car and 73% never in anyone else s car. (Table.13, Figure.4) Figure.4 Exposure to second-hand smoke every day or most days, by smoking status All pupils 60 Regular smoker Occasional smoker Non-smoker Percent At home In someone else s home In family s car In someone else s car Where exposed to second hand smoke.3. Whether pupils friends or families smoke Pupils were also asked whether any of their friends or family members smoked cigarettes. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Most pupils knew someone who smoked cigarettes, and this was more likely to be a family member (68%) than a friend (55%). Among family members, 3% of pupils reported that a parent smoked, 14% that a brother or sister smoked, and 53% that another relative was a smoker. Pupils were more likely to say that they had friends of their own age or older who smoked (45% and 41% respectively), than younger friends (18%) or a boyfriend or girlfriend (4%) who smoked. (Table.14) The pattern among friends is likely to reflect the pattern of smoking among the different age groups represented by these categories. Similarly, younger pupils were more likely than older ones to say that no one they knew smoked; 8% of 11 year olds, compared with 8% of 15 year olds, and this variation was largely accounted for by the proportions who had friends rather than family who smoked. Whether pupils knew other people who smoked was related to their own smoking behaviour. While only 1% of regular and occasional smokers had no friends or relatives who smoked, 18% of non-smokers said they had no friends or family members who smoked. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 3

24 Almost all regular smokers (97%) and occasional smokers (98%) had friends who smoked compared with 51% of non-smokers. The pattern was different for family members: regular smokers were most likely to say they had family members who smoked (8% regular smokers, compared with 71% of occasional smokers and 68% of non-smokers reported family members who smoked). (Table.15, Figure.5) Figure.5 Smokers pupils know, by smoking status All pupils Regular smokers Occasional smokers Non-smoker Percent Boyfriend or girlfriend Friends of pupil s own age Older friends Younger friends Smokers pupils know Parents Brothers or sisters Other relatives.3.3 Other smokers at home Pupils were asked how many people they lived with smoked. 63% said they did not live with anyone else who smoked. 3% of pupils lived with one smoker; 11% with two smokers and 3% with three or more people who smoked (data not shown). Pupils who lived in a household where someone else smoked were more likely to smoke than those who did not live with any smokers. The proportion of pupils who smoked increased in line with the number of smokers in their household. For example, % of pupils who did not live with any smokers were regular smokers, 5% of pupils living with one smoker were regular smokers, and this increased to 16% amongst pupils living with three or more smokers. Similarly, the proportion of pupils who were non-smokers decreased with the number of smokers living in the household, from 95% of pupils who lived with no other smokers to 75% of pupils living with three or more smokers. (Table.16).3.4 Perceived family attitudes to smoking Pupils were asked what their families would think about their smoking. Pupils were likely to interpret family as referring primarily to their parents or carers. Questions covered three different situations: Pupils who said that they did not smoke were asked How do you think your family would feel if you started smoking? Pupils who said that they smoked, but their family did not know that they did, were asked How do you think your family would feel if they know you smoked? Pupils who said that they smoked and their families knew they did were asked How does your family feel about you smoking? The answer categories for these three questions were comparable and have been combined for analysis purposes. In 01, the majority of pupils thought that their families would have a negative attitude towards them smoking, with 74% believing that their families would try to stop them smoking and 18% saying that their families would try to persuade them to stop. Only 1% of 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

25 pupils reported that they thought their families would do nothing. This is broadly in line with previous years, although the balance has shifted over time towards the more coercive approach ( they would try to stop me ) and away from persuasion. Younger pupils were more likely than their older counterparts to think that their families would try to stop them smoking (around 80% of 11 and 1 year olds, compared with 67% of 15 year olds). Older pupils were more likely than younger ones to think that their families would use persuasion to encourage them to stop smoking (3% of 15 year olds compared with 14% of 11 year olds). (Tables.17,.18, Figure.6) Figure.6 Perceived negative family attitudes to pupils smoking, by age All pupils 100 Try to persuade pupil to stop Try to stop pupil Percent years 1 years 13 years Age 14 years 15 years.3.5 Perceived family attitudes in smoking and non-smoking households How pupils perceived their families attitudes to their smoking varied according to the number of smokers they lived with. As in previous years, as the number of smokers living in the household increased, pupils became less likely to report that their families would try to stop them smoking. For example, 79% of pupils living in a non-smoking household believed that their family would try to stop them smoking and this decreased to 57% amongst pupils living with three or more smokers. Pupils living with three or more smokers were least likely to know how their families would react towards their smoking. For example, 14% of pupils living with three smokers or more didn t know about their family s attitude, compared with only 5% of pupils living with no smokers. (Table.19, Figure.7).3.6 Perceived family attitudes and smoking behaviour Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils perceived family attitudes toward smoking varied according to their individual smoking behaviour. Non-smokers were most likely to perceive their families as taking the most negative attitude towards smoking, with 76% of non-smokers thinking that their families would try to stop them smoking. Smokers were less likely to think that their families would try to stop them smoking, but this varied according to the type of smoker that they were: regular smokers were the least likely to think that their families would try to stop them smoking (36%). Regular smokers were also the most likely to report that their family would do nothing about their smoking (1% of regular smokers, compared with 4% of occasional smokers and 1% of non-smokers). (Table.0).3.7 Do pupils families know about their smoking? Current smokers were categorised as being either secret smokers or open smokers. Secret smokers were those who thought that their families did not know about their smoking, whilst open smokers were those who thought that their families were aware of their smoking. It may be possible that some families knew that pupils smoked, even though Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 5

26 Figure.7 Perceived negative family attitudes to pupils smoking, by number of smokers pupils live with All pupils 100 Try to persuade pupil to stop Try to stop pupil Percent None One Two Three or more Smokers pupil lives with pupils thought that they didn t. Similarly, it may be possible that families were not aware of pupils smoking, even though the pupil reported that they were. Almost half (49%) of current smokers were secret smokers. Occasional smokers were more likely to be secret smokers than regular smokers (67% of occasional smokers, compared with 35% of regular smokers). Conversely, the proportion of open smokers was greater amongst regular smokers than occasional smokers (65% of regular smokers, compared with 33% of occasional smokers). (Table.1) The proportion of open smokers varied with the presence of other smokers in the household, and the likelihood of being an open smoker increased with the number of smokers in the household. For example, 39% of current smokers who were not living with any other smokers were open smokers, compared with 64% of current smokers who lived with three or more other smokers. (Table.) Open smokers were less likely than secret smokers to think that their families would have a negative attitude towards smoking: 4% of open smokers thought that their families would try to stop them smoking, compared with 65% of secret smokers. (Table.3).4 Where pupils get cigarettes.4.1 The law on selling cigarettes to children In October 007 a change in the law made it illegal to sell cigarettes to young people under the age of 18 years. The aim of this legislation was to increase barriers to buying cigarettes and encourage a reduction in the proportions of young people who smoke cigarettes. 5 The Health Act prohibited the sale of cigarettes from vending machines from 011, and also included a ban on public display of cigarettes and tobacco products in retail outlets by 015, which started with large shops in April Usual sources of cigarettes Pupils who smoked acquired cigarettes from a variety of sources. Most often, pupils reported being given cigarettes by other people (69%), most commonly by friends; over half of pupils who smoked (57%) were given cigarettes by friends. Despite the law, 44% of pupils who smoked cigarettes said that they bought them from a shop. Pupils most commonly reported buying cigarettes from a newsagent, tobacconist or 6 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

27 sweetshop (37%), followed by supermarket (11%), garage shop (10%) or other type of shop (9%). Older pupils were more likely to buy cigarettes from a shop than younger pupils (50% of 15 year olds, compared with 9% of 11 to 13 year old smokers). 41% of pupils had bought cigarettes from other people, including 9% who had bought them from friends or relatives, and % who had bought them from someone else. % of pupils said they usually bought cigarettes from vending machines (despite the 011 ban), and 6% said they bought them in other ways. (Tables.4,.5) Where regular and occasional smokers purchased cigarettes varied. Regular smokers were more likely than occasional smokers to buy cigarettes from shops (60% and 4% respectively) or from other people (46% and 34%). Regular smokers were also more likely than occasional smokers to be given cigarettes by their siblings or parents. The most common source of cigarettes for occasional smokers was from friends (69% compared with 47% of regular smokers). (Table.6, Figure.8) Figure.8 Main sources of cigarettes, by smoking status Current smokers Regular smoker Occasional smoker Percent Bought from shops Bought from other people Given by friends Given by brothers or sisters Given by parents Sources of cigarettes.4.3 Trends in where regular smokers usually buy cigarettes Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Since 198, the survey has measured where regular smokers usually buy cigarettes. Between 198 and 1998, the proportion of regular smokers who bought cigarettes from a shop remained at a similar level, between 85% and 89%. The proportion decreased to 77% by 00, and remained around that level until 006. In 008, the first year after the change in the law on selling tobacco to young people, the proportion fell by 3 percentage points, from 78% to 55% - the lowest level since the survey began. In 01, the proportion of regular smokers who bought cigarettes from a shop remained at a similar level, at 60%. Between 006 and 008, the proportion of regular smokers who said that they usually bought cigarettes from other people increased from 40% to 5%. In 01, 46% of regular smokers said that they usually bought cigarettes from other people. (Table.7).4.4 Cigarettes on display Following the 009 Health Act cigarettes and tobacco products have been removed from public display in large shops and will continue to be removed in all retail outlets by the end of 015. Although the study took place after the policy was implemented in supermarkets the findings for exposure to cigarettes in shops should be considered as reference for future results considering pupils are likely to have seen cigarettes on display before. 5 In 01, pupils were asked where they had seen cigarettes on display. Most pupils had seen cigarettes at a newsagent (75%) and only 5% answered that they had not seen any cigarettes in shops. (Table.9) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 7

28 .4.5 Buying cigarettes from shops In 01, 3% of pupils who smoked said that they found it difficult to buy cigarettes from shops. This is at a similar level to recent years. (Table.30) All pupils, whether or not they smoked, were asked if they had tried to buy cigarettes from a shop in the past year. Between 000 and 006, the proportion who said they had stayed at a similar level (17% to 19%). In 008, after the increase in the minimum age at which children could be sold cigarettes, this proportion fell significantly. In 01, 5% of pupils had tried to buy cigarettes in a shop. The decline has been greatest among older pupils. For example, in 006, 38% of 15 year olds had tried to buy cigarettes from a shop, but this fell to 13% in 01. There was a similar fall among 14 year olds, from % to 6% over the same period. (Table.31, Figure.9) Figure.9 Whether pupils tried to buy cigarettes from a shop in the past year, by age: All pupils years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Percent Year From the mid 1990s until 010 there was additionally a rise in the proportion of pupils who reported that they had attempted to buy cigarettes in a shop and had been refused. However, pupils continue to be able to buy cigarettes. In 01, half (51%) of pupils who had tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year had been refused at least once; in other words, 49% of 11 to 15 year olds were always able to buy cigarettes from shops when they tried (although the proportion who tried continued to fall). Just 5% of pupils had been refused cigarettes the last time they tried and so 75% had been successful on their most recent attempt to buy cigarettes. (Tables.33,.34) Pupils who had tried to purchase cigarettes from a shop in the past year were asked how often they bought them. Of these pupils, 15% reported that they had bought cigarettes from a shop almost every day and nearly a quarter (3%) bought cigarettes once or twice a week. (Table.35) Pupils who were successful at buying cigarettes from a shop on their last attempt were asked how many cigarettes they had bought. In 01, 11% said they had bought fewer than ten cigarettes, 14 36% of pupils who purchased cigarettes had bought ten cigarettes, 46% had bought 0 and 8% had bought more than 0. (Table.36).4.6 Asking other people to buy cigarettes The previous sections of this report have demonstrated that the proportions of pupils who bought cigarettes from shops has been in decline, due in some part to an increasing difficulty in doing so. Over the same period, there has been a rise in the proportion of pupils who purchase cigarettes from other people (see Section.4.3). This includes pupils asking 8 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

29 other people to buy cigarettes for them from a shop, that is, proxy purchasing. In 010, for the first time this survey included questions about whether pupils had ever asked anyone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop. In 01, 8% of all pupils said that they had asked other people to buy cigarettes on their behalf. This figure increased with age from 1% of 11 year olds to 17% of 15 year olds. Girls were more likely to have done this than boys (9% and 7% respectively). The majority of current smokers had asked someone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop (88% of regular smokers and 49% of occasional smokers). (Tables ) Pupils who had asked someone else to buy cigarettes on their behalf had generally been successful at some point. 88% of those who had asked someone else to buy them cigarettes from a shop had been bought cigarettes at least once in the last year. Boys and girls were equally likely to be successful. Pupils aged 11 to 13 were less successful than 14 and 15 year olds (73% and 9% respectively). Almost all regular smokers (97%) had been successful in getting others to buy cigarettes on their behalf, as had most occasional smokers (91%). (Tables.40,.41) Friends (77%) were the most likely people to buy cigarettes on behalf of pupils, particularly older friends (67%). Strangers (58%) were the next most common source, with other friends of the same age (30%) and other adult acquaintances (35%) also being fairly common sources. Parents (11%) and siblings (14%) were less likely to have bought cigarettes for pupils. (Table.4) Girls were more likely than boys to have been bought cigarettes by a girlfriend or boyfriend (0% and 10% respectively) but the proportions of girls and boys who had been bought cigarettes by other friends were very similar. 15 year olds were more likely than younger pupils to have been bought cigarettes by a friend or family member. (Tables.4,.43) Among pupils who smoked, regular smokers were more likely than occasional smokers to have been bought cigarettes by friends. Regular smokers were also more likely to have been bought cigarettes by their parents, siblings, other adults they knew, or strangers. (Table.44, Figure.9) Figure.10 Who bought cigarettes on pupil s behalf, by smoking status Current smokers Regular smokers Occasional smokers Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent Boyfriend or girlfriend A friend of own age An older friend Parent or step-parent Sources of cigarettes Brother or sister Another adult known to pupil A stranger Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 9

30 .5 Dependence on smoking.5.1 Measuring dependence Concern about pupils smoking is based on the impact that regular smoking can have in the longer term as well as the immediate health effects they might experience (see Section.1.). There is evidence to suggest that there are distinct stages in the progression of smoking habits in children and adolescents, from contemplation of smoking through to established smoking and dependence. 15 This survey includes questions designed to establish the extent to which regular smokers have already become dependent on smoking. Defining dependence is necessarily a subjective measure. The analysis explores pupils views on whether they would like to give up smoking, how easy they believe that would be, and whether they have tried and failed. Although the length of time a habit has been established does not necessarily imply dependence, it may contribute to that perception. Among these 11 to 15 year olds, more than half (53%) of regular smokers had been smoking at least once a week for more than a year. (Table.45) Because only regular smokers were asked whether they had tried to give up smoking, these findings measure the extent to which pupils had tried and failed to give up. There are no corresponding measures of success in giving up smoking, for example questions for former smokers, who might have succeeded in their attempts to give up. The relatively small number of regular smokers precludes precise comparisons between boys or girls or across different age groups. Therefore, unless there is a substantial difference between groups, this section will focus on regular smokers. Similarly, though some tables show trend data, these will be commented on only where there are clear trends..5. Are regular smokers dependent on smoking? Pupils who smoke regularly tend to see themselves as dependent on the habit. Around two thirds (67%) of regular smokers reported that they would find it very or fairly difficult to not smoke for a week while almost three quarters (7%) reported that they would find it difficult to give up smoking altogether. (Tables.46,.47) In 01, about a third (31%) of regular smokers wanted to give up smoking altogether, but 19% said that they would not like to give up smoking and 49% were undecided. Almost two thirds (63%) of regular smokers had made an attempt to give up smoking. (Table.48) The commitment of regular smokers to giving up can be represented as a combination of past behaviour (whether they have tried to give up) and current attitudes (whether they would like to give up). 8% of regular smokers were committed to quitting smoking as they had tried in the past and said that they would still like to. But a similar proportion, 33% of regular smokers, demonstrated a lack of concern about dependence on smoking as they had never tried to give up and did not want to. (Table.49).5.3 Smoking behaviour and dependence In this survey, the dependence on smoking was associated with the length of time pupils had been regular smokers. 8% of pupils who had been regular smokers for more than a year said that they would find it difficult to give up smoking for a week, compared to 46% of those who had been smoking regularly for one year or less. This trend was similar when pupils were asked whether they would find it difficult to give up smoking altogether, with 86% of pupils who had smoked regularly for over a year and 56% of those who had been smoking for a year or less reporting that they would find this difficult. Of pupils who had smoked regularly for more than a year, 75% reported that they had tried to give up, compared with 51% of those who had been smoking for a year or less. Regular smokers of more than a year were also more likely to want to give up than those who had been smoking regularly for one year or less (40% compared with %). (Table.50) Dependence on smoking was also associated with the number of cigarettes pupils had smoked in the last week. Pupils were categorised by the number of cigarettes they had 30 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

31 smoked as heavy smokers (71 or more cigarettes in the last week); medium smokers (1 to 70 cigarettes); and light smokers (0 to 0 cigarettes). Almost all heavy smokers felt that they were dependent on smoking; 95% reported that they would find it difficult not to smoke for one week and a similar proportion (93%) would find it difficult not to smoke altogether. The majority of medium smokers felt also dependent as 79% thought it would be hard to stop smoking for a week, and 86% to stop altogether. Light smokers were less likely to see themselves as dependent on smoking; 41% of light smokers said that they would find it difficult to give up for a week and 50% to give up altogether. Medium (70%) and heavy smokers (68%) were more likely to have tried to give up smoking than light smokers (50%). Medium smokers were more likely to want to give up smoking (41%) than either heavy smokers (4%) or light smokers (%). (Table.51).5.4 Help giving up smoking Pupils who had tried to give up smoking and those who had tried smoking or had smoked in the past were also asked whether they had asked for help to stop. As the latter group may not have deliberately tried to give up smoking, the experiences of these two sets of pupils are not directly comparable. Most current and former smokers had used one of the means asked about (74% and 65% respectively), as had more than two fifths of those who had only tried smoking (4%). Both former and current smokers were most likely to choose not to spend time with friends who smoked, although current smokers were equally likely to have asked family or friends for help. Over a quarter of current smokers had used nicotine patches. Other sources of help, for example NHS services, had been used by relatively few pupils. (Tables.5,.53).6 Attitudes and beliefs.6.1 Attitudes to smoking All pupils were asked whether they thought it was OK for people their own age to try smoking to see what it was like, or to smoke cigarettes once a week. Since this question was asked in 1999, the proportion of pupils who thought it was OK to try smoking a cigarette to see what it was like has declined. In 01, 31% of pupils thought that it was OK to try smoking to see what it was like, compared to more than half (54%) in Since the introduction in 003 of the question regarding whether pupils thought it was OK to smoke once a week, there has been a similar decrease in pupils who thought this was acceptable, from 5% in 003 to 13% in 01. (Table.54, Figure.11) Figure.11 Attitudes towards smoking: All pupils OK to try smoking once OK to smoke once a week 60 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent Year Note: pupils were not asked whether it was OK to smoke once a week until 003. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 31

32 Boys and girls were equally likely to think that it was acceptable to try smoking or to smoke once a week, and older pupils were more tolerant of smoking than younger pupils. (Table.55) Pupils attitude towards the acceptability of smoking also reflected their own smoking status. Regular and occasional smokers were more likely to think that it was acceptable to try smoking than non-smokers (84%, 85% and 6% respectively). (Table.56) Attitudes to smoking are compared with those towards drinking and drug use in Section Pupils beliefs about smoking among their peers Many drug education programmes now include an element of normative education. This is designed to challenge pupils misconceptions about the number of their peers that smoke, drink or take drugs, and it is believed to help discourage pupils from adopting behaviour they think is more common than it actually is. 16 To determine how accurate pupils beliefs are about the behaviour of people of their age, the survey asks how many people of the pupil s age smoke. In 01, 4% of pupils were regular smokers and 4% smoked occasionally (see Table.). In 01, half (51%) of pupils thought that only a few people of their age smoked, the most accurate answer. (Table.57) Pupils perceptions of their peers smoking behaviour varied with sex and age. Compared with boys, girls tended to overestimate the number of people of their own age who smoked. Older pupils thought more people of their age smoked than did younger pupils; this is in line with the pattern of prevalence of regular smoking. (Table.58) Amongst 15 year olds, the beliefs of regular, occasional, and non-smokers were compared. (The comparison was restricted to 15 year olds to control for differences in smoking prevalence between age groups.) Within this group, 10% of pupils were regular smokers and 8% of pupils were occasional smokers (see Table.), so only a few is the most accurate of the answers offered for this group. The proportion of pupils who thought that only a few of their peers smoked ranged from 11% of regular smokers to 5% of nonsmokers. Most regular smokers overestimated the number of their peers who smoked, with 55% saying that most but not all and 4% saying all of them smoked. (Table.59) The variations by age and smoking behaviour indicate that it is likely that pupils perceptions are influenced by the behaviour of their friends. As Section.3. showed, smokers are much more likely than non-smokers to have friends who smoke; in other words, social groups share similar smoking habits. The number of friends they had who smoked did not affect whether pupils (accurately) thought that only a few people of their own age smoked. But those who knew smokers of their own age were more likely to overestimate the proportion who did smoke; 48% thought that half or more people of their own age smoked, compared with 13% of those who did not have any friends of their own age who smoked. Conversely, pupils who did not know anyone of their own age who smoked were more likely to say that no one of their age smoked (35%, compared with % of those with friends who smoked). (Table.60, Figure.1).6.3 Beliefs about why pupils smoke In 01, pupils were asked questions on their views about why people their age smoke. They were given a list of statements and asked to say whether they thought each statement was true or false. Pupils were most likely to agree that people their age smoked because it made them look cool in front of their friends (84%). 70% of pupils believed that people of their age smoked because they are addicted to cigarettes and the same proportion thought people of their age smoked because their friends pressure them into it. 6% thought people of their age smoked because they found it exciting to break the rules; almost as many (58%) because smoking helped them cope with stress in their lives. 53% agreed that people of their age 3 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

33 Figure.1 Pupils estimates of the number of people their own age who smoke cigarettes, by whether they have friends of their own age who smoke All pupils None of them Only a few About half Most/all Percent None Some Has friends of own age who smoke smoked because it gave them a good feeling, 4% because it helped them relax. Relatively few pupils (16%) thought that people of their age smoked because they believed it helped them stay slim. (Table.61, Figure.13) Pupils beliefs about why people of their age smoke All pupils Figure.13 To look cool in front of their friends They are addicted to cigarettes Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules It helps them cope with stress in their life It gives them a good feeling It helps them relax They believe it helps them stay slim Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved Percent Girls were more likely than boys to agree with all the statements, except that people of their age smoked because they were addicted to cigarettes, where there was little difference between boys and girls. There were also age differences: generally older pupils were more likely to agree with each statement, although the age differences did not follow a clear pattern for the statements that people smoked to look cool and because they found it exciting to break the rules. (Table.61) Smokers and non-smokers differed in their beliefs about why people of their age smoked. Smokers were more likely than non-smokers to believe that people of their age smoked to achieve positive effects: to help them relax, to cope with stress, because it gives them a good feeling or helps them stay slim, although they were also more likely to agree that people of their age smoked because they were addicted to cigarettes. Non-smokers were Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 33

34 more likely to believe that people of their age smoked because of social pressures: to look cool amongst friends or because of pressure by friends. (Table.6, Figure.14) Figure.14 Pupils beliefs about why people of their age smoke, by smoking status All pupils To help them relax To cope with stress in their life To look cool in front of their friends Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules Percent Regular smoker Occasional smoker Non smoker Smoking status.7 Sources of information about smoking.7.1 Sources of helpful information about smoking The questionnaire included a list of sources where pupils may have got useful information about smoking and they were asked whether they had received any helpful information about smoking cigarettes from any of these sources. As in previous years, the most common sources of helpful information were parents (73%), followed by teachers (71%) and television (69%). (Table.63) There were some differences between boys and girls, for example boys were more likely than girls to choose GPs and police in schools; girls were more likely to mention newspapers and magazines. The sources reported as helpful also differed with age, with older pupils likely to choose a broader range of helpful sources. (Tables.63,.64) There were also differences according to smoking status. Smokers were more likely to cite their peers siblings or friends and also youth workers. Non-smokers were more likely to mention adults: parents, GPs, teachers, and the police in schools. (Table.65).8 Factors associated with regular smoking.8.1 Using logistic regression to analyse smoking A logistic regression model was used to explore which pupil and environmental characteristics were associated with regular smoking. The model allows each characteristic to be considered independently by controlling for the effects of the other, sometimes related, factors. For example, smoking is associated with increased age, and with drinking alcohol; but older pupils are more likely to drink. The model allows an evaluation of the strength of the relationship between each of these variables and whether pupils are regular smokers. The model identifies associations, not causes; in other words, factors which identify pupils with an increased or decreased risk of smoking regularly. These variations in risk are 34 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

35 expressed as odds ratios and expressed relative to a reference category, which is given a value of 1. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased risk), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced risk). Also shown are 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For further information on the logistic regression method used, see Appendix B..8. The variables included in the model The model included key variables relevant to pupils and their schools. The final model was developed using an iterative process to test for significant associations. Sex, age, ethnicity and region were included in all models. Otherwise, variables were rejected if the association with smoking was not significant. This method enabled the exploration of a large number of potential predictor variables. The variables tested in the model are listed below. Most variables are categorical; those marked * are continuous. 17 Variables in bold were retained in the final model. Pupil level variables (taken from the pupil questionnaire) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Sex Age* Ethnicity (White, Mixed, Asian, Black, other/not given) Whether drank alcohol (never drank alcohol, has drunk alcohol but not in the last week, drank alcohol in the last week) Whether took drugs (never taken drugs, has taken drugs but not in the last month, took drugs in the last month) Ever truanted (never truanted, truanted but not in the last year, truanted in the last year) Ever been excluded (never excluded, excluded but not in the last year, excluded in the last year) Receives free schools meals (an indicator of low family income) Number of books in the home 18 (none, very few, enough to fill one shelf, enough to fill one bookcase, enough to fill two bookcases, enough to fill three or more bookcases) Self reported wellbeing (not low wellbeing (score 10-0), low wellbeing (score 0-9)) 19 Number of people at home who smoke (none, one, two, three or more) Family attitude to pupils smoking (would try to stop pupil, would try to persuade pupil to stop, do nothing/encourage pupil) Whether pupil has friends who smoke (no, yes) Pupil s belief about how many people of his or her own age smoke (all of them, most but not all, about half, only a few, none) People of my age smoke because it helps them relax (false, true) People of my age smoke because they are addicted to cigarettes (false, true) People of my age smoke because they believe it helps them stay slim (false, true) People of my age smoke because it helps them to cope with stress in their life (false, true) People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends (false, true) People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules (false, true) People of my age smoke because their friends pressure them into it (false, true) People of my age smoke because it gives them a good feeling (false, true) School-level variables (taken from National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) s Register of Schools, 0 performance data and the teacher questionnaire) Region School type (comprehensive, grammar, secondary modern, independent) School type (community school, academy, independent, foundation school, voluntary aided school, voluntary controlled school) Sex of school intake (mixed, boys only, girls only) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 35

36 GCSE attainment in quintiles Percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals* Percentage of pupils whose first language was not English* Faith school (none/not known, Christian denomination, other religion) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 7 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 8 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 9 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 10 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about smoking in Year 11 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more).8.3 Factors associated with regular smoking Sex and age Although the prevalence of smoking was the same for boys and girls in 01, after controlling for other factors, girls were more likely to smoke regularly than boys (odds ratio=1.71). Age was strongly associated with being a regular smoker, with an increase in odds of 1.73 for each additional year of age. Ethnicity Black pupils were less likely than those of White ethnicity to be regular smokers (odds ratio=0.08). Pupils in other ethnic minority groups were not significantly different from White pupils in their odds of being a regular smoker. Drinking and taking drugs As in previous years, drinking alcohol and drug use were both associated with regular smoking. Pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week or less recently both had increased odds of being regular smokers compared with pupils who had never drunk alcohol (odds ratios=3.95, and.37 respectively). Pupils who had taken drugs were even more likely to be regular smokers (odds ratios of for pupils who had taken drugs in the last month, 5.56 for those who had taken drugs but less recently) when compared with pupils who had never taken drugs. Truancy and exclusion Pupils who had truanted from school were more likely to be regular smokers compared with pupils who had never truanted (odds ratio=.0). There was a similar association for pupils who had been excluded from school at least once, compared with those who had not (odds ratio=3.46). Family and friends Pupils who lived with other people who smoked were more likely themselves to smoke regularly than those who did not, although this relationship was significant only for pupils who lived with three or more smokers (odds ratio=.59). The attitudes of pupils parents were independently linked to whether or not a pupil was a regular smoker. Compared to pupils who said that their families would or did try to stop them smoking, those who said that their parents would (or did) try to persuade them not to smoke were more likely to be regular smokers (odds ratio=.14), and those who said that their parents would (or did) do nothing or would (or did) encourage them to smoke had an odds ratio of The influence of friends was also important; pupils who had friends who smoked were more likely to smoke regularly than those who did not have any smokers among their friends (odds ratio=3.11). 36 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

37 Beliefs about why people of their age smoke Pupils responded to a set of statements about why people of their own age smoke. Once other factors were taken into account, three statements were significantly related to whether or not pupils were regular smokers. Agreeing that People of my age smoke because it helps them relax was associated with increased odds of being a regular smoker (odds ratio=.1). Two statements were negatively associated with being a regular smoker, that is to say they were less likely to be believed by pupils who smoked regularly: People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends (odds ratio=0.50) and People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules (odds ratio=0.61). Other individual characteristics Other pupil characteristics explored in the model were not significantly associated with being a regular smoker. School characteristics Pupils were less likely to be smokers if their school provided lessons about smoking to Year 11 pupils at least once in the school year; compared to pupils whose schools did not teach Year 11 pupils about smoking, the odds of being a regular smoker were reduced by a ratio of 0.40, whether this teaching was once a term or more, or less frequent. There was no significant relationship between the frequency of lessons given to other year groups and whether pupils smoked regularly. Region and other school characteristics, such as the type of school and the frequency of teaching about alcohol in lessons, were also not significantly associated with whether or not pupils were regular smokers. (Table.66) Notes and references 1 The Stationery Office (1998) Smoking Kills: a White Paper on tobacco. Cm4177, London 3 Smoking kills, cited above. In fact the prevalence of regular smoking in this age group had declined to 9% by 003 (see Table.1 of this report). 4 The Health Act The Health Act Department of Health (011) Healthy lives, healthy people: a tobacco control plan for England 7 The NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Statistics on smoking: England Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 8 Muller, T (007) Breaking the cycle of children s exposure to tobacco smoke. British Medical Association, London, accessible via 9 Ash Research Report (007) Asthma and Smoking Fidler JA, Wardle J, Henning Brodersen N, Jarvis MJ, West R (006). Vulnerability to smoking after trying a single cigarette can lie dormant for three years or more. Tobacco Control;15: From 198 to 1998, and in 000 and 00, around % to 3% of pupils said they did not smoke, but recorded in the smoking diary that they smoked at least one cigarette in the last week. They were consequently reclassified as occasional smokers. In 1999 there was no smoking diary, so pupils could not be reclassified in this way. In 001, pupils were asked a question about smoking on each of the last seven days, and the diary was replaced by this question from 003 onwards (see note 1 for more details). In response to this question, around 1% of pupils each year recorded that they had smoked at least one cigarette in the last seven days and were consequently reclassified as occasional smokers. The number of cigarettes recorded in the additional questions does not affect the definition of a regular smoker. 1 The changes were made for a number of reasons. Interviewers reported that pupils had problems completing the diary: they were confused by having to work backwards from yesterday and didn't fill in entries for all seven days. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 37

38 The large amount of missing data on the diaries led to potentially unreliable estimates of the numbers of cigarettes smoked. The diary could be used only in alternate years because it took up too much time to complete in a year where the focus was on drugs. This affected the estimates for occasional smokers, by excluding pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who had smoked in the past seven days so that, in years when the diary was not included, the prevalence of occasional smokers was underestimated by % to 3%. The changes and their implications are discussed in more detail in Hills A (006) Smoking in Fuller E (ed) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 005. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. 13 For example, via the Smokefree provisions of the Health Act 006 (see above). 14 Under the Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991, it is an offence to sell cigarettes by retail to any person other than in pre-packed quantities of ten or more cigarettes in their original package. 15 Gervais A, O Loughlin J et al (006). Milestones in the natural course of onset of cigarette use among adolescents. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175(3): See for example, Dusenbury L and Falco M (1995). Eleven components of effective drug abuse prevention curricula, Journal of School Health, 65(10). Research evidence on the efficacy of normative education is mixed. Thomas RE, McLellan J, Perera R (013) School-based programmes for preventing smoking. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 013, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD DOI: / CD00193.pub Categorical variables are those which group data in a specific number of discrete categories; for example, in this survey, sex has two categories: boy and girl. Continuous variables present data as a continuous range; for example, the percentage of pupils in a school who receive free school meals: from 0 to Used as a proxy measure of social class 19 Wellbeing was measured using a validated scale developed by the Children s Society, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale,. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A. (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 0 The sample of schools was drawn from NFER s register of schools, which included 009 data for some indicators used in the logistic regression model. 38 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

39 Table.1a Smoking behaviour, by sex: a All pupils Smoking behaviour Year b 000 % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Girls Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Total Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Data from 198 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table.1b shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 001 onwards. b Questions about how many cigarettes were smoked in the last seven days were not asked in 1999, and pupils were not reclassified as occasional smokers. The figures for regular smokers in 1999 are comparable with other years, but figures for other classifications of smokers are not. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 39

40 Table.1b Smoking behaviour, by sex: a All pupils Smoking behaviour Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Girls Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Total Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table.1a shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 198 to 000. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table.. 40 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

41 Table. Smoking behaviour, by age and sex All pupils 01 Smoking behaviour Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Girls Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Total Regular smoker Occasional smoker Used to smoke Tried smoking Never smoked Ever smoked Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 41

42 Table.3a Proportion of pupils who were regular smokers, by sex and age: a All pupils Regular smokers Year % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total a Table.3b shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 001 onwards. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

43 Table.3b Proportion of pupils who were regular smokers, by sex and age: a All pupils Regular smokers Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total a Table.3a shows trends in the prevalence of regular smoking from 198 to 000. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table.. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

44 Table.4 Proportion of pupils who smoked in the last week, by age and sex All pupils 01 Smoked Age in the Total last years years years years years week % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table.5 Cigarettes smoked in the last week, by smoking behaviour All pupils 01 Cigarettes Smoking behaviour smoked in Never Tried Used to Less 1 to 6 a More than Total the last smoked smoking smoke, than one week 6 a week week once never now a week % % % % % % % None to to or more Unweighted bases Weighted bases Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

45 Table.6 Mean and median number of cigarettes smoked in the last week, by sex and smoking status: a Current smokers Cigarettes smoked in last week Year c 011 c 01 c Mean/median number of cigarettes Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Regular smokers Mean Standard error of mean Median Occasional smokers b Mean Standard error of mean Median Girls Regular smokers Mean Standard error of mean Median Occasional smokers Mean Standard error of mean Median Total Regular smokers Mean Standard error of mean Median Occasional smokers Mean Standard error of mean Median Unweighted bases c Boys Regular smokers Occasional smokers Girls Regular smokers Occasional smokers Total Regular smokers Occasional smokers a Data shown from 003 onwards, when the current method of measuring cigarette consumption was introduced (see Section.1.3). b Occasional smokers includes pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the last week. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). The 01 weighted bases are as follows: (boys) regular smokers: n=14, occasional smokers: n=110; (girls) regular smokers: n=140, occasional smokers: n=151; (total) regular smokers: n=64, occasional smokers: n=61. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Data from 003 re-used by permission of the Department of Health

46 Table.7 Days on which pupils smoked cigarettes in last week, by sex All pupils 01 Days on which smoked Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Any smoking in past week Unweighted bases Weighted bases Table.8 Days on which pupils smoked cigarettes in last week, by smoking status Current smokers 01 Days on Smoking status which Regular Occasional Total smoked smoker smokers a % % % Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Any smoking in past week Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Occasional smokers includes pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the last week. Table.9 Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, by sex Table.10 Mean number of cigarettes smoked per day, by smoking status Pupils who had smoked in last week 01 Days on which smoked Sex Boys Girls Total Mean number of cigarettes Monday SE of mean Tuesday SE of mean Wednesday SE of mean Thursday SE of mean Friday SE of mean Saturday SE of mean Sunday SE of mean All seven days a SE of mean Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Not all smokers gave valid answers for all seven days; consequently the total for the week does not equal the sum of individual days. b Bases shown for smokers with valid answers for every day of the week. Bases for individual days are of a similar magnitude. Pupils who had smoked in last week 01 Days on which Smoking status smoked Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker a Mean number of cigarettes Monday SE of mean Tuesday SE of mean Wednesday SE of mean Thursday SE of mean Friday SE of mean Saturday SE of mean Sunday SE of mean All seven days b SE of mean Unweighted bases c Weighted bases c a Occasional smokers includes pupils who described themselves as non-smokers but who reported smoking at least one cigarette in the last week. b Not all smokers gave valid answers for all seven days; consequently the total for the week does not equal the sum of individual days. c Bases shown for smokers with valid answers for every day of the week. Bases for individual days are of a similar magnitude. 46 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

47 Table.11 Types of cigarettes smoked, by sex Current smokers 01 Types of cigarettes smoked Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Packet Hand-rolled Both equally Unweighted bases Weighted bases Table.1 Frequency of exposure to second-hand smoke in the last year, by age All pupils 01 Frequency of Age exposure to secondhand smoke Total years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. At home Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year In someone else s home Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year In family s car Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year In someone else s car Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Exposed to second-hand smoke in any of these places in the last year Unweighted bases a,b Weighted bases a,b a Bases exclude pupils who answered Don t know b Bases shown for pupils with a valid answer to the question about exposure to smoke at home. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 47

48 Table.13 Frequency of exposure to second-hand smoke, in the last year by smoking status All pupils 01 Frequency of Smoking status exposure to Regular Occasional Non- Total second-hand a smoker smoker smoker smoke % % % % At home Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year In someone else s home Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year In family s car Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year In someone else s car Every day or most days 17 4 Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Exposed to second-hand smoke in any of these places in the last year Unweighted bases b,c Weighted bases b,c a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. b Bases exclude pupils who answered Don t know. c Bases for pupils with a valid answer to the question about exposure to smoke at home. Other base are of a similar magnitude. 48 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

49 Table.14 Whether friends or family members smoke, by age All pupils 01 Friends/family smoke a Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Any friends My boyfriend or girlfriend Some friends of my own age Some friends older than me Some friends younger than me Any family members My mother, father or step-parent My brother or sister Other relatives None of my friends/family smoke Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Table.15 Whether friends or family members smoke, by smoking status All pupils 01 Friends/family Smoking status smoke a Regular Occasional Non- Total b smoker smoker smoker % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Any friends My boyfriend or girlfriend Some friends of my own age Some friends older than me Some friends younger than me Any family members My mother, father or step-parent My brother or sister Other relatives None of my friends/family smoke Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 49

50 Table.16 Smoking status, by number of smokers pupil lives with All pupils Smoking status 01 Number of smokers pupil lives with None One Two Three Total a or more % % % % % Regular smokers Occasional smokers Non-smokers Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Total column includes pupils who did not say how many smokers they lived with. Table.17 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by sex: All pupils Perceived family attitude a Year b 01 b % % % % % % % Boys Try to stop me Try to persuade me to stop Do nothing Encourage me to smoke Don t know Girls Try to stop me Try to persuade me to stop Do nothing Encourage me to smoke Don t know Total Try to stop me Try to persuade me to stop Do nothing Encourage me to smoke Don t know Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=3648, girls: n=3480, total: n= Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 000 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

51 Table.18 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by age All pupils 01 Perceived family attitude a Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Try to stop me Try to persuade me to stop Do nothing Encourage me to smoke Don t know Unweighted bases Weighted bases a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. Table.19 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by number of smokers pupil lives with All pupils Perceived family 01 Number of smokers pupil lives with attitude a None One Two Three Total b or more % % % % % Try to stop me Try to persuade me to stop Do nothing Encourage me to smoke Don t know Unweighted bases Weighted bases a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how many smokers they had lived with. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table.0 Perceived family attitudes towards pupil s smoking, by smoking status All pupils 01 Perceived family Smoking status attitude a Regular Occasional Non- Total b smoker smoker smoker % % % % Try to stop me Try to persuade me to stop Do nothing Encourage me to smoke Don t know Unweighted bases Weighted bases a See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 51

52 Table.1 Whether family is aware of pupil s smoking, by smoking status Current smokers a 01 Family knowledge Smoking status Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker a % % % Family doesn t know (secret smoker) Family knows (open smoker) Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Excludes reclassified occasional smokers, pupils who recorded some smoking in the past seven days, but described themselves as non-smokers and so were not given the opportunity to record whether their families knew they smoked. Table. Whether family is aware of pupil s smoking, by number of smokers pupil lives with Current smokers a Family knowledge 01 Number of smokers pupils live with None One Two Three Total b or more % % % % % Family doesn t know (secret smoker) Family knows (open smoker) Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Excludes reclassified occasional smokers, pupils who recorded some smoking in the past seven days, but described themselves as non-smokers and so were not given the opportunity to record whether their families knew they smoked. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how many smokers they had lived with. Table.3 Perceived family attitude towards pupil s smoking, by family s knowledge of whether pupil smokes Current smokers a 01 Perceived family Family knowledge attitude b Secret Open Total c smoker smoker % % % Try to stop me Try to persuade me to stop Do nothing Encourage me to smoke Don t know Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Excludes reclassified occasional smokers, pupils who recorded some smoking in the past seven days, but described themselves as non-smokers and so were not given the opportunity to record whether their families knew they smoked. b See Section.3.4 for an explanation of how the categories were derived. c Total column includes pupils who did not say whether their family knew they smoked. 5 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

53 Table.4 Usual sources of cigarettes, by sex Current smokers 01 Usual sources of cigarettes a Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Bought from a shop Supermarket Newsagent/tobacconist/sweetshop Garage shop Other type of shop Bought from street markets Bought from a vending machine 3 1 Bought from the internet 0 1 Bought from other people Friends or relatives Someone else 1 Given by other people Friends Brothers or sisters Parents Someone else Found or taken Other Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Table.6 Usual sources of cigarettes, by smoking status Table.5 Usual sources of cigarettes, by age Current smokers 01 Usual sources of cigarettes a Age Total years years years % % % % Bought from a shop Supermarket Newsagent/tobacconist/ sweetshop Garage shop Other type of shop Bought from street markets Bought from a vending machine Bought from the internet Bought from other people Friends or relatives Someone else Given by other people Friends Brothers or sisters Parents Someone else Found or taken Other Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Current smokers 01 Usual sources of cigarettes a Smoking status Regular Occasional Total smoker smokers % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Bought from a shop Supermarket Newsagent/tobacconist/ sweetshop Garage shop Other type of shop Bought from street markets Bought from a vending machine 1 Bought from the internet 1 1 Bought from other people Friends or relatives Someone else 5 17 Given by other people Friends Brothers or sisters 11 8 Parents Someone else Found or taken Other Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 53

54 Table.7a Usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers: a Regular smokers Usual source of cigarettes b Year % % % % % % % % Bought from shop c Bought from machine Bought from other people d Given by friends Given by brother/sister Given by father/mother Found or taken Other sources e Unweighted bases a Table.7b shows the usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers between 000 and 01 b Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. c Until 1986 there was only one category for shop. This has been split into four since 1990, but for comparability all the shop categories in this table have been collapsed into one. d Until 1996 there was only one category for Bought from other people. This was split into Bought from family/friends and Bought from other people since 1998, but for comparability these two categories have been collapsed into one here. e The category Other sources includes those who bought cigarettes over the internet (a separate category since 00), those who bought them from street markets (a separate category since 004) and those who were given cigarettes by someone other than friends or family members (introduced as a separate category in 010). Data from 198 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Table.7b Usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers: a Regular smokers Usual source of cigarettes b Year c 01 c % % % % % % % Bought from shop d Bought from machine Bought from other people e Given by friends Given by brother/sister Given by father/mother Found or taken Other sources f Unweighted bases c a Table.7a shows the usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers between 000 and 01. b Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=88. d Until 1986 there was only one category for shop. This has been split into four since 1990, but for comparability all the shop categories in this table have been collapsed into one. e Until 1996 there was only one category for Bought from other people. This was split into Bought from family/friends and Bought from other people since 1998, but for comparability these two categories have been collapsed into one here. f The category Other sources includes those who bought cigarettes over the internet (a separate category since 00), those who bought them from street markets (a separate category since 004) and those who were given cigarettes by someone other than friends or family members (introduced as a separate category in 010). 54 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 198 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

55 Table.8 Shops that were usual sources of cigarettes for regular smokers: Regular smokers Usual source of cigarettes (shops) a Year b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % % Newsagent, tobacconist, sweet shop Garage shop c Supermarket Other shops Unweighted bases b a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=88. c In 01, the questionnaire asked about buying from a petrol station or garage shop. Data from 198 to 00 re-used by permission of the Department of Health Table.9 Where pupils have seen cigarette packets on display in the last year, by age All pupils 01 Where seen cigarette packets on display Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Supermarket a Newsagent, tobacconist or sweet shop Petrol station or garage shop Another type of shop Not seen cigarette packets on display in any of these places Unweighted bases Weighted bases a As this survey was carried out in late 01, It is possible that pupils had seen cigarette packets legally displayed in supermarkets before the implementation of the Health Act 009 in April 01 (see Section.1.1). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table.30 Proportion of smokers who found it difficult to buy cigarettes in a shop, by age: Current smokers Found it difficult to buy Year a 01 a cigarettes % % % % % % % % % in a shop years [41] 14 years years Total Unweighted bases a years years years Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are years: n=35, 14 years: n=81, 15 years: n=8, total: n=345. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

56 Table.31 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by age: All pupils Tried to buy cigarettes Year a 01 a in a shop % % % % % % % % % % % 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases a,b,c 11 years years years years years Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table.3. b Bases for individual ages may not sum to total due to missing age data in some surveys between 1986 to 1998 c Bases for 00 have been revised since the original publication. Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Table.3 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by age and sex All pupils 01 Tried to buy cigarettes in a shop Sex Boys Girls Total % % % 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases 11 years years years years years Total Weighted bases 11 years years years years years Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

57 Table.33 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year and who were refused at least once, by age: Pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year Refused at least once Year a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % 11-1 years [46] b 13 years years years Total Unweighted bases a,c,d 11-1 years years years years Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are 11-1 years: n=3, 13 years n=44; 14 years: n=83, 15 years: n=8, total: n=377. b Estimate for 11-1 year olds is not shown because of the very small base. c Bases for individual ages may not sum to total due to missing age data in some surveys between 1986 to d Bases for 00 have been revised since the original publication. Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Table.34 Proportion of pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year and who were refused on the most recent occasion, by age: Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Pupils who tried to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year Refused on last occasion Year a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % 11-1 years [49] b 13 years years years Total Unweighted bases a,c,d 11-1 years years years years Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. Weighted bases for 01 are 11-1 years: n=, 13 years n=46; 14 years: n=8, 15 years: n=30, total: n=378. b Estimate for 11-1 year olds is not shown because of the very small base. c Bases for individual ages may not sum to total due to missing age data in some surveys between 1986 to d Bases for 00 have been revised since the original publication. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Data from 198 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

58 Table.35 How often pupils who buy cigarettes in shops do so: Pupils who attempted to buy cigarettes in a shop in the last year Frequency of buying cigarettes in shops Year a 01 a % % % % % Almost every day Once or twice a week or 3 times per month Once a month A few times a year Unweighted bases a a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The unweighted base for 01 is n=333. Table.36 The number of cigarettes bought by pupils on the last occasion: Pupils who bought cigarettes in a shop on their last attempt Number of cigarettes bought Year a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Fewer than 10 b Ten c Twenty d More than Unweighted bases a a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The unweighted base for 01 is n=63. b Under the Children and Young Persons (Protection from Tobacco) Act 1991, it is an offence to sell cigarettes by retail to any person other than in pre-packed quantities of 10 or more cigarettes in their original package. c This includes a few pupils who bought between 11 and 15 cigarettes. d This includes a few pupils who bought between 16 and 19 cigarettes. Table.37 Proportion of pupils who have asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year: All pupils Asked someone else Year to buy cigarettes in a shop % % Asked someone else to buy cigarettes in a shop 10 8 Unweighted bases Weighted bases Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

59 Table.38 Proportion of pupils who have asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by age and sex All pupils 01 Asked someone Age else to buy Total cigarettes in a years years years years years shop % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table.39 Proportion of pupils who have asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year, by smoking status Current smokers 01 Asked someone else Smoking status to buy cigarettes in a shop Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker % % % Asked someone else to buy cigarettes in a shop Unweighted bases Weighted bases Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table.40 Proportion of pupils who asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop and were bought cigarettes, by age and sex Pupils who asked someone to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year 01 Was bought cigarettes in a shop by someone else Age Total years years years % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table.41 Proportion of pupils who asked someone else to buy them cigarettes in a shop and were bought cigarettes, by smoking status Current smokers who asked someone to buy them cigarettes in a shop in the last year 01 Was bought cigarettes in a shop by someone else Smoking status Regular Occasional Total smoker smoker % % % Bought cigarettes in a shop by someone else Unweighted bases Weighted bases Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 59

60 Table.4 Who bought cigarettes in a shop on pupil s behalf, by sex Pupils who had been bought cigarettes by someone else 01 Who bought cigarettes on pupil s behalf a Sex Boys Girls Total Any friends My boyfriend or girlfriend A friend of my own age A friend older than me A friend younger than me Any family members My mother, father or step-parent My brother or sister Another adult I know A stranger Someone else 3 3 Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Table.44 Who bought cigarettes in a shop on pupil s behalf, by smoking status Table.43 Who bought cigarettes in a shop on pupil s behalf, by age Pupils who had been bought cigarettes by someone else 01 Who bought cigarettes on pupil s behalf a Age Total years years years % % % % Any friends My boyfriend or girlfriend A friend of my own age A friend older than me A friend younger than me Any family members My mother, father or step-parent My brother or sister Another adult I know A stranger Someone else Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. Current smokers who had been bought cigarettes by someone else 01 Who bought Smoking status cigarettes on pupil s Regular Occasional Total behalf a b smoker smoker % % % Any friends My boyfriend or girlfriend A friend of my own age A friend older than me A friend younger than me Any family members My mother, father or step-parent My brother or sister Another adult I know A stranger Someone else Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total column includes non-smokers and pupils who did not say how often they smoked. 60 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

61 Table.45 Length of time as a regular smoker, by sex: Regular smokers Year a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % % % Length of time as a regular smoker Boys Less than 3 months months months to 1 year More than 1 year Girls Less than 3 months months months to 1 year More than 1 year Total Less than 3 months months months to 1 year More than 1 year Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=140, girls: n=149, total: n=89. Table.46 Whether regular smokers would find it difficult not to smoke for a week: Regular smokers Year a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Difficulty not smoking Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Very difficult Fairly difficult Very or fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy Very or fairly easy Unweighted bases a a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=99. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 61

62 Table.47 Whether regular smokers would find it difficult not to smoke altogether: Regular smokers Year a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Difficulty of not smoking altogether Very difficult Fairly difficult Very or fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy Very or fairly easy Unweighted bases a a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted base for 01 is n=89. Table.48 Whether regular smokers would like to give up smoking and whether they have ever tried to give up: Regular smokers Year a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Attitude to and experience of giving up smoking Boys Would like to give up Yes No Don t know Has tried to give up Girls Would like to give up Yes No Don t know Has tried to give up Total Would like to give up Yes No Don t know Has tried to give up Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=140, girls: n=148, total: n=88. 6 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

63 Table.49 Whether regular smokers have tried to give up smoking and whether they would like to, by sex: Regular smokers Experience of and attitude to giving up smoking Year a 01 a % % % % % % Boys Tried to give up, would still like to Not tried to give up, would like to Tried to give up, would not like to Not tried to give up, would not like to Girls Tried to give up, would still like to Not tried to give up, would like to Tried to give up, would not like to Not tried to give up, would not like to Total Tried to give up, would still like to Not tried to give up, would like to Tried to give up, would not like to Not tried to give up, would not like to Unweighted bases a,b,c Boys Girls Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are boys: n=140, girls: n=148, total: n=88. b Bases shown are for the question about whether smokers would like to give up. c Bases between 000 and 006 have been revised since the original publication. Table.50 Dependence on smoking, by length of time as a regular smoker Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Regular smokers Smoking dependence 01 How long smoked regularly One More Total a year than or one less year % % % Would find it difficult not to smoke for a week Would find it difficult to give up altogether Would like to give up Has tried to give up Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Total column includes pupils who did not say how long they had smoked regularly. b Bases shown are for the question about whether smokers would like to give up. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 63

64 Table.51 Dependence on smoking, by number of cigarettes smoked in the last week Regular smokers 01 Smoking Type of smoker dependence Light Medium Heavy Total a smoker smoker smoker (0-0 (1-70 (71 or more cigarettes) cigarettes) cigarettes) % % % Would find it difficult not to smoke for a week [95] 67 Would find it difficult to give up altogether [93] 71 Would like to give up 41 [4] 31 Has tried to give up [68] 63 Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Total column includes pupils who did not say how many cigarettes they had smoked in the last week. b Bases shown are for the question about whether smokers would like to give up. Table.5 Whether asked for help or used services to give up smoking, by age Pupils who have stopped smoking or tried to do so 01 Services or other help Age used to give up Total smoking a years years years years % % % % % Not spent time with friends who smoke Asked family or friends to help give up smoking Used nicotine products to help give up smoking Asked adult to help give up smoking Visited GP to help give up smoking 3 1 Phoned NHS smoking helpline to help give up smoking Used NHS stop smoking services to help give up smoking Tried any of these Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for the first statement, bases for the other statements are of a similar magnitude. 64 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

65 Table.53 Whether asked for help or used services to give up smoking, by smoking status Pupils who have stopped smoking or tried to do so 01 Services or other help Smoking status used to give up smoking a Tried Used to Current Total smoking smoke smoker % % % % Not spent time with friends who smoke Asked family or friends to help give up smoking Used nicotine products to help give up smoking Asked adult to help give up smoking Visited GP to help give up smoking 1 6 Phoned NHS smoking helpline to help give up smoking Used NHS stop smoking services to help give up smoking Tried any of these Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for the first statement, bases for the other statements are of a similar magnitude. Table.54 Attitudes towards smoking: All pupils Attitudes to smoking Year a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % OK to try smoking a cigarette to see what it s like b OK to smoke once a week c c Unweighted bases a,d Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table.55. b In 1999 and 001, pupils were asked whether it was OK to try smoking once. c The question about whether it s OK to smoke cigarettes once a week was first asked in 003. d Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 65

66 Table.55 Attitudes to smoking, by age and sex All pupils 01 Attitudes to smoking Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys OK to try smoking to see what it s like OK to smoke once a week Girls OK to try smoking to see what it s like OK to smoke once a week Total OK to try smoking to see what it s like OK to smoke once a week Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like. Table.56 Attitudes towards smoking, by smoking status All pupils 01 Attitudes to smoking Smoking status Regular Occasional Non- Total a smoker smoker smoker % % % % OK to try smoking to see what it s like OK to smoke once a week Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. b Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like. 66 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

67 Table.57 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke: All pupils Year a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Unweighted bases a a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table.58. Table.58 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke, by age and sex All pupils 01 Perceptions of Age how many Total people of pupil s years years years years years age smoke % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Girls All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Total All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 67

68 Table.59 Fifteen year olds perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke, by smoking status Pupils aged Perceptions Smoking status of how many people of Regular Occasional Non- Total a pupil s age smoker smoker smoker smoke % % % % All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. Table.60 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke, by whether pupil has friends of the same age who smoke All pupils 01 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age smoke Has friends of the same age who smoke No Yes Total % % % All of them Most, but not all About half Only a few None of them 35 0 Unweighted bases Weighted bases Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

69 Table.61 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age smoke, by age and sex All pupils 01 Beliefs about why Age people of pupil s own age smoke Total years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys To look cool in front of their friends They are addicted to cigarettes Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules It helps them cope with stress in their life It gives them a good feeling It helps them relax They believe it helps them stay slim Girls To look cool in front of their friends They are addicted to cigarettes Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules It helps them cope with stress in their life It gives them a good feeling It helps them relax They believe it helps them stay slim Total To look cool in front of their friends They are addicted to cigarettes Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules It helps them cope with stress in their life It gives them a good feeling It helps them relax They believe it helps them stay slim Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for the statement that smoking helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 69

70 Table.6 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age smoke, by smoking status All pupils 01 Beliefs about why people of pupil s own age smoke Smoking status Regular Occasional Non- Total a smoker smoker smoker % % % % To look cool in front of their friends They are addicted to cigarettes Their friends pressure them into it They find it exciting to break the rules It helps them cope with stress in their life It gives them a good feeling It helps them relax They believe it helps them stay slim Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Total column includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. b Bases shown for the statement that smoking helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table.63 Sources of helpful information about smoking, by sex All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information a Sex Boys Girls Total Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK Helplines Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 70 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

71 Table.64 Sources of helpful information about smoking, by age All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information a Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK Helplines Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table.65 Sources of helpful information about smoking, by smoking status All pupils 01 Sources of Smoking status helpful Regular Occasional Non- Total information a b smoker smoker smoker % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK Helplines Unweighted bases c Weighted bases c a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total includes pupils who did not say how often they smoked. c Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 71

72 Table.66 Estimated odds ratios for being a regular smoker, by individual and school-level measures All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio Sex (p<0.001) Boys Girls Age (p<0.001) b < Ethnicity (p=0.03) White Mixed Asian Black Other/not given Drinking alcohol (p<0.001) Never 43 1 Drank alcohol in the last week < Drank alcohol, not in the last week Not given Drug use (p<0.001) Never Taken drugs, but not in the last month < Taken drugs in the last month < Not given Ever truanted (p<0.001) No Yes < Not given Ever excluded (p<0.001) No Yes < Not given Number of smokers at home (p=0.04) None One Two Three or more Not given Family attitudes to pupil s smoking (p<0.001) Tries to stop pupil smoking Tries to persuade pupil to stop 4.14 < Do nothing/encourage pupil to smoke < Don t know/not given < Whether pupil has friends who smoke (p=0.001) No Yes Not given People of my age smoke because it helps them to relax (p<0.001) False True < Not given a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. Continued 7 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

73 Table.66 continued All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends (p=0.001) False True Not given People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules (p=0.008) False True Not given Region (p=0.568) North East North West/Merseyside Yorkshire and the Humber East Midlands West Midlands Eastern London South East South West How often Year 11 pupils have lessons about smoking (p=0.038) Never At least once a year Once a term or more Not given/not applicable a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 73

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75 3 Drinking alcohol Colin Payne and Andrew Phelps Key findings for 01 43% of pupils said that they had drunk alcohol at least once. This continues the downward trend since 003, when 61% of pupils had drunk alcohol. Boys and girls were equally likely to have drunk alcohol. The proportion of pupils who had drunk alcohol increased with age from 1% of 11 year olds to 74% of 15 year olds. 10% of pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. The prevalence of recent drinking has reduced significantly since 003, when 6% of pupils had drunk in the last week, and is lower than in 011 (1%). Similar proportions of boys and girls had drunk alcohol in the last week. The proportion increased with age from 1% of 11 year olds to 5% of 15 year olds. Pupils who had drunk in the last week had drunk an average (mean) of 1.5 units. Median consumption which gives a more representative indication of how much pupils drink was lower (8.0 units). Most pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had consumed more than one type of drink. Compared with boys, girls were less likely to have drunk beer, lager or cider, and more likely to have drunk, spirits, alcopops or wine. Both boys and girls consumed the majority of their alcohol intake in the form of beer, lager or cider. 33% of pupils said that they had obtained alcohol in the last week. This continues the downward trend since 004 when 49% said they had obtained alcohol in the last week. The most common ways of obtaining alcohol were to be given it by parents (19%), given it by friends (19%), to ask someone else to buy it (13%), or to take it from home (13%). Under half of pupils who drank alcohol (44%) said they bought it. Pupils who had bought alcohol had usually done so from friends (53%), someone other than family or friends (34%), off-licences (3%) or shops or supermarkets (4%). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils who drank alcohol were most likely to do so in their own home (54%), someone else s home (48%), at parties with friends (47%), or somewhere outside (18%). Since 006, there has been an increase in the proportions who usually drink at home or in other people s homes or at parties with friends, and a reduction in the proportion drinking outside. Pupils were most likely to drink with friends of both sexes (57% of current drinkers), their parents (53%), brothers, sisters or other relatives (37%) or friends of the same sex (37%). Younger pupils were most likely to drink with family members, older pupils were most likely to drink with friends. Half (50%) of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks said that they had been drunk at least once during that time. Although 61% said that they had deliberately tried to get drunk, 39% said they had not. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 75

76 Pupils are more likely to drink if they live with other people who drink alcohol. 83% who lived with no one who drank alcohol had never drunk alcohol, compared with 30% of pupils who lived with three or more drinkers. About half (5%) of pupils thought their parents didn t like them drinking, slightly more than the proportion who said their parents didn t mind as long as they didn t drink too much (47%). Few pupils (1%) said their parents let them drink as much as they liked. There was a strong relationship between pupils drinking behaviour and their parents attitudes to their drinking. 87% of pupils who felt their parents would disapprove of their drinking had never drunk alcohol, compared with 8% who thought their parents wouldn t mind as long as they didn t drink too much. There has been a fall in recent years in the proportion of pupils who think that drinking is acceptable for someone of their age. In 01, 8% thought it was OK for someone of their age to drink once a week compared with 46% in 003. Pupils were most likely to think that people of their age drink to look cool in front of their friends (77%), because it gives them a rush or buzz (68%), to be more sociable with friends (66%) or because their friends pressure them into it (61%). Pupils beliefs about why people of their age drink alcohol vary according to whether or not they have drunk alcohol themselves. Puplis who had never drunk alcohol were more likely than those who had to think that people of their age drink because of social pressures: to look cool in front of their friends or because their friends pressure them into it. Pupils who have drunk alcohol are more likely than non-drinkers to believe that people their age drink to be sociable with friends or because it gives them a rush or buzz. 76 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

77 3.1 Introduction Background In 009 the Chief Medical Officer of England published the first official guidance on alcohol aimed specifically at young people. 1 This guidance recommended that the healthiest and safest option was for children to remain alcohol free up to the age of 15, and that older teenagers who did drink alcohol should do so in a supervised environment. The guidance suggested that young people should drink on no more than one day per week and conform to the limits recommended for adults. The guidance was based on a body of evidence that drinking at a young age, and particularly heavy or regular drinking, can result in physical or mental health problems, impair brain development, and put children at risk of alcohol related accident or injury. More broadly it is also associated with missing or falling behind at school, violent and antisocial behaviour, and unsafe sexual behaviour.,3 Historically children in England have been more likely to drink alcohol than children in many other European countries. 4 Although the latest international comparisons suggest some improvement in the prevalence of alcohol consumption, the proportion consuming alcohol remain well above the European average. Furthermore, the UK continues to rank amongst countries with the highest levels of alcohol consumption for those who do drink, and British children are more likely to have binge drunk or been drunk compared to children in most other European countries. 5 A range of research has been carried out on what influences drinking behaviour among children and young people. For younger children it is generally thought that parents and other family members play the key role in forming their initial understanding of alcohol, 6 but as children grow older and begin to socialise more, peers start to have an increasing impact on their attitudes, choices and behaviour. 7 There has also been an increase in the attention paid to the impact of commercial advertising and social networking on drinking behaviour. 8,9 Alcohol consumption, amongst both adults and young people, remains a key area of concern for the government. This was most recently articulated in the 01 Alcohol Strategy 10 which had a particular focus on binge and problem drinking but also included the stated aim of achieving a sustained reduction in both the numbers of 11 to 15 year olds drinking alcohol and the amounts consumed. This strategy document included a number of proposals for tackling problem drinking, to be applied either at national or local level. National level initiatives focused on tackling the availability of cheap alcohol, and reviewing the rules and practices around the advertising of alcohol, with particular reference to the influence this can have on children. At the local level local councils are to be given greater powers of enforcement, and also control over public health budgets to tackle problems in a way that is appropriate for each area. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Alongside this, The public health responsibility deal, published in 011, and its allied alcohol network, led by the Department for Health and representatives from industry, local authorities and the public health community, also aims to foster a culture of responsible drinking, which will help people to drink within guidelines. 11 Included within the pledges are ones that relate specifically to young people, including the enforcement of existing Challenge 1 1 and Challenge 5 13 initiatives, and ensuring that alcohol advertising is not targeted at children or young people Measuring alcohol consumption Consumption in units Pupils who had drunk in the last seven days were asked how much they had drunk in that period. Their answers were used to calculate their consumption in units (one unit of alcohol is equivalent to 10ml by volume of pure alcohol). These questions about alcohol consumption have been asked in a consistent way since 1990, with minor changes in The questionnaire specified six types of drink; for each type, pupils were asked Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 77

78 whether they had drunk any in the last seven days and, if so, how much. Beer, lager and cider: pints, half pints, large cans, small cans, bottles Shandy: pints, half pints, large cans, small cans Wine: glass Martini and sherry (i.e. fortified wine): glass Spirits and liqueurs (e.g. whisky, vodka, gin, tequila, Baileys, Tia Maria): glass Alcopops (e.g. Bacardi Breezer, Reef, Smirnoff Ice, Vodka Kick, WKD): small cans, bottles. Pupils who had drunk beer, lager or cider were asked if they usually drank normal strength or strong beer. Attempting to accurately measure alcohol consumption among 11 to 15 year olds presents similar but not identical challenges to surveys of adults. First, with both adults and children, recall of their drinking can be erroneous; a generally acknowledged problem for all surveys measuring alcohol consumption. Second, the majority of pupils drinking is in informal settings, and the quantities they drink are not necessarily standard measures. Finally, the survey method limits the amount of detail that can be recorded about the alcoholic strength and quantities drunk, so that, to convert actual drinks into units of alcohol consumed, it is necessary to make consistent assumptions about the strength and size of each type of drink. Converting consumption of alcohol into units Since the established unit measurement was introduced in 1990 there have been significant changes in the alcohol content of drinks and the variability in glass size. As a result, the 006 General Household Survey and the Health Survey for England changed the method by which adult alcohol consumption is converted into units of alcohol. 15,16 The 007 report in this survey series revised the method of calculating units in line with these surveys of adults and reported original and revised units of alcohol. This resulted in a higher, more accurate estimate of alcohol consumption among pupils, and reflected a likely gradual change in drinking behaviour since the 1990s. 17 From 008, consumption has been shown only in revised units and so direct comparisons between consumption of alcohol in 01 and trend data based on the original units from 006 and before are not possible. The conversion factors used in this report are shown in the table below. Type of drink Measure Units of alcohol Beer, lager or cider Pint Half pint 1 Large can Small can or bottle 1.5 Less than half a pint 0.5 Shandy Pint 1 Half pint 0.5 Large can 0 Small can or bottle 0 Less than half a pint 0.5 Wine Glass Less than a glass 0.5 Martini, sherry, spirits Glass 1 and liqueurs Less than a glass 0.5 Alcopops Can or bottle 1.5 Less than a bottle 0.75 Where pupils have indicated that they normally drink strong rather than normal strength beer, lager or cider, the number of units has been multiplied by Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

79 3.1.3 Outline of content This chapter covers the following topics: Drinking prevalence Drinking patterns Obtaining alcohol Where pupils drink Who pupils drink with Consequences of drinking Family influences on pupils drinking Attitudes and beliefs Sources of information about alcohol Finally, this report presents an analysis of factors that are associated with whether pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. 3. Prevalence of drinking alcohol 3..1 Whether pupils have ever drunk alcohol Pupils were asked Have you ever had a proper alcoholic drink a whole drink, not just a sip?. In 01, 43% of pupils said that they had. This was lower than in 010 and 011 when 45% said that they had ever had an alcoholic drink, and continues the downward trend seen in recent years. (Tables 3.1a, 3.1b) Boys and girls were equally likely to have had an alcoholic drink. As in previous years, older pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol than younger pupils, with 74% of 15 year olds having ever had an alcoholic drink compared with 1% of 11 year olds. (Table 3., Figure 3.1) Figure 3.1 Ever had an alcoholic drink, by sex and age All pupils Boys Girls Percent Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 3.. Drinking in the last week Age Pupils who had drunk alcohol were asked when they last did so. In 01, 10% of pupils said they had drunk alcohol in the last week. This was lower than in 011 (1%) and continues the downward trend since 003 when it was 5%. (Tables 3.3a-3.3b, Figure 3.) In 01, similar proportions of boys and girls had drunk alcohol in the last week (11% and 10% respectively). The proportion of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week increased with age, from 1% of 11 year olds to 5% of 15 year olds. This continues the pattern seen in previous years. (Tables b, Figure 3.) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 79

80 Figure 3. Prevalence of drinking in the last week, by sex All pupils Boys Girls Percent Year 3..3 Usual drinking frequency The proportion of pupils who said that they drank alcohol at least once a week has also been declining in recent years. In 01, 6% of pupils said that they usually drank at least once a week, compared with 0% of pupils in 001. A very small proportion of pupils (less than 0.5%) said that they usually drank alcohol almost every day. (Tables 3.6a, 3.6b) The proportions of boys and girls who drank at least once a week were similar (7% and 6% respectively). The likelihood that pupils usually drank at least once a week increased with age, from 1% of 11 year olds to 15% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.7) 3.3 Patterns of drinking alcohol in the last week When pupils drink Pupils who said they had drunk alcohol in the last week were asked when and what they had drunk. It is important to bear in mind that the data that refer to patterns of drinking are based on the 10% of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week. Because older pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week than younger pupils, the age profile of this group is skewed towards older pupils; it includes 3% of 11 to 13 year olds, 1% of 14 year olds and 5% of 15 year olds (data not shown). Around six in ten pupils who drank in the last week (58%) had done so on only one day. The mean number of drinking days in the last week was 1.7 days for both boys and girls, and has remained at a similar level in recent years. (Tables 3.8, 3.9) As in previous years, pupils were more likely to drink at weekends than midweek; 70% of those who had drunk in the last week had done so on Saturday, 47% had drunk on Friday and 4% on Sunday, compared with 6% to 8% on each of the other days of the week. Younger pupils were more likely than older pupils to drink on a Sunday (3% of 11 to 13 year olds compared with 0% of 15 year olds), and older pupils were more likely to drink on a Friday compared with younger pupils (49% of 14 and 15 year olds compared with 35% of 11 to 13 year olds). (Tables 3.10, 3.11) 3.3. Trends in pupils alcohol consumption The method for calculating alcohol consumption based on actual drinks is described in Section This method was revised in 007, and in reporting that year s survey both the original and revised unit calculations were shown and commented on. From 008 onwards only the revised calculation has been used. The adjustment in the unit calculation has a 80 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

81 significant impact on the trend data in this section. Consequently, estimates of the numbers of units of alcohol consumed by 11 to 15 year olds in 01 are not comparable with those reported from surveys in this series before 007. (Tables 3.1a, 3.1b) In 01, the average (mean) alcohol consumption by pupils who had drunk in the last week was 1.9 units. Mean consumption levels have varied between 10.4 units and 14.6 units since 007, with no clear trend. (Table 3.1b) How much do pupils drink? As in previous years, boys and girls who had consumed alcohol in the past month had consumed similar amounts. Mean consumption did vary by age, although not in a linear way: 11 to 13 year olds had the lowest mean consumption (7.7 units); 14 year olds consumed a mean quantity of 16.5 units; but 15 year olds less than this (1.3 units). Both boys and girls aged 14 had higher average consumption than older pupils; this is unlike the pattern seen in previous years. (Table 3.1b, Figure 3.3) Figure 3.3 Mean alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Boys Girls Units years 14 years 15 years Age Median consumption gives a more representative indication of what pupils drink, as mean consumption measures are based on data whose distribution is skewed. Even if the majority of pupils drink well below the mean value, the latter may be increased by relatively small numbers of pupils who record very high consumption. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. As in previous years the median consumption of alcohol over the previous week was lower than the mean consumption. 18 In 01 median consumption was 8.0 units (8.0 units for boys and 7.5 units for girls). The age pattern was more typical, with 14 year olds drinking at around the same level as older pupils and the differences between age groups were less. Using the median, average consumption by 11 to 13 year old drinkers was 5.3 units, 14 year olds drank an average of 8.5 units and 15 year olds drank an average of 8.0 units. (Table 3.13, Figure 3.4) Over a quarter (7%) of those who drank in the last week had drunk 15 units or more. This was less common among younger pupils with 16% having drunk 15 or more units in the last week compared to 33% of 14 year olds and 7% of 15 years olds. Boys were more likely than girls to have consumed 15 units or more (30% and 3% respectively) but this difference was not statistically significant. (Table 3.14) Although pupils were not asked about alcohol consumption on a single day (the usual measure for adults) it is possible to calculate their average (mean) consumption on each day they drank in the last week. More than half (59%) of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had drunk an average of more than four units per day on the days they drank, Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 81

82 Figure 3.4 Median alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 0 Boys Girls Units years 14 years 15 years Age including 63% of boys and 55% of girls. This proportion increased with age, from 4% of 11 to 13 year olds to 6% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.15) What do pupils drink? Pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week were asked how much, if any, they had drunk of each of six types of drink: Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Most pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week had consumed more than one type of drink. 75% of pupils who had drunk said they had drunk beer, lager or cider, 66% said they had drunk spirits, and 49% said they had drunk alcopops. Fewer pupils had drunk wine (35%), shandy (18%), or martini, sherry and other fortified wines (1%). Boys and girls tended to drink different types of alcohol. Among boys who had drunk alcohol in the past week the most common type of drink was beer, lager or cider (91%) with spirits (57%) and alcopops (38%) being the next most popular. Girls were less likely than boys to have drunk beer, lager or cider in the last week (59%, compared with 91% of boys), but were more likely to have drunk spirits (76% of girls, 57% of boys), alcopops (61% and 38% respectively) and wine (46% and 6%). These findings are similar to those of previous years. (Tables 3.16a, 3.16b) Among those who had drunk alcohol in the last week there was no significant variation by age in the proportions who had drunk beer, lager or cider or wine, but the consumption of other drinks did vary. Younger pupils were generally more likely to have drunk shandy, fortified wines or alcopops compared with older pupils. Older pupils were more likely than younger ones to have drunk spirits. (Table 3.17) How different types of alcoholic drink contribute to alcohol intake As in previous years, beer, lager and cider accounted for over half of pupils mean weekly intake (6.9 units), followed by spirits (.3 units), alcopops (1.9 units) and wine (1. units). Boys and girls consumed similar overall amounts of alcohol in the last week (13.3 and Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

83 units respectively) but varied in what they drank. Boys who drank consumed more beer, lager and cider than girls (9.0 units compared to 4.6 units). Girls who drank consumed more spirits (.8 units, compared with 1.9 units), wine (1.8 units, compared with 0.6 drunk by boys) and alcopops (. units, compared with 1.4 units). (Tables 3.18, 3.19, Figure 3.5) Figure 3.5 Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week, by sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 10 9 Boys Girls 8 7 Units of alcohol Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Type of drink Consequently over two thirds of boys alcohol intake came from beer, lager and cider (68%), followed by spirits (14%) and alcopops (11%). Beer, lager and cider also made up the largest proportion of girls alcohol consumption in the last week (40%) but girls consumption of alcohol was spread across different types of drink, including spirits (4%), alcopops (19%), and wine (16%). (Table 3.0, Figure 3.6) Figure 3.6 Proportion of alcohol consumed as each type of drink, by sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 100 Wine, martini, sherry Alcopops Spirits Beer, lager, cider, shandy Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent Boys Girls Sex Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 83

84 3.4 Obtaining alcohol Where pupils get alcohol The Licensing Act reiterated the provisions of previous legislation which made it illegal to sell alcohol to young people under the age of 18, to buy alcohol on behalf of someone under that age, or for anyone under the age of 18 to attempt to buy alcohol. All pupils, whether or not they drank alcohol, were asked whether they had obtained alcohol in the last four weeks and, if so, how. In total 33% of pupils said they had obtained alcohol, with no significant variation between boys and girls. The proportion of pupils who reported that they had obtained alcohol increased with age, from 11% for 11 year olds to 60% for 15 year olds. (Tables 3.1, 3.) The most common ways for pupils to obtain alcohol were to be given it by parents or guardians (19%), to be given it by friends (19%), to ask someone else to buy it (13%), or to take it from home with permission (13%). Boys and girls had generally obtained alcohol in similar ways, but sources varied with age. Among 11 year olds, the most common source was having been given it by parents or guardians (6%), with no more than % reporting that they had obtained alcohol from any other source. 15 year olds obtained alcohol from a broader range of sources; they were most likely to have been given alcohol by friends (4%) or parents (35%), or asked someone else to buy it (31%). (Table 3., Figure 3.7) Figure 3.7 How pupils obtained alcohol in the last four weeks, by age All pupils 50 Bought by someone else Given by parents Given by friends 40 Percent years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age Among pupils who drank alcohol, the proportion of pupils who were given it by parents decreased as their overall consumption increased (from 73% of those who had drunk between one and five units to 59% of those who had drunk 15 or more units in the past week). Otherwise, as consumption increased so did the likelihood that pupils would get alcohol from each source; for example the proportion who were usually given alcohol by friends increased from 13% of those who had drunk less than one unit in the last week to 9% of those who drank more than 15 units, and the proportion of those who asked other people to buy alcohol for them from 7% to 83% respectively. (Table 3.3) 3.4. Where pupils usually buy alcohol Pupils who drank any alcohol were asked if they bought alcohol, and where they usually bought it. Under half of all current drinkers (44%) bought alcohol; this became more common with age (from 9% of 11 to 13 year olds who drank alcohol to 55% of 15 year olds). Pupils who bought alcohol were most likely to buy it from friends or relatives (3%), someone else (15%), an off-licence (14%), or a shop or supermarket (11%). (Tables 3.4, 3.5) Among pupils who did buy alcohol, older pupils were more likely to have bought it from offlicences (37% of 15 year olds compared to 7% of 11 to 1 year olds). Younger pupils were 84 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

85 more likely to have bought it off the street (7% of 11 to 1 year olds compared with 1% of 15 year olds). Otherwise there were no obvious differences by age. (Table 3.6, Figure 3.8) Figure 3.8 Where pupils bought alcohol, by age Pupils who said they bought alcohol 60 Friend/relative Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Percent years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age Among pupils who had bought alcohol there was some variation in where they bought it depending on how much they had drunk in the last week. In particular, those who drank the most (15 units or more) were more likely than those who had drunk less to have bought alcohol from an off-licence (55%), a shop or supermarket (31%) or a pub or bar (1%). (Table 3.7) 3.5 Where pupils drink Where pupils usually drink As in previous years pupils who drank were most likely to drink in their own or someone else s home (78%), at parties with friends (47%), or somewhere outside (18%). Among pupils who drank, the proportion who said they usually drank at their own or someone else s home has increased since 1996 from just over half (5%) to more than three quarters (78%). The proportion who usually drank at parties with friends increased over the same period from 3% to 47%. Drinking outside (on the street, in a park or somewhere else) was first asked about in Between 1999 and 006, the proportion who reported this increased from 1% to 31%; since then it has declined to 18%. (Table 3.8; Figure 3.9) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Girls were more likely than boys to have drunk alcohol in their own home (56% compared with 5%), in someone else s home (54% and 4% respectively) or at parties with friends (51% and 44% respectively). Among pupils of different ages who drank, younger pupils were more likely than older pupils to drink at home (64% of 11 to 1 year olds who drank, compared with 48% of 15 year olds). Older pupils were more likely to drink at someone else s house (55% of 15 year olds, compared with 8% of 11 to 1 year olds), at parties with friends (6% and 16% respectively), or outside (0% and 8% respectively). (Table 3.9) Where pupils drank also varied depending on the amount they had drunk in the last week. Pupils with the lowest consumption (up to five units in the last week) were most likely to say they usually drank at home, and were less likely than others to say they drank at someone else s home, at parties with friends, or outside. Those with the highest alcohol consumption in the last week were most likely to drink either at parties with friends or in someone else s home. They were less likely than other drinkers to say that they usually drank at home (4%). As in previous years, as consumption increased the number of locations where pupils reported that they drank had also increased. (Table 3.30, Figure 3.10) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 85

86 Figure 3.9 Proportion of pupils who usually drink outside or at home or someone else s home: Current drinkers Somewhere outside Somewhere outside At parties with friends Percent Year Figure 3.10 Where pupils usually drink, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 80 At home Someone else s home At parties with friends Somewhere outside Percent Less than 1 unit 1, less than 5 units 5, less than 10 units 10, less than 15 units 15 units or more Units of alcohol drunk in the last week 3.5. Drinking in pubs bars and clubs The age group covered by this survey may only visit licensed premises such as pubs, bars and clubs if accompanied by an adult aged 18 or over, and may not drink alcohol there. It is illegal for someone to buy alcohol on behalf of someone aged under 18, or to sell it to someone of that age. The only exception is where the young person is aged 16 or 17, is accompanied by an adult, and is eating at a table on the premises. If a young person under 18 succeeds in purchasing alcohol they too are guilty of an offence. 19 All pupils were asked whether they had visited a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last four weeks (irrespective of whether they had drunk alcohol) and, if so, on how many days. 7% of pupils had been in a pub, bar or club at least once in the past four weeks, with similar figures for boys and girls. However, boys were more likely than girls to have gone to a pub, bar, or club on more than one occasion in the past four weeks (18% and 15% respectively). 86 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

87 Older pupils (those aged 13 or over) were more likely to have been to a pub at least once than the youngest pupils (those aged 11 or 1), and older pupils were also more likely to have been in a pub, bar or club more than once. (Table 3.31) Whilst 7% of pupils had been into a pub, bar or club in the past four weeks only 4% reported that they had consumed an alcoholic drink whilst there. The proportions were the same for both boys and girls. Older pupils were more likely than younger pupils to have had an alcoholic drink when visiting a pub, bar or club with the proportions reporting that they had ranging from 1% of 11 year olds to 9% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.3) 3.6 Who pupils drink with Who pupils usually drink with Few pupils said that they usually drank alone (%). Pupils who drank alcohol were most likely to say that they usually drank with friends of both sexes (57%), their parents (53%), brothers, sisters or other relatives (37%) or friends of the same sex (37%). This pattern is broadly similar to findings in previous years. (Table 3.33) Girls were more likely than boys to drink usually with friends of both sexes (60%, compared with 53%), friends of the same sex (40% of girls, 34% of boys), parents (55% of girls, 50% of boys), brothers, sisters or other relatives (40% of girls, 34% of boys), and girlfriend or boyfriend (15% of girls, 10% of boys). There were also differences according to age. Younger pupils who drank were most likely to say they usually drank with their parents (69%) or other family members (38%). Older pupils were most likely to say that they usually drank with friends of both sexes (7% of 15 year olds), parents (47% of 15 year olds), or friends of the same sex (43% of 15 year olds). (Table 3.34) Among pupils who currently drank, those who had drunk the least in the last week (including those who had not drunk at all) were most likely to say that they usually drank with their parents or with friends of both sexes (54% and 50% respectively). The more pupils had drunk in the last week the less likely they were to drink with their parents, and more likely to drink with friends. Among pupils who had drunk the most (15 or more units in the last week), 36% said they usually drank with their parents, and 93% usually drank with friends of both sexes. Pupils who had drunk more than 15 units in the last week were more likely than those who had drunk very little to say that they drank with other friends, including boyfriends and girlfriends. (Table 3.35, Figure 3.11) Figure 3.11 Who pupils usually drink with, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 100 Friends of both sexes Parents Friends of opposite sex Boyfriend/girlfriend Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent Less than 1 1 or more, less than 5 5 or more, less than or more, less than 15 Units of alcohol drunk in last week 15 or more Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 87

88 3.6. Drinking in pubs, bars and clubs Very few pupils (4%) had drunk alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks (see Section 3.5.). Those who had were most likely to have been with friends of both sexes (76%), friends of the same sex (5%) or with their parents (51%). (Tables 3.36, 3.37) 3.7 Consequences of drinking Being drunk % of pupils had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks; they were asked a series of questions about drinking alcohol over this time; including whether they had been drunk. Pupils evaluation of whether they had been drunk was necessarily a subjective measure. Overall, 11% of pupils said that they had drunk alcohol but not been drunk in the last four weeks, 7% said that they had been drunk once or twice and 3% had been drunk three or more times. The proportion of pupils who reported being drunk at least once in the last four weeks has fallen from 19% in 006 to 11% in 01. (Tables 3.38, 3.39) Half (50%) of the pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks said they had been drunk during that time. Girls who drank alcohol in the last four weeks were more likely than boys to have been drunk (54% and 46% respectively). The likelihood of being drunk was also associated with age; among pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks, the proportion who had been drunk increased from 3% of 11 to 13 year olds to 58% of 15 year olds. (Table 3.40, Figure 3.1) Figure 3.1 Proportion of pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks who were drunk in that period, by age and sex Pupils who drank in the last four weeks 70 Boys Girls Percent years 14 years 15 years Age The majority (61%) of those who had been drunk in the last four weeks had deliberately tried to get drunk at least once (these were not necessarily the same occasions). Drinking to get drunk was equally common among boys and girls who had been drunk. The likelihood of this increased with age from 48% of 11 to 13 year olds who had been drunk in the last four weeks to 65% of 15 year olds who had drunk alcohol during this period. Conversely, 39% of pupils who had been drunk at least once in the last four weeks did not intend to get drunk; this was more common among younger pupils. (Table 3.41) 3.7. Adverse consequences of drinking Pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks were asked whether they had experienced various outcomes when they drank alcohol during that period. They were most likely to report feeling ill or sick (40% of those who had been drunk in the last four weeks), 88 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

89 followed by vomiting (7%), getting into an argument (3%), damage to clothes (19%) and losing money (18%). Other negative consequences of drinking being in a fight, trouble with the police, being taken to hospital were less common. Girls who had been drunk were much more likely than boys to have felt ill or sick (48% and 31% respectively), or to have had an argument (7% and 17%). Among pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks, there was no difference by age in the likelihood of experiencing one or more of these. (Table 3.4, Figure 3.13) Figure 3.13 Adverse consequences of drinking in the last four weeks, by sex Pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks 60 Boys Girls Percent Felt ill or sick Vomited Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Consequences of drinking Had fight Trouble with police Taken to hospital The more times that a pupil had been drunk in the last four weeks, the more likely he or she was to have experienced one or more of the negative outcomes asked about. 39% of those who had been drunk three or more times in the past month had got into an argument compared with 15% of those who had been drunk once or twice. Those who were drunk three or more times in the last four weeks were prone to aggressive or troublesome behaviour: 38% had vomited, 9% had experienced damage to their clothes, 6% had lost money, 3% had had a fight and 18% had been in trouble with the police. (Table 3.43, Figure 3.14) Figure 3.14 Adverse consequences of drinking in the last four weeks, by number of times pupil had been drunk in last four weeks Pupils who had been drunk in the last four weeks 50 Once or twice 3 or more times Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent Felt ill or sick Vomited Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Consequences of drinking Had fight Trouble with police Taken to hospital Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 89

90 3.8 Family influences Other drinkers at home All pupils were asked how many of the people they lived with drank alcohol; this could be parents, siblings or anyone else they lived with. % said that no one drank alcohol where they lived, 18% said that they lived with one person who drank alcohol, 37% said they lived with two people who drank alcohol, and 16% said they lived with three or more people who drank alcohol (data not shown). Whether pupils drank alcohol was strongly related to the number of drinkers they lived with. 83% of pupils who lived in households where nobody else drank alcohol said that they had never had an alcoholic drink. As the number of drinkers in the household increased, the proportion of pupils who had never drunk fell. 30% of pupils who lived with three or more drinkers said they had never had an alcoholic drink. Similarly 3% of pupils who lived in nondrinking households said they had drunk alcohol in the last week, compared with 0% of pupils who lived with three or more other drinkers. (Table 3.44, Figure 3.15) Figure 3.15 Drinking status, by the number of drinkers that pupil lives with All pupils Never drunk alcohol Has drunk alcohol but not in last week Drank in last week Percent None One Two Three or more Number of drinkers that pupil lives with 3.8. Perceived family attitudes to pupil s drinking All pupils were asked how their parents felt about them drinking alcohol. Questions covered three scenarios depending on pupils current drinking behaviour and perceived family knowledge: Pupils who drink and think their family know they do ( How do your parents/guardians feel about you drinking alcohol? ); Pupils who drink but do not believe their family know they do ( How would your parents/guardians feel about you drinking if they knew? ); and Pupils who do not drink ( How would your parents/guardians feel if you started drinking alcohol? ). Just over half of pupils said that their families didn t like them drinking (5%), and almost as many said that their parents would not mind, as long as they didn t drink too much (47%). Few pupils (1%) said that their parents let them drink as much as they liked. (Table 3.45, Figure 3.16) Boys were more likely than girls to say that their parents wouldn t mind them drinking and less likely to say that their parents would not like them to drink alcohol. There was a clear relationship between perceived parental attitudes to drinking and the age of the pupil. Younger pupils were more likely to say that their parents did not like them drinking at all 90 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

91 Figure 3.16 Perceived family attitudes to pupil s drinking, by age All pupils 80 Doesn t like it Doesn t mind if not too much Can drink as much as wants Percent years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age (75% of 11 year olds compared with 5% of 15 year olds). Conversely, older pupils were more likely to answer that their parents would not mind them drinking as long as it was not too much (7% of 15 year olds compared with 5% of 11 year olds). (Table 3.45) Family attitudes and pupils drinking behaviour Pupils perceptions of their parents attitudes to their drinking is strongly related to whether or not they have drunk alcohol. 87% of pupils who felt their parents would disapprove of their drinking had never drunk alcohol, compared with 8% of those who thought their parents would approve of their drinking as long as it wasn t too much and 1% of those whose parents let them drink as much as they liked. Conversely, just % of those who felt their parents would disapprove had drunk alcohol in the last week, compared with 18% of those who thought their parents didn t mind them drinking within limits, and 49% of those who thought their parents would let them drink as much as they liked. (Table 3.46) This relationship is reflected in differences in how pupils view their families attitudes to their drinking according to whether or not they have drunk alcohol. More than three quarters (77%) of pupils who had never drunk alcohol said that their parents would not like them to drink. Most pupils who had drunk in the last week or had drunk alcohol but not in the last week said their parents did not mind them drinking as long as they didn t drink too much (8% and 81% respectively). Pupils who had drunk in the last week were most likely to say that their parents let them drink as much as they liked. (Table 3.47) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Pupils who said that their parents did not mind them drinking as long as they didn t drink too much were least likely to have been drunk in the last four weeks (47%). Pupils who had drunk in the last four weeks but who said that their parents disapproved of their drinking were more likely to have been drunk (68%), as were those who said that their parents let them drink as much as they liked (70%). (Table 3.48) 3.9 Attitudes and beliefs Attitudes towards drinking Previous editions of this report showed that there has been a gradual decline in pupils acceptance of people of their own age drinking alcohol or being drunk and this trend continued in 01. Just over half of all pupils (53%) agreed that it was OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like and about three in ten (8%) agreed that it was OK to drink alcohol once a week. This compares with 67% and 46% respectively in 003 when these questions were first asked. Trends in attitudes to people of the pupil s age getting drunk are Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 91

92 less clear cut. In 01, % of pupils thought that it was OK for someone of their age to try getting drunk once and 10% thought that it was OK to get drunk once a week. (Table 3.49, Figure 3.17) Figure 3.17 Proportion of pupils who think that it is OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol: All pupils OK to try drinking alcohol OK to drink alcohol once a week Percent Year Similar proportions of boys and girls thought each of these things was OK, except that boys were more likely than girls to think it was OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol once a week (31% compared with 6%). Older pupils attitudes towards drinking by people of their own age were more tolerant than younger pupils. For example, 19% of 11 year olds thought it OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like compared with 80% of 15 year olds. These changes in attitudes with age reflect the increasing prevalence of drinking and getting drunk within this age group. (Table 3.50) Pupils own experiences of drinking alcohol were associated with their attitudes. For example, 89% of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week agreed that it was OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like, compared with 31% of those who had never drunk alcohol. The pattern was similar for the other statements. (Table 3.51) The more times a pupil had been drunk in the last four weeks, the more likely it was that they agreed that it was OK for someone of their age to try getting drunk or to get drunk once a week. For example, 16% of pupils who had drunk alcohol but had not been drunk thought that it was OK to get drunk once a week compared with 64% of pupils who had been drunk three or more times in the last four weeks. However, even among pupils who had been drunk several times in the last four weeks, more than a third (36%) did not think that it was OK for someone of their own age to get drunk regularly and almost a fifth (18%) did not agree that it was OK to try getting drunk even once. (Table 3.5) 3.9. Pupils beliefs about drinking alcohol among their peers Current guidance to schools suggests that one element of a successful drug education programme is normative education. 0 Challenging pupils misconceptions about the number of their peers that smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs, may discourage pupils from adopting behaviour that they think is more common than it actually is. Therefore, the survey asks how many people of the pupils age drink alcohol to determine whether pupils are likely to overestimate or underestimate how many actually do. Most pupils were able to fairly accurately estimate what proportion of those in their age group drank alcohol. For example, most 11 year olds (88%) correctly estimated that only a few or no 11 year olds drank alcohol; whereas about half of 15 year olds (53%) correctly estimated that most, but not all 15 year olds drank. However, some pupils in age groups between these did overestimate how many people of their own age drank: 6% of 1 year 9 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

93 olds believed that most, but not all people of their age drank as did 13% of 13 year olds when the actual prevalence of having ever drunk alcohol is 18% of 1 year olds and 37% of 13 year olds. (Table 3., Tables 3.53, 3.54) Pupils own drinking was associated with their perceptions of the prevalence of drinking among others of their age. To avoid the confounding effects of the variations in drinking prevalence by age, the analysis is limited to 15 year olds. Compared with 15 year olds who had drunk alcohol in the last week, those who had never done so were much more likely to say that only a few people their own age drank (8% of those who had never drunk alcohol, compared with % of those who had drunk in the last week, and 7% of those who had drunk alcohol, but not in the last week). Similarly, 19% of 15 year olds who had drunk in the last week thought that all people their age drank alcohol, compared with 8% of those who had drunk alcohol but not in the last week, and 4% of those who had never drunk alcohol. (Table 3.55) Beliefs about why pupils drink alcohol Pupils were asked whether they thought statements about why people of their age drink were true or false. Pupils were most likely to believe people of their age drink to look cool in front of their friends (77%), because it gives them a rush or buzz (68%), to be more sociable with friends (66%), or because their friends pressure them into it (61%). Reasons to do with their own mood or state of mind were less common; because it makes them confident (50%), drinking helps them forget their problems (48%), or because they are bored and have nothing to do (44%). Pupils were least likely to agree that people of their age drink to help them relax (33%). (Table 3.56, Figure 3.18) Pupils beliefs about why people of their age drink All pupils Figure 3.18 To look cool in front of their friends It gives them a rush or a buzz To be more sociable with friends Their friends pressure them into it It makes them feel more confident It helps them forget their problems They are bored and have nothing to do It helps them relax Percent Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. There was a clear relationship between pupils age and what statements they thought were true. In most cases older pupils were more likely than younger pupils to agree with statements: for example to be sociable with friends (89% of 15 year olds compared with 36% of 11 year olds), because it gives them a rush or a buzz (79% compared with 44%) or because it makes them feel more confident (68% compared with 8%). (Table 3.56) There were also differences according to whether pupils drank alcohol. Pupils who had drunk in the last week were less likely than others to say people drink to look cool in front of their friends (58% of pupils who had drunk in the last week, compared with 75% of those who had drunk less recently and 8% of those who had never drunk alcohol). The same was true for the statement that People of my age drink because their friends pressure them into it ; 41% of those who drunk in the last week agreed with this, compared with 59% of those who had drunk alcohol less recently and 65% of those who had never drunk alcohol. Otherwise, pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week were more likely to think most statements were true than those who had drunk less recently or not at all. (Table 3.57, Figure 3.19) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 93

94 Figure 3.19 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age drink, by when they last drank alcohol All pupils 90 To be more sociable It gives them a rush or buzz Their friends pressure them into it To look cool in front of their friends Percent In the last week Before that Never When last drank alcohol 3.10 Sources of information about alcohol Sources of helpful information about alcohol All pupils, whether or not they had drunk alcohol, were asked which of a list of sources of potential information about drinking they had found to be helpful. Interpersonal and media sources were asked about in separate questions and are considered here separately. Parents (75%) and teachers (65%) were given by most pupils as sources of helpful information. Peers, including friends (38%) and siblings (33%), were less likely to be mentioned, as were the police in schools (45%), other relatives (48%), other adults at school (36%) or GPs (3%). Among the media, TV was the most likely source to be mentioned (67%), followed by the internet (53%), newspapers and magazines (47%) and the radio (30%). Girls were more likely than boys to mention friends, teachers, other adults at school or newspapers and magazines. Boys were more likely than girls to mention GPs. (Table 3.58) Older pupils tended to mention sources more than younger ones, for example 3% of 11 year olds said they had got helpful information about drinking alcohol from friends compared with 51% of 15 year olds. Younger pupils were more likely to mention more authoritative figures such as GPs and police in schools. (Table 3.59) There were also differences according to whether pupils drank alcohol. Compared with pupils who had never drunk alcohol, pupils who had drunk in the last week were more likely to mention most sources. (Table 3.6) 3.11 Factors associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week Using logistic regression to analyse drinking alcohol A logistic regression model was used to explore which pupil and environmental characteristics were associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week. The model allows each characteristic to be considered independently by controlling for the effects of the other, sometimes related, factors. For example, drinking alcohol is associated with increased age, and with smoking; but older pupils are more likely to smoke. The model allows an evaluation of the strength of the relationship between each of these variables and whether pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. 94 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

95 The model identifies associations, not causes; in other words, factors which identify pupils with an increased or decreased risk of having drunk alcohol in the last week. These variations in risk are expressed as odds ratios and expressed relative to a reference category, which is given a value of 1. Odd ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased risk), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced risk). Also shown are 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For further information on the logistic regression method used, see Appendix B The variables included in the model The model included key variables relevant to pupils and their schools. The final model was developed using an iterative process to test for significant associations. Sex, age, ethnicity and region were included in all models. Otherwise, variables were rejected if the association with drinking alcohol was not significant. This method enabled the exploration of a large number of potential predictor variables. The variables tested in the model are listed below. Most variables are categorical; those marked * are continuous. 1 Variables in bold were retained in the final model. Pupil level variables (taken from the pupil questionnaire) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Sex Age* Ethnicity (White, Mixed, Asian, Black, other/not given) Smoking status (non-smoker, occasional smoker, regular smoker) Whether taken drugs (never taken drugs, has taken drugs but not in the last month, took drugs in the last month) Ever truanted (never truanted, truanted but not in the last year, truanted in the last year) Ever been excluded (never excluded, excluded but not in the last year, excluded in the last year) Receives free schools meals (an indicator of low family income) Number of books in the home (none, very few, enough to fill one shelf, enough to fill one bookcase, enough to fill two bookcases, enough to fill three or more bookcases) Self reported wellbeing (not low wellbeing (score 10-0), low wellbeing (score 0-9)) 3 Number of people at home who drink (none, one, two, three or more) Family attitude to pupils drinking (doesn t like pupil drinking, doesn t mind as long as pupils doesn t drink too much, lets pupil drink as much as s/he likes) Pupil s belief about how many people of his or her own age drink (all of them, most but not all, about half, only a few, none) People of my age drink because it helps them relax (false, true) People of my age drink because it makes them feel confident (false, true) People of my age drink to be sociable with friends (false, true) People of my age drink because they are bored and have nothing to do (false, true) People of my age drink to look cool in front of their friends (false, true) People of my age drink because it helps them forget their problems (false, true) People of my age drink because it gives them a rush or buzz (false, true) People of my age drink because their friends pressure them into it (false, true) School-level variables (taken from National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) s Register of Schools, 4 performance data and the teacher questionnaire) Region School type (comprehensive, grammar, secondary modern, independent) School type (community school, academy, independent, foundation school, voluntary aided school, voluntary controlled school) Sex of school intake (mixed, boys only, girls only) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 95

96 GCSE attainment in quintiles Percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals* Percentage of pupils whose first language was not English* Faith school (none/not known, Christian denomination, other religion) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 7 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 8 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 9 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 10 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about alcohol in Year 11 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Factors associated with drinking alcohol in the last week Sex and age After controlling for other factors, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Age was strongly associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week, with an increase in odds of 1.38 for each additional year of age. Ethnicity Ethnicity was not associated with the likelihood of having drunk alcohol in the last week. Smoking and taking drugs As in previous years, smoking and taking drugs were both associated with drinking alcohol. Both regular and occasional smokers were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (odds ratios=.19, and.9 respectively). Compared with pupils who had never taken drugs, those who had were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (odds ratios of 1.80 for pupils who had taken drugs in the last month, 1.5 for those who had taken drugs but less recently). Truancy and exclusion Pupils who had truanted from school were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week compared with pupils who had never truanted (odds ratio=1.69). There was no such association for pupils who had been excluded from school at least once, compared with those who had not. Family and friends Pupils who lived with other people who drank alcohol were more likely themselves to drink. The odds ratios increased with the number of drinkers in the home, from 1.64 for pupils who lived with one person who drank alcohol to.15 for pupils who lived with three or more drinkers, compared with those who lived in homes where no one drank. The attitudes of pupils parents were also linked to whether or not a pupil drank. Compared to pupils who said that their families did not like them to drink alcohol, those who said that their parents didn t mind them drinking as long as they didn t drink too much were more likely to drink (odds ratio=.81), and those who said that their parents let them drink had an odds ratio of 7.0 compared with those whose parents disapproved. Pupils estimates of how many people of their own age drank were also linked to whether or not they drank. Compared to pupils who thought that all people of their age drank, the odds of having drunk alcohol in the last week reduced from 0.55 for those who thought that most but not all of their age group drank to 0.09 for those who thought that none of their age group drank. This is likely to be influenced by their own social life, so that pupils estimates for their age group are likely to be based on the observations of their friends and peers. 96 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

97 Beliefs about why people of their age drink alcohol Pupils responded to a set of statements about why people of their own age drink. Once other factors were taken into account, four statements were significantly related to whether pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. Two of these were associated with increased odds of having drunk alcohol in the last week: People of my age drink because it gives them confidence (odds ratio=1.49 for those who thought this true, compared to those who thought it false) and People of my age drink because they are bored and have nothing to do (odds ratio=1.30). The other two statements were negatively associated with having drunk alcohol in the last week, that is to say they were less likely to be believed by pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week: People of my age drink alcohol to look cool in front of their friends (odds ratio=0.68) and People of my age drink because their friends pressure them into it (odds ratio=0.60). Other individual characteristics Other pupil characteristics in the model were not significantly associated with having taken drugs in the last year. School characteristics Pupils likelihood of having drunk alcohol in the last week decreased with the percentage of pupils at their school whose first language was not English, independently of their own ethnicity (odds ratio=0.98). Region and other school characteristics, such as the type of school and the frequency of teaching about alcohol in lessons, were not significantly associated with whether or not pupils had drunk alcohol in the last week. (Table 3.61) Notes and references 1 Donaldson L (009) Guidance on the consumption of alcohol by children and young people Department of Health. See also: Alcohol Concern (011) Factsheet: Young people and alcohol. ec-010.pdf 3 See also: Viner R, and Taylor B, (007) Adult outcomes of binge drinking in adolescence: findings from a UK national birth cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61: Hibell B, Guttormson U, Ahlstrom S, et al (009) The 007 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 35 European countries. The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Stockholm. 5 Hibell B, Guttormson U, Ahlstrom S, et al (01) The 011 ESPAD report: substance use among students in 36 European countries. The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs, Stockholm. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 6 Williams B, Davies L, Wright V (010) Children, young people and alcohol, GfK NOP Social Research, London. Available at 7 Seaman P, Ikegwuonu T (010) Understanding young adults alcohol use within social networks. Joseph Rowntree Foundation, York. 8 Department for Education, (011), available at 3/alcohol 9 Gordon R, MacKintosh AM, Moodie C (010) The impact of alcohol marketing on youth drinking behaviour: a two-stage cohort study. Alcohol, 45(5): The questionnaire development for the 00 survey included cognitive testing of questions about alcohol consumption in the last week, focusing on children s comprehension of the categories of drink asked Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 97

98 about in the survey and the language used in the questionnaire. It found that: alcopops was a widely used and commonly understood term among young people, but pre-mixed alcoholic drinks was not; there was some confusion about how strong shandy should be before it counted as a proper alcoholic drink; and there were some brands and types of drink, such as champagne, that young people have difficulty classifying. As a result of these findings a number of changes were made in 00 to the questions asking about alcohol consumption in the last week. First, references to alcopops and pre-mixed alcoholic drinks were replaced with just alcopops. Second, a question asking about the composition of shandy usually drunk was added to the end of the set of questions asking about drinking shandy in the last week. Finally, an additional set of questions was added, asking whether any types of alcohol had been drunk, other than the categories already asked about (i.e. alcopops; beer, lager and cider; Martini and sherry; shandy; spirits and liqueurs; and wine). The examples of spirits and liqueurs and alcopops given were updated to reflect those young people were most likely to have drunk or be least likely to be able to classify. These changes are likely to have only a very minor effect on comparability and estimates of alcohol consumption in the last week for the following reasons. Where new questions were introduced, these were placed at the end of a section to minimise any effect on how preceding questions were answered. Analysis of the quantities of other alcoholic drinks that were reported suggested that the other types of alcohol questions were not completed very reliably. Therefore answers from this additional set of questions have not been included in survey estimates of amount of alcohol drunk, and comparability with how these estimates were derived in surveys before 00 has been retained. The questions measuring drinking in the last week are regularly updated to reflect changes in the drinks market: alcopops was introduced as a new category of drink in 1996 and the list of example brands is updated annually. Therefore estimates have not been strictly comparable year-on-year. 15 Data from the General Household Survey are reported in Goddard E (008) Smoking and drinking among adults, 006, ONS. 16 Fuller E (008) Alcohol consumption in Craig R, Mindell J (eds) Health Survey for England 006. Volume 1: Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in adults. The NHS Information Centre, Leeds The main changes were as follows: Beer, cider and lager: a large can increased from 1.5 to units, a small can or bottle increased from 1 unit to 1.5 units, other measures unchanged. Where pupils report that they usually drink strong rather than normal strength beer, the total units drunk as beer, cider or lager is multiplied by 1.5. Shandy: bottle and cans removed from the total, since they are not counted by the GHS or HSE. Wine: a glass increased from 1 unit to units. Martini, sherry: unchanged. Spirits and liqueurs: unchanged. Alcopops: a bottle or can increased from 1 unit to 1.5 units, in line with the GHS. The revised analysis resulted in a higher, probably more accurate, estimate of alcohol consumption amongst pupils. This did not reflect a sudden change in actual consumption by pupils between 006 and 007, but it is probable that there have been real but gradual changes in what adults and children drink since the early 1990s. For further details, see Lynch S (008) Drinking alcohol in Fuller E (ed) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 007. The NHS Information Centre, Leeds The mean is equivalent to the total amount of alcohol drunk, divided by the number of pupils who drank. The median is the mid point in the range of consumption; half of pupils who drank consumed less than or equal to the median, half consumed equal to or more than the median. 19 The Licensing Act 003, TSO, London. Available at: 0 See for example, Dusenbury L and Falco M (1995). Eleven components of effective drug abuse prevention curricula, Journal of School Health, 65(10). There is little research evidence on the efficacy of normative education. Jones L, James M, Jefferson T, Lushey C et al (008) School-based interventions on alcohol:review of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. NICE, London 1 Categorical variables are those which group data in a specific number of discrete categories; for example, in this survey, sex has two categories: boy and girl. Continuous variables present data as a continuous range; for example, the percentage of pupils in a school who receive free school meals: from 0 to 100. Used as a proxy measure of social class 3 Wellbeing was measured using a validated scale developed by the Children s Society, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 4 The sample of schools was drawn from NFER s register of schools, which included 009 data for some indicators used in the logistic regression model. 98 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

99 Table 3.1a Proportion of pupils who had ever had an alcoholic drink, by sex: a All pupils Ever had an alcoholic drink Year % % % % % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.1b shows trends in drinking prevalence from 003 to 01. Table 3.1b Proportion of pupils who had ever had an alcoholic drink, by sex: a All pupils Ever had an alcoholic drink Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.1a shows trends in drinking prevalence from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

100 Table 3. Ever had an alcoholic drink, by age and sex All pupils 01 Ever had an alcoholic drink Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Yes No Girls Yes No Total Yes No Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table 3.3a When pupils last drank alcohol, by sex: a All pupils When last drank alcohol Year % % % % % % % % % % Boys During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink b Girls During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink b Total During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink b Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total a Table 3.3b shows trends in drinking prevalence from 003 to 01. b Bases exclude pupils who said they had ever drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about when they last did so. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.) 100 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

101 Table 3.3b When pupils last drank alcohol, by sex: a All pupils When last drank alcohol Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink c Girls During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink c Total During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink c Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.3a shows trends in drinking prevalence from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.4. c Bases exclude pupils who said they had ever drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about when they last did so. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

102 Table 3.4 When pupils last drank alcohol, by age and sex All pupils 01 When last drank alcohol Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink a Girls During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink a Total During the last week One to four weeks ago One to six months ago More than six months ago Never had a drink a Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Bases exclude pupils who said they had ever drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about when they last did so. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.1a and 3.1b.) 10 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

103 Table 3.5a Proportion of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week, by sex and age: a All pupils Drank alcohol in last week Year % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total a Table 3.5b shows trends in the proportions of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week from 003 to 01. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

104 Table 3.5b Proportion of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week, by sex and age: a All pupils Drank Year alcohol in b 011 b 01 last week b % % % % % % % % % % Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases b Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total a Table 3.5a shows trends in the proportions of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

105 Table 3.6a Usual frequency of drinking alcohol, by sex: a All pupils Usual frequency of drinking alcohol Year % % % % % % % % % % Boys Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week b About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now c Girls Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week b About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now c Total Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week b About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now c Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.6b shows trends in how often pupils usually drink alcohol from 003 to 01. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. b At least once a week is the sum of Almost every day, About twice a week and About once a week. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. c Doesn t drink now includes pupils who say they don t drink now and those who have never drunk alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

106 Table 3.6b Usual frequency of drinking alcohol, by sex: a All pupils Usual frequency of drinking alcohol Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week c About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now d Girls Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week c About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now d Total Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week c About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now d Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total Data from 1988 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.6a shows trends in how often pupils usually drink alcohol from 1988 to 00. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.6. c At least once a week is the sum of Almost every day, About twice a week and About once a week. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. d Doesn t drink now includes pupils who say they don t drink now and those who have never drunk alcohol. 106 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

107 Table 3.7 Usual frequency of drinking alcohol, by age and sex All pupils 01 Usual frequency Age of drinking Total alcohol years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week a About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now b Girls Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week a About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now b Total Almost every day About twice a week About once a week At least once a week a About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year Doesn t drink now b Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a At least once a week is the sum of Almost every day, About twice a week and About once a week. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. b Doesn t drink now includes pupils who say they don t drink now and those who have never drunk alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

108 Table 3.8 Number of drinking days in last week, by sex: Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Number of drinking days Year a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Boys One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Seven days Mean number of drinking days Standard error of mean Girls One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Seven days Mean number of drinking days Standard error of mean Total One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Seven days Mean number of drinking days Standard error of mean Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1998 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

109 Table 3.9 Number of drinking days in the last week, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Number of Age drinking days Total in the last years years years week % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Seven days Mean number of drinking days Standard error of mean Girls One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days Seven days Mean number of drinking days Standard error of mean Total One day Two days Three days Four days Five days Six days 0-0 Seven days Mean number of drinking days Standard error of mean Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

110 Table 3.10 Days on which pupils drank alcohol in the last week, by sex: a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Days on which pupils Year a 011 a 01 a drank % % % % % % % % % % Boys Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Girls Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Total Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Data from 1998 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

111 Table 3.11 Days on which pupils drank alcohol in the last week, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Days on which pupils drank in the last week Year Total years years years % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Girls Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Total Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

112 Table 3.1a Mean alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age: a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Mean consumption in units a Year 1990 d Units of alcohol a Boys years d years d years d Total Girls years d years d years d Total Total years d years d years d Total Unweighted bases Boys years d years d years d Total Girls years d years d years d Total Total years d years d years d Total Data from 1990 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Estimates are based on the original method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the revised method shown elsewhere in this report. b Table 3.1b shows trends in consumption between 007 and 01 using the revised method of calculation. c Estimates and bases for 007 have been revised since their original publication. d Data by age group not available for Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

113 Table 3.1b Mean alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age (revised method): a,b,c,d Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Mean consumption in units a Year d 011 d 01 d Units of alcohol a Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys years Standard error of mean years Standard error of mean years Standard error of mean Total Standard error of mean Girls years Standard error of mean years Standard error of mean years Standard error of mean Total Standard error of mean Total years Standard error of mean years Standard error of mean years Standard error of mean Total Standard error of mean Unweighted bases d Boys years years years Total Girls years years years Total Total years years years Total a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the original method shown in Table 3.1a. b Table 3.1a shows trends in alcohol consumption from 1990 to 007, using the original method of calculation. c Estimates and bases for 007 and 009 have been revised since their original publication. d Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

114 Table 3.13 Median alcohol consumption in the last week by pupils who had drunk, by sex and age (revised method): a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Median consumption in units a Year c 011 c 01 c Units of alcohol a Boys years years years Total Girls years years years Total Total years years years Total Unweighted bases b,c Boys years years years Total Girls years years years Total Total years years years Total Table 3.14 Units of alcohol drunk in the last week, by age and sex a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Units of alcohol drunk in the last week a Age Total years years years % % % % Boys Less than 1 unit unit, less than units units, less than 4 units units, less than 6 units units, less than 10 units units, less than 15 units or more units Girls Less than 1 unit unit, less than units units, less than 4 units units, less than 6 units units, less than 10 units units, less than 15 units or more units Total Less than 1 unit unit, less than units units, less than 4 units units, less than 6 units units, less than 10 units units, less than 15 units or more units Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the original method shown in Table 3.1a. b Estimates and bases for 007 and 009 have been revised since their original publication. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). 114 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

115 Table 3.15 Mean number of units drunk on each drinking day, by age and sex a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Mean number of units drunk on each drinking day a Age Total years years years % % % % Boys Less than one One or two Three or four More than four Girls Less than one One or two Three or four More than four Total Less than one One or two Three or four More than four Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). Table 3.16a Types of alcohol drunk in the last week, by sex: a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Types of alcohol drunk Year % % % % % % % % % Boys Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops b b b b Girls Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops b b b b Total Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops b b b b Unweighted bases c Boys Girls Total a Table 3.16b shows trends in types of alcohol consumed from 004 to 01. b Alcopops were first asked about in c Bases shown for pupils who gave a valid answer for at least one type of drink. Data from 1990 to 000 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

116 Table 3.16b Types of alcohol drunk in the last week, by sex: a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Types of alcohol drunk Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % Boys Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Girls Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Total Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Unweighted bases b,c Boys Girls Total Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Table 3.16a shows trends in types of alcohol consumed from 1990 to 003. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table c Bases shown for pupils who gave a valid answer for at least one type of drink. 116 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

117 Table 3.17 Types of alcohol drunk in the last week, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Types of alcohol drunk Age Total years years years % % % % Boys Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Girls Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Total Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for pupils who gave a valid answer for at least one type of drink. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

118 Table 3.18a Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week (original method): a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Types of alcohol Year Units of alcohol a Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops d d d Total Unweighted bases a Estimates are based on the original method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.) and are not comparable with estimates based on the revised method shown elsewhere in this report. b Table 3.18b shows shows trends in consumption from 007 to 01, using the revised method of calculation. c Estimates and the base for 007 have been revised since their original publication. d Alcopops were first asked about in Data from 199 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Table 3.18b Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week (revised method): a,b,c Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Mean consumption in units a Year d 011 d 01 d Units of alcohol a Beer, lager, cider Standard error of mean Shandy Standard error of mean Wine Standard error of mean Martini, sherry Standard error of mean Spirits Standard error of mean Alcopops Standard error of mean Total Standard error of mean Unweighted bases d a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). b Table 3.18a shows trends in consumption from 199 to 007, using the original method of calculation. c Estimates and bases for 007 and 009 have been revised since their original publication. d Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

119 Table 3.19 Mean alcohol consumption of different types of drink in the last week, by sex a Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Types of alcohol Sex Boys Girls Total Units of alcohol a Beer, lager, cider Standard error of mean Shandy Standard error of mean Wine Standard error of mean Martini, sherry Standard error of mean Spirits Standard error of mean Alcopops Standard error of mean Total Standard error of mean Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Estimates are based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). Table 3.0 Consumption of different types of drinks as a percentage of the total in the last week, by sex a Table 3.1 How obtained alcohol in the last four weeks: All pupils How obtained alcohol in last four weeks a Year b 01 b % % % % % Asked someone else to buy alcohol Tried to buy from shop Tried to buy from pub Given alcohol by parents Given alcohol by friends Given alcohol by other relatives Given alcohol by siblings Given alcohol by other people Taken alcohol from home Taken alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from home Stolen alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from somewhere else Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c Unweighted bases b,d a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). The 01 weighted base is shown in Table 3.. c Includes pupils who tried to buy alcohol, but were refused. d Bases shown for those who responded to the question about whether they had asked someone else to buy alcohol for them in the last four weeks. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Types of alcohol Sex Boys Girls Total Percentage of total units a Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Beer, lager, cider Shandy Wine Martini, sherry Spirits Alcopops Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Based on the revised method of calculating units of alcohol from drinks consumed (see Section 3.1.). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

120 Table 3. How obtained alcohol in the last four weeks, by age and sex a All pupils 01 How obtained alcohol b Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Asked someone else to buy alcohol Bought from shop c Bought from pub c Given alcohol by parents Given alcohol by friends Given alcohol by other relatives Given alcohol by siblings Given alcohol by other people Taken alcohol from home Taken alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from home Stolen alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from somewhere else Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c Girls Asked someone else to buy alcohol Bought from shop c Bought from pub c Given alcohol by parents Given alcohol by friends Given alcohol by other relatives Given alcohol by siblings Given alcohol by other people Taken alcohol from home Taken alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from home Stolen alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from somewhere else Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c Total Asked someone else to buy alcohol Bought from shop c Bought from pub c Given alcohol by parents Given alcohol by friends Given alcohol by other relatives Given alcohol by siblings Given alcohol by other people Taken alcohol from home Taken alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from home Stolen alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from somewhere else Obtained any alcohol in last four weeks c Unweighted bases d Boys Girls Total Weighted bases d Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 a Some categories differ from those in Table 3.1; this table does not show pupils who tried but did not succeed in buying alcohol from a shop, pub or bar. b Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. c Excludes pupils who tried to buy alcohol, but were refused. d Bases shown for those who responded to the question about whether they has asked someone else to buy alcohol for them in the last four weeks. Other bases are similar. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

121 Table 3.3 How obtained alcohol in the last four weeks, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week a All pupils How obtained alcohol b 01 Units of alcohol drunk in the last week Less 1, 5, Total d than less less units, units 1 than than less or unit c 5 10 than more units units 15 units % % % % % % Asked someone else to buy alcohol Bought from shop e Bought from pub e Given alcohol by parents Given alcohol by friends Given alcohol by other relatives Given alcohol by siblings Given alcohol by other people Taken alcohol from home Taken alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from home Stolen alcohol from friend s home Stolen alcohol from somewhere else Unweighted bases f Weighted bases f a Some categories differ from those in Table 3.1; this table does not show pupils who tried but did not succeed in buying alcohol from a shop, pub or bar. b Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. c Includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. d Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. e Excludes pupils who tried to buy alcohol, but were refused. f Bases shown for those who responded to the question about whether they had asked someone else to buy alcohol for them in the last four weeks. Other bases may vary slightly. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

122 Table 3.4 Where pupils usually buy alcohol, by sex: Current drinkers Where usually buy alcohol a Year b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Boys Friend/relative c c Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street c c c c c c Garage forecourt c c c c c c Never buys alcohol Girls Friend/relative c c Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street c c c c c c Garage forecourt c c c c c c Never buys alcohol Total Friend/relative c c Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street c c c c c c Garage forecourt c c c c c c Never buys alcohol Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.5. c Friend/relative was introduced as a separate answer category in Off the street and Garage forecourt were introduced as separate answer categories in Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1996 to 00 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

123 Table 3.5 Where pupils usually buy alcohol, by age and sex Current drinkers 01 Where usually buys alcohol a Age Total years years years % % % % Table 3.6 Where pupils who buy alcohol usually buy it, by age Pupils who buy alcohol 01 Where usually buys alcohol a Age Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Friend/relative Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street Garage forecourt Never buys alcohol Girls Friend/relative Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street Garage forecourt Never buys alcohol Total Friend/relative Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street Garage forecourt Never buys alcohol Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Friend/relative Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street Garage forecourt Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Table 3.7 Where pupils usually buy alcohol, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Pupils who buy alcohol 01 Where usually Units of alcohol in the last week buys alcohol a Less 1, 5, Total c than less less units, units 1 unit b than than less or 5 10 than more units units 15 units % % % % % % Friend/relative Someone else Off-licence Shop or supermarket Pub or bar Club or disco Off the street Garage forecourt Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Less than one unit includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. c Total column includes pupils who did not answer the questions about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

124 Table 3.8 Where pupils usually drink, by sex: Current drinkers Where usually drinks a Year b 01 b % % % % % % % % Boys At home or someone else s home Parties with friends On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside c c c Pub or bar Club or disco Somewhere else Girls At home or someone else s home Parties with friends On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside c c c Pub or bar Club or disco Somewhere else Total At home or someone else s home Parties with friends On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside c c c Pub or bar Club or disco Somewhere else Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total Data from 1996 to 1999 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 3.9. c Out on the street, in a car park or somewhere else outside was introduced as a separate answer category in Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

125 Table 3.9 Where pupils usually drink, by age and sex Current drinkers 01 Where usually drinks a Age Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys At own home At someone else s home Parties with friends On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside Pub or bar Club or disco Somewhere else Girls At own home At someone else s home Parties with friends On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside Pub or bar Club or disco Somewhere else Total At own home At someone else s home Parties with friends On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside Pub or bar Club or disco Somewhere else Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

126 Table 3.30 Where pupils usually drink, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 01 Where usually Units of alcohol in the last week drinks a Less 1, 5, Total c than less less units, units 1 unit b than than less or 5 10 than more units units 15 units % % % % % % At own home At someone else s home Parties with friends On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside Pub or bar Club or disco Somewhere else Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Less than one unit includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. c Total column includes pupils who did not answer the questions about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. 16 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

127 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.31 Number of evenings been in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks, by age and sex All pupils 01 Number of Age evenings Total been in a years years years years years pub, bar or club % % % % % % Boys One Two to to In a pub on one or more evenings in last four weeks Not in the last four weeks Girls One Two to to In a pub on one or more evenings in last four weeks Not in the last four weeks Total One Two to to In a pub on one or more evenings in last four weeks Not in the last four weeks Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table 3.3 Number of evenings had an alcoholic drink in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks, by age and sex All pupils 01 Number of Age evenings Total had an years years years years years alcoholic drink in a % % % % % % pub, bar or club Boys One Two to to Had a drink in the last four weeks Not in the last four weeks Girls One Two to to Had a drink in the last four weeks Not in the last four weeks Total One Two to to Had a drink in the last four weeks Not in the last four weeks Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

128 Table 3.33 Who pupils usually drink with, by sex: Current drinkers Who pupil usually drinks with a Year b 01 b % % % % % % % % Boys Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people c c c c Alone Girls Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people c c c c Alone Total Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people c c c c Alone Unweighted bases b,d Boys Girls Total Data from 1996 to 1999 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table c Other people was introduced as a separate answer category in 004. d Bases shown for the question about whether pupils drank alone or with other people. Bases for other questions are of a similar magnitude. 18 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

129 Table 3.34 Who pupils usually drink with, by age and sex Current drinkers 01 Who pupil usually drinks with a Age Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people Alone Girls Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people Alone Total Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people Alone 4 3 Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total Weighted bases b Boys Girls Total a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases shown for the question about whether pupils drank alone or with other people. Bases for other questions are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

130 Table 3.35 Who pupils usually drink with, by units of alcohol drunk in the last week Current drinkers 01 Who pupil usually Units of alcohol in the last week drinks with a Less 1, 5, 10, 15 Total c than less less less units 1 unit b than than than or more units units units % % % % % % Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people Alone Unweighted bases d Weighted bases d a Percentages total more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Includes pupils who did not drink in the last week. c Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about how much alcohol they had drunk in the last week. d Bases shown for the question about whether pupils drank alone or with other people. Bases for other questions are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.36 Who pupils were with when last drank alcohol in a pub, bar or club, by sex Pupils who drank in a pub, bar or club in the last four weeks 01 Who pupil with when last drank alcohol in a pub, Sex Boys Girls Total bar or club a % % % Friends of both sexes Friends of same sex Parents Friends of opposite sex Brothers/sisters or other relatives Girlfriend or boyfriend Other people Alone Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. Table 3.37 Who pupils were with when last drank alcohol in a pub, bar or club, by age All pupils 01 Who pupil with when Age last drank alcohol in Total a pub, bar or club a years years years % % % % Friends of both sexes Parents Brothers/sisters or other relatives Friends of same sex Girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of opposite sex Other people Alone Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. 130 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

131 Table 3.38 Whether pupils have drunk alcohol and been drunk in the last four weeks, by sex: All pupils Whether drank alcohol and became drunk in last four weeks Year a 01 a % % % % Boys Drank alcohol but not been drunk Been drunk once or twice Been drunk 3+ times Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks b Girls Drank alcohol but not been drunk Been drunk once or twice Been drunk 3+ times Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks b Total Drank alcohol but not been drunk Been drunk once or twice Been drunk 3+ times Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks b Unweighted bases a,b,c Boys Girls Total a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table b Bases exclude pupils who said when they had last drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Tables 3.3a and 3.3b.) c Based on pupils who answered questions about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

132 Table 3.39 Whether pupils have drunk alcohol and been drunk in the last four weeks, by age and sex All pupils 01 Whether drank alcohol and Age became drunk in last four Total weeks years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Drank alcohol but not been drunk Been drunk once or twice Been drunk 3+ times Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks a Girls Drank alcohol but not been drunk Been drunk once or twice Been drunk 3+ times Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks a Total Drank alcohol but not been drunk Been drunk once or twice Been drunk 3+ times Not drank alcohol in past 4 weeks a Unweighted bases a,b Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a,b Boys Girls Total Table 3.40 Whether pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last four weeks had been drunk in that period, by age and sex Pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks 01 Been drunk in last four weeks Age Total years years years % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Bases exclude pupils who said when they had last drunk alcohol, but who did not answer the question about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. These bases are different from those used to measure how many pupils have ever drunk alcohol, and so estimates shown in this table for the proportions of pupils who had never drunk alcohol are not definitive. (Definitive estimates are given in Table 3.4.) b Based on pupils who answered questions about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. 13 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

133 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.41 Whether pupils had deliberately tried to get drunk in the last four weeks, by age and sex Pupils who were drunk in the last four weeks 01 Tried to get drunk in the last four weeks Age Total years years years % % % % Boys Deliberately tried to get drunk Did not try to get drunk Girls Deliberately tried to get drunk Did not try to get drunk Total Deliberately tried to get drunk Did not try to get drunk Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table 3.4 Adverse consequences of drinking in the last four weeks, by age and sex Pupils who were drunk in the last four weeks 01 Adverse consequences of drinking a Age Total years years years % % % % Boys Felt ill or sick Vomited Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Had fight Trouble with police Taken to hospital Girls Felt ill or sick Vomited Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Had fight Trouble with police Taken to hospital Total Felt ill or sick Vomited Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Had fight Trouble with police Taken to hospital 0 1 Unweighted bases b Boys Girls Total Weighted bases b Boys Girls Total a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for those who answered whether they felt ill or sick after drinking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

134 Table 3.43 Adverse consequences of drinking, by number of times have been drunk in last four weeks Pupils who were drunk in the last four weeks 01 Adverse consequences of drinking a How many times drunk in the last four weeks Once Three Total b or or twice more times % % % Felt ill or sick Vomited 38 7 Had argument Clothes damaged Lost money Had fight Trouble with police 18 7 Taken to hospital Unweighted bases c Weighted bases c a Percentage totals more than 100, because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total column includes pupils who did not say how many times they were drunk in the last four weeks. c Bases are shown for those who answered whether they felt ill or sick after drinking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.44 Drinking status, by number of drinkers that pupil lives with All pupils Drinking status 01 Number of drinkers pupil lives with None One Two Three Total a or more % % % % % Drank alcohol in the last week Has drunk alcohol but not in the last week Never drunk alcohol Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Total column includes pupils who did not say how many drinkers they lived with. Table 3.45 Perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking, by age and sex All pupils 01 Perceived family attitude Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Doesn t like pupil drinking Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much Lets pupil drink as much as he likes Girls Doesn t like pupil drinking Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much Lets pupil drink as much as she likes Total Doesn t like pupil drinking Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much Lets pupil drink as much as he or she likes Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted Bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

135 Table 3.46 When last drank alcohol, by perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking All pupils 01 Last drank Perceived family attitude alcohol Doesn t Doesn t Lets Total a like mind pupil pupil pupil drink as drinking drinking much as if not too he or much she likes % % % % In the last week Has drunk alcohol but not in the last week Never Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about their parents attitude to their drinking. Table 3.47 Perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Perceived family When last drank alcohol attitude In the Has Never Total a last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % Doesn t like pupil drinking Doesn t mind pupil drinking if not too much Lets pupil drink as much as he or she likes Unweighted bases Weighted Bases Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. a Total column includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

136 Table 3.48 Whether pupils had been drunk, by perceived family attitude to pupil s drinking All pupils 01 Been drunk in the Perceived family attitude last four weeks Doesn t Doesn t Lets Total a like mind pupil pupil pupil drink as drinking drinking much as if not too he or much she likes % % % % Been drunk in last four weeks Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about their parents' attitude to their drinking. Attitudes to drinking: Table 3.49 All pupils Attitudes to drinking Year a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % % OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like b b b OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like b b b OK to drink alcohol once a week b b b OK to get drunk once a week b,c Unweighted bases a,d a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table b Only the question about whether it was OK to get drunk was asked in 1999 and 001. Other questions were asked for the first time in 003. c In 1999 and 001, pupils were asked whether it was OK to get drunk every week. From 003, pupils have been asked whether it was OK to get drunk once a week. d Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try drinking once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Data from 1999 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health 136 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

137 Table 3.50 Attitudes to drinking, by age and sex All pupils 01 Attitudes to drinking Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like OK to drink alcohol once a week OK to get drunk once a week Girls OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like OK to drink alcohol once a week OK to get drunk once a week Total OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like OK to drink alcohol once a week OK to get drunk once a week Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about whether it was OK to try drinking once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

138 Table 3.51 Attitudes to drinking, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Attitudes to drinking When last drank alcohol In the Has Never Total a last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like OK to drink alcohol once a week OK to get drunk once a week Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Total column includes pupils who did not answer question about when last drank alcohol. b Bases are shown for those who answered whether they thought it was OK to try drinking alcohol once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.5 Attitudes to drinking, by number of times have been drunk in last four weeks Pupils who drank alcohol in the last four weeks 01 Attitudes to drinking Number of times been drunk in last four weeks Drank Once or Three Total a alcohol, twice or but not more been times drunk % % % % OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like OK to try getting drunk to see what it s like OK to drink alcohol once a week OK to get drunk once a week Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Total column includes pupils who did not answer the question about whether they had been drunk in the last four weeks. b Bases are shown for those who answered whether they thought it was OK to try drinking alcohol once. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 138 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

139 Table 3.53 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age drink alcohol: All pupils Perceptions of how many people of Year a 011 a 01 a pupil s age % % % % % % % % % drink alcohol All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Unweighted bases a a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data. The weighted bases for 01 are shown in Table Data from 199 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.54 Perceptions of how many people of pupil s age drink alcohol, by age and sex All pupils 01 Perceptions of Age how many Total people of years years years years years pupil s age drink alcohol % % % % % % Boys All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Girls All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Total All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table 3.55 Fifteen year olds perceptions of how many people of pupil s age drink alcohol, by smoking status Pupils aged Perceptions When last drank alcohol of how many people of In Has Never Total a pupil s age last drunk drink alcohol week alcohol, not in last week % % % % All of them Most but not all About half Only a few None of them Unweighted bases Weighted bases a Total column includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

140 Table 3.56 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age drink, by age and sex All pupils 01 Beliefs about why people of Age pupil s own age drink Total alcohol years years years years years % % % % % % Boys To look cool in front of their friends It gives them a rush or a buzz To be more sociable with friends Their friends pressure them into it It makes them feel more confident It helps them forget their problems They are bored and have nothing to do It helps them relax Girls To look cool in front of their friends It gives them a rush or a buzz To be more sociable with friends Their friends pressure them into it It makes them feel more confident It helps them forget their problems They are bored and have nothing to do It helps them relax Total To look cool in front of their friends It gives them a rush or a buzz To be more sociable with friends Their friends pressure them into it It makes them feel more confident It helps them forget their problems They are bored and have nothing to do It helps them relax Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for the statement that drinking alcohol helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 140 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

141 Table 3.57 Pupils beliefs about why people their own age drink, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Beliefs about why people of When last drank alcohol pupil's own age drink alcohol In the Has Never Total a last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % To look cool in front of their friends It gives them a rush or a buzz To be more sociable with friends Their friends pressure them into it It makes them feel more confident It helps them forget their problems They are bored and have nothing to do It helps them relax Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Total column includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. b Bases shown for the statement that drinking alcohol helps people relax. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Table 3.58 Sources of helpful information about drinking alcohol, by sex All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information a Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK Helplines Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 3.59 Sources of helpful information about drinking alcohol, by age All pupils 01 Sources of Age helpful Total information a years years years years years % % % % % % Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK Helplines Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

142 Table 3.60 Sources of helpful information about drinking alcohol, by when last drank alcohol All pupils 01 Sources of When last drank alcohol helpful information a In Has Never Total b last drunk week alcohol, not in last week % % % % Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK Helplines Unweighted bases c Weighted bases c a Percentages total more than 100 because pupils could give more than one answer. b Total includes pupils who did not say when they last drank alcohol. c Bases are shown for parents. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 14 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

143 Table 3.61 Estimated odds ratios for having drunk alcohol in the last week, by individual and school-level measures All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Sex (p=0.164) Boys Girls Age (p<0.001) b < Ethnicity (p=0.75) White Mixed Asian Black Other/not given Smoking status (p<0.001) Non-smoker Occasional smoker 67.9 < Regular smoker < Not given Drug use (p<0.001) Never Taken drugs, but not in the last month Taken drugs in the last month Not given Ever truanted (p<0.001) No 68 1 Yes < Not given Number of drinkers at home (p=0.003) None One Two Three or more < Not given Family attitudes to pupil s drinking (p<0.001) Doesn t like pupil drinking Doesn t mind, as long as pupil doesn t drink too much < Lets pupil drink as much as s/he likes < Not given How many people of pupil s age drink? (p<0.001) All of them 71 1 Most but not all About half < Only a few < None of them < Not given a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. c Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional percentage point Continued Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

144 Table 3.61 continued All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio People of my age drink alcohol because it makes them feel confident (p<0.001) False True < Not given People of my age drink alcohol because they are bored and have nothing to do (p=0.030) False True Not given People of my age drink alcohol to look cool in front of their friends (p=0.005) False True Not given People of my age drink alcohol because their friends pressure them into it (p<0.001) False True < Not given Percentage of pupils in school whose first language is not English (p=0.018) c Region (p=0.08) North East North West/Merseyside Yorkshire and the Humber East Midlands West Midlands Eastern London South East South West a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. c Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional percentage point 144 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

145 4 Drug use Helen Henderson Key findings for 01 In 01, the prevalence of illicit drug use was at similar levels as in % of pupils had ever taken drugs, 1% had taken them in the last year and 6% in the last month. These levels are the lowest measured since 001, when the current method of measuring drug use was begun. The prevalence of ever having taken drugs increased with age from 7% of 11 year olds to 31% of 15 year olds. There were similar patterns for drug use in the last year (from 4% to 4%) and in the last month (from % to 13%). Boys and girls were equally likely to have ever taken drugs, and the same was true for drug use in the last year or in the last month. Pupils who had taken drugs in the last year were most likely to have taken cannabis (7.5%). % of pupils said that they usually took drugs at least once a month (this survey s definition of frequent drug use). In 01, 8% of pupils had ever been offered drugs. Drug use in the last year was strongly associated with other risky behaviours: smoking, drinking alcohol, truancy and exclusion from school. Pupils from minority ethnic groups were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year than White pupils. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

146 4.1 Introduction Background The use of legal and illegal drugs by young people is associated with immediate and longterm risks to their health and wellbeing. There are concerns about the relationship between drug use and mental health problems among young people. For example, there is evidence to suggest that young people who use recreational drugs run the risk of damage to mental health including suicide, depression, psychotic symptoms and disruptive behaviour disorders. 1, Over time, drug users run the risk of dependence. 3 Already vulnerable young people have an increased risk of drug use: 10 to 15 year olds are more likely to take drugs if they have experienced truancy, exclusion from school, homelessness, time in care, or serious or frequent offending. 4 In December 010, the government published its drug strategy, Reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: supporting people to live a drug-free life. 5 The strategy aims to reduce drug use both by discouraging young people from trying illicit drugs and by providing support and treatment for those with drug problems. The strategy focuses on early intervention and support for vulnerable young people and families through local authorities. Youth justice services will be encouraged to address drug or alcohol misuse as contributory factors in young people s offending. Young people at risk or already showing signs of dependency will have rapid access to specialist support that tackles their misuse as well as the wider issues they face. The strategy identifies the need for high quality drug and alcohol education within schools, supported by external agencies such as voluntary organisations and charities. Schools have also been given stronger disciplinary powers to address problem behaviour. In September 01, the Department for Education, jointly with the Association of Chief Police Officers, published drug advice for schools, which summarised the twin approaches of delivering quality drug education (including education about smoking and alcohol), and having a clear disciplinary approach to drug-related problems within schools. 6 Drug misuse by young people was also central to the first ten-year drug strategy, Tackling drugs to build a better Britain, 7 published by the previous government in The Updated drug strategy, published in 00, emphasised education, prevention and treatment as ways to tackle problematic drug use. 8 The second ten-year drug strategy, Drugs: protecting families and communities, published in 008, 9 was based on a three-year action plan, which included measures designed to increase young people s awareness of the risks of drug and alcohol misuse in order to change their attitudes and behaviour, as well as providing advice and information to parents to increase their involvement in preventing young people s drug taking Measuring drug use Survey measures Principal survey measures include the proportion of pupils who had taken specific drugs in the last year and last month, including particular Class A drugs. The questionnaire covers the following drugs or types of drugs: amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, crack, ecstasy, heroin, ketamine, LSD, magic mushrooms, mephedrone, methadone, poppers (e.g. amyl nitrite), tranquillisers, volatile substances such as gas, glue, aerosols and other solvents, and other drugs (not obtained from a doctor or chemist). Within the questionnaire, pupils are asked about each drug in turn, including a series of questions on whether they had heard of the drug, been offered it, ever tried it and, if so, when they had last taken the drug. A fictional drug, Semeron, is also asked about to measure for exaggerations in the reporting of drug use; it is not discussed within the report. Changes in the method of measuring drug use This series of surveys first collected information on the prevalence of drug use among young people in 1998, and the current method of measuring drug use was introduced in Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

147 The effect of the changes, from a grid format to a repeated sequence of questions about each drug, was such that findings from 001 onwards are not comparable with those from surveys between 1998 and 000. As a result, trend data are shown in this report from 001 only. Data from previous surveys can be found in earlier reports. 1 There have been two other small changes made to the core questions about drugs since 001. In 004, the questions relating to amphetamines were reworded to refer to speed and other amphetamines, instead of amphetamines, the wording taken in previous years. 13 Ketamine was added to the list of drugs asked about in 005 and mephedrone was added in 01, replacing anabolic steroids. Drug classification The following table lists the specific drugs that pupils were asked about in this survey, and indicates the classification under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) and its subsequent amendments. 14 The Act classifies controlled substances into three categories according to their harmfulness, with Class A drugs considered the most harmful. 15 Table 4A Classifications of drugs covered by the survey Drug Mode of use Classification Amphetamines Inject A Ecstasy Oral A Cocaine Sniff and inject A Crack Inject or smoke A Heroin Smoke, inject or sniff A LSD Oral A Magic mushrooms Oral A Methadone Oral A Amphetamines Sniff or oral B Cannabis Smoke or oral B Mephedrone Sniff and inject B Tranquillisers Oral or inject B/C (depends on drug) Ketamine Oral, sniff or inject C Poppers Sniff It is an offence for anyone other than a licensed outlet, such as a pharmacist, to supply amyl nitrite. Other types of poppers, for example butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite, 16 are legal to possess and supply. 17 Glue Sniff It is an offence to supply these substances if it is likely Gas Sniff that the product is intended for abuse. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. This chapter includes estimates of the prevalence of use of Class A drugs. It is important to note the following points: The Class A drugs mentioned in the survey (amphetamines if prepared for injection, ecstasy, cocaine, crack, heroin, LSD, magic mushrooms and methadone) are not an exhaustive list of Class A drugs. Some drugs are classified according to the method of delivery taken. For example, amphetamines are Class B drugs if taken orally and Class A drugs if injected. Methylamphetamine (crystal meth), included in the category Speed and other amphetamines, was reclassifed to Class A in all its forms on 18th January 007. The current questionnaire does not allow a distinction between methylamphetamine and other forms of amphetamines. For the sake of comparability with previous years, this survey has continued to define all amphetamines as Class A if injected, and otherwise Class B. Within the Drugs Act 005, 18 raw magic mushrooms were classified as Class A drugs; this came into force on 18th July 005. Previously, magic mushrooms were Class A drugs only if prepared, for example dried or stewed. The survey questionnaire has never made the distinction and magic mushrooms have always been counted as Class A drugs in the analysis. Cannabis was reclassified from a Class C to a Class B drug on 6th January Mephedrone was classified as a Class B drug from April 010. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

148 4.1.3 Outline of content This chapter covers the following topics: Prevalence and frequency of drug use Drug use among vulnerable young people Availability and awareness of drugs Information about drug use Factors associated with drug use in the last year and the last month. 4. Prevalence and frequency of drug use 4..1 Prevalence of drug use Since 001, there has been an overall decline in the prevalence of drug use among pupils. The proportion of pupils who reported ever having taken drugs decreased from 9% in 001 to 17% in 01. Over the same period, the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year decreased from 0% to 1% and those who had taken drugs in the last month from 1% to 6%. In 01, the proportions of pupils who had taken drugs were at similar levels to those measured in % of pupils had ever taken drugs, 1% had taken them in the last year and 6% had taken them in the last month. (Tables , Figure 4.1) Figure 4.1 Took drugs in the last month, last year and ever: All pupils 40 Ever taken drugs In the last year In the last month 30 Percent Year Older pupils were more likely to report that they had taken drugs. For example, 7% of 11 year olds said they had taken drugs at least once, compared with 31% of 15 year olds. This pattern was also seen for drug use in the last year (4% of 11 year olds, compared with 4% of 15 year olds), and in the last month (% of 11 year olds, compared with 13% of 15 year olds). (Tables , Figure 4.) Similar proportions of boys and girls had taken drugs, whether ever, in the last year, and in the last month. When volatile substance use is excluded, boys were more likely than girls to report having ever taken drugs (1% compared with 10%) and having taken drugs in the last month (6% and 4%). (The difference between the proportions of boys and girls who had taken drugs apart from volatile substances in the last year was not statistically significant.) (Tables 4.4, 4.5) 4.. Types of drugs taken in the last year In 01, as in previous years, cannabis was the most widely used drug among 11 to 15 year olds; 7.5% of pupils reported taking it in the last year. This figure is similar to that seen in 011 (7.6%), but continues the overall downward trend in prevalence of cannabis use since 148 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

149 Figure 4. Took drugs in the last month, last year and ever, by age All pupils 40 Took drugs, not in the last year In the last year (but not last month) In the last month 30 Percent years 1 years 13 years Age 14 years 15 years 001. Use of volatile substances, such as glues, gases, aerosols and solvents, was reported by 3.6% of pupils in 01, a similar proportion to 011 (3.5%). Sniffing poppers in the last year was reported by 0.8% of pupils in 01, continuing the decline from a high of 4.9% in % of pupils reported that they had taken mephedrone in the last year (measured for the first time in 01). For all other drug types, the proportion of pupils who reported any use in the last year was also below 1%. (Tables 4.6a-4.6c, Figure 4.3) Figure 4.3 Took cannabis, volatile substances or poppers in the last year: All pupils 5 Cannabis Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Poppers 0 Percent Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved Year As in previous years, in 01 the proportion of pupils who had taken cannabis in the last year increased with age from 0.1% of 11 year olds to 18.6% of 15 year olds. There were similar patterns for most other drugs, for example ecstasy, cocaine and poppers, although at a relatively low level of prevalence. However, the prevalence of sniffing glue, gas and other volatile substances in the last year was similar across all ages. (Tables 4.7a-4.8, Figure 4.4) In 01, Class A drug use remained relatively rare among pupils;.% reported taking one of the eight Class A drugs asked about in the last year. From 001 to 009, this proportion was around 4% but fell to.4% in 010 and has remained at a similar level since. (Tables 4.6a-4.6c) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

150 Figure 4.4 Took volatile substances, cannabis or Class A drugs in the last year, by age All pupils 5 Glue, gas, aerosols, solvents Cannabis Any Class A drug 0 Percent years 1 years 13 years 14 years 15 years Age In 01, 75% of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year reported only having taken one type of drug, and 5% had taken two or more. Boys were more likely than girls to have only taken cannabis in the last year (50% and 41% respectively). Conversely, girls were more likely than boys to have only used volatile substances (6% and 0% respectively). Other differences between boys and girls in patterns of drug use over the last year were not significant. (Table 4.9) Of those who reported any drug use in the last year, older pupils were more likely than younger pupils to have taken two or more types of drug in that time (17% of 11 to 13 year olds, rising to 9% of 15 year olds). Younger pupils were more likely to report that their only drug use in the last year was volatile substances (5% of 11 to 13 year olds compared with 9% of 15 year olds), whilst older pupils were most likely to have taken cannabis, but not other drugs (56% of 15 year olds compared with 1% of 11 to 13 year olds). (Table 4.9) 4..3 Frequency of drug use In addition to questions about use of individual drugs, pupils were asked questions about their drug use in general, specifically how many times they had taken drugs in the last year and how often they usually took them. These were based on a filter question. The estimates of drug use in the last year derived from this question are different from those reported elsewhere and should not be considered definitive. 0 Pupils who said they had taken drugs in the last year were asked on how many occasions they had taken drugs and how often, if at all, they usually did so. Figures for 01 were broadly similar to those reported in previous years; 3% of all pupils said they had only ever taken drugs on one occasion, 3% said they had taken them on two to five occasions, 1% reported they had taken them on six to ten occasions, and % reported having taken drugs on more than ten occasions. (Table 4.10) In 01, % of all pupils reported usually taking drugs at least once a month. This figure has decreased from a peak of 7% in 003 when this question was first asked. (Table 4.1) For all pupils, reported drug use frequency of at least once a month increased with age from less than 0.5% for 11 to 1 year olds, to 5% of 15 year olds. Boys were more likely than girls to report taking drugs at least once a month (3% and % respectively). (Table 4.13) 150 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

151 4.3 Vulnerable pupils and drug use Some young people whose circumstances or patterns of behaviour already make them the focus of concern have been shown to be vulnerable to problematic drug use. 4 These include those who truant or have been excluded from school. 1 Pupils were asked whether they had ever stayed away from school without permission (truanted/bunked off) or been excluded from school. It should be noted that pupils own reports of truancy and exclusion are not verified as part of the survey and so they should be interpreted with caution. In addition, regular truants and those excluded from school during the fieldwork period were almost certainly underrepresented in the sample, despite additional effort to include them. In 01 1% of pupils in the sample reported that they had ever truanted from school and 9% had been excluded. Overall, 18% reported either truanting, having been excluded from school or both (data not shown). In 01, pupils who had ever truanted or had been excluded from school were more likely to report usually taking drugs at least once a month than those who had never truanted or had never been excluded (10% compared with 1%). This proportion is lower than in 011 (1%) and maintains the overall decline in the prevalence of frequent drug use amongst this group of vulnerable pupils since 003, when it was 1%. (Table 4.14) Pupils who had ever played truant or been excluded were more likely to report taking Class A drugs in the last year (9%) than those who had never truanted or been excluded (1%). This is at a similar level to recent years, although lower than in 003, when it was 14%. (Table 4.15) 4.4 Availability and awareness of drugs Whether pupils have been offered drugs Pupils were asked which types of drugs they had ever been offered. Since 001, there has been a decline in the proportion of pupils who report having been offered drugs. In 01, 8% of pupils reported ever being offered any drug, a similar proportion as in 011 (9%). Pupils were most likely to have been offered cannabis (19%) or volatile substances (9%). (Table 4.16, Figure 4.5) Figure 4.5 Proportion of pupils who have been offered drugs: All pupils Any drug Cannabis Volatile substances Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Percent Year For all types of drug, the likelihood that pupils had been offered them increased with age. By the age of 15, 49% of pupils had been offered at least one of the drugs asked about, compared with 9% of 11 year olds. As pupils were asked whether they had ever been offered drugs, this result reflects not only that older pupils are more likely to be offered drugs, but also that they had a longer period to refer to. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

152 Boys were more likely than girls to say they had been offered any drugs (30% of boys compared with 7% of girls). Boys were more likely than girls to have been offered cannabis (1% compared with 16%), girls were more likely than boys to have been offered volatile substances (10% compared with 8%). (Tables 4.17a-4.17c) 4.4. Awareness of individual drugs As in previous years, there was a widespread awareness of illegal drugs among pupils in 01. Around nine in ten pupils had heard of cocaine (9%), heroin (89%) and cannabis (87%). Fewer pupils had heard of the other drugs listed. Poppers (35%), ketamine (35%) and mephedrone (44%) were the least well-known. (Table 4.18) 4.5 Sources of information about drugs Sources of helpful information about drugs Pupils were asked about where they had received helpful information about drugs. Overall, pupils were most likely to get helpful information from teachers (66%), parents (63%) or TV (60%). As in previous years, helplines were the source least likely to be found helpful by pupils (15%). (Table 4.19) There were differences between the sources boys and girls found helpful. Girls were more likely than boys to mention newspapers or magazines. Otherwise, where significant differences existed between boys and girls, boys were more likely than girls to cite sources as helpful. There were also differences by age; older pupils were more likely to mention most sources of information compared with younger pupils. In particular, there were strong increases by age in the proportions of pupils who mentioned friends (from 7% of 11 year olds to 49% of 15 year olds), teachers (from 56% to 70%), TV (from 51% to 65%) and FRANK 3 from 8% to 38%). (Table 4.0) 4.6 Factors associated with drug use in the last year Using logistic regression to analyse drug use A logistic regression model was used to explore which pupil and environmental characteristics were associated with having taken drugs in the last year. The model allows each characteristic to be considered independently by controlling for the effects of the other, sometimes related, factors. For, example drug use is associated with increased age, and with smoking; but older pupils are more likely to smoke. The model allows an evaluation of the strength of the relationship between each of these variables and pupils drug use. The model identifies associations, not causes; in other words, factors which identify pupils with an increased or decreased risk of having taken drugs in the last year. These variations in risk are expressed as odds ratios and expressed relative to a reference category, which is given a value of 1. Odd ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased risk), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced risk). Also shown are 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For further information on the logistic regression method used, see Appendix B The variables included in the model The model included key variables relevant to pupils and their schools. The final model was developed using an iterative process to test for significant associations. Sex, age, ethnicity and region were included in all models. Otherwise, variables were rejected if the association with drug use was not significant. This method enabled the exploration of a large number of potential predictor variables. 15 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

153 The variables tested in the model are listed below. Most variables are categorical; those marked * are continuous. 4 Variables in bold were retained in the final model. Pupil level variables (taken from the pupil questionnaire) Sex Age* Ethnicity (White, Mixed, Asian, Black, other/not given) Smoking status (non-smoker, occasional smoker, regular smoker) Whether drunk alcohol (never drunk alcohol, has drunk alcohol but not in the last week, drank alcohol in the last week) Ever truanted (never truanted, truanted but not in the last year, truanted in the last year) Ever been excluded (never excluded, excluded but not in the last year, excluded in the last year) Receives free schools meals (an indicator of low family income) Number of books in the home 5 (none, very few, enough to fill one shelf, enough to fill one bookcase, enough to fill two bookcases, enough to fill three or more bookcases) Self reported wellbeing (not low wellbeing (score 10-0), low wellbeing (score 0-9)) 6 School-level variables (taken from the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) s Register of Schools, 7 performance data and the teacher questionnaire) Region School type (comprehensive, grammar, secondary modern, independent) School type (community school, academy, independent, foundation school, voluntary aided school, voluntary controlled school) Sex of school intake (mixed, boys only, girls only) GCSE attainment in quintiles Percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals* Percentage of pupils whose first language was not English* Faith school (none/not known, Christian denomination, other religion) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 7 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 8 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 9 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 10 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Frequency of teaching about drugs in Year 11 (never, at least once a year, once a term or more) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved Factors associated with drug use in the last year Sex and age After controlling for other factors, there was no significant difference between boys and girls. Although age was strongly associated with drug use in the last year, once other variables were taken into account, the increase in the odds of having taken drugs in the last year with each additional year of age was not statistically significant. This is because some of the variables that were most strongly associated with drug use in the last year (for example, smoking, drinking alcohol and truancy) were also strongly associated with age. Ethnicity Compared with White pupils, pupils of Mixed, Asian and Black ethnicity were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratios: 1.80,.36, 1.97 respectively). Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

154 Smoking and drinking alcohol As in previous years, smoking and drinking alcohol were strongly associated with drug taking. Both regular and occasional smokers were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratios=15.10, and 6.79 respectively). Compared with non-drinkers, pupils who had drunk alcohol were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratios of 8.03 for pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week, 4.60 for those who had drunk alcohol but less recently). Truancy and exclusion Pupils who had truanted from school were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year compared with pupils who had never truanted (odds ratio=.71). Similarly, pupils who had been excluded from school were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year compared with pupils who had never been excluded (odds ratio=1.77). Wellbeing Pupils whose wellbeing score was less than 10 were considered to have relatively low levels of wellbeing. They were more likely than pupils whose wellbeing scores were higher to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratio=1.55). Other individual characteristics Other pupil characteristics in the model were not significantly associated with having taken drugs in the last year. School characteristics Pupils likelihood of having taken drugs in the last year increased with the percentage of pupils at their school whose first language was not English, independently of their own ethnicity (odds ratio=1.01). Pupils likelihood of having taken drugs was reduced as the proportion of pupils in their school who were eligible for free school meals increased (odds ratio=0.99). Again, this was independent of pupils own eligibility. Region and other school characteristics, such as the type of school and the frequency of teaching about drugs in lessons, were not significantly associated with whether or not pupils had taken drugs in the last year. (Table 4.1) Notes and references 1 BMA (003) Adolescent Health, BMA London. Patton G et al (00) Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. BMJ. 00 November 3; 35(7374): Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (006) Pathways to problems. 4 Becker J and Roe S (005) Drug use among vulnerable groups of young people: findings from the 003 Crime and Justice Survey. 5 Home Office (010) Drug strategy 010 reducing demand, restricting supply, building recovery: supporting people to live a drug-free life Department for Education and the Association of Chief Police Officers (01) DfE and ACPO drug advice for schools. 7 Home Office (1998). Tackling drugs to build a better Britain, Cm 3945, Stationery Office. 8 Home Office (00) Updated drug strategy 00, which can be accessed via the University of Stirling s online drug and alcohol library 9 Home Office (008) Drugs: protecting Families and Communities. The 008 drugs strategy Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

155 10 HM Government (008) Drugs: protecting families and communities. action plan search/drug-strategy/drug-strategy-008f6ce.html?view=standard&pubid= The questionnaire was revised following development work for the 001 survey, which included cognitive testing of questions about drug use, described in full in the 001 report (Boreham R and Shaw A (00) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 001 TSO, London). As a result, two major changes were made to the questionnaire. The core drug questions were changed to the current format; information is collected about pupils knowledge and experience of 15 individual drugs by asking a series of questions about each drug separately. This replaced the approach of previous surveys; pupils were presented with a list of around 15 drugs shown in grid format on a single page, and were asked which ones they had heard of, been offered and had taken. Evidence from testing suggested that pupils found the grid format difficult to answer, and as a result they were more likely to miss some questions. At the same time, it was found that the term using drugs was associated with regular use rather than trying drugs once or taking them occasionally, and the question wording was changed so that pupils were asked about whether they had ever tried drugs rather than ever used drugs. Comparison of data from the 000 and 001 surveys showed that in 001 there was less missing data and significantly higher reporting of volatile substance use. Given that volatile substances were at the bottom of the list of drugs taken in previous survey questionnaires, it is likely that the difference in reporting was due to the change in question format rather than a real change in behaviour. 1 Trend data concerning drug use from surveys in this series between 1998 and 000 are available in Fuller E (ed) (006) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 005. The NHS Information Centre, Leeds Recorded awareness of amphetamines since 001 had not followed the increase generally observed for other drugs. Cognitive testing suggested two potential problems; low awareness of the term amphetamines (the drug was more commonly known as speed ); and, for some children, problems with reading the word amphetamines on a written questionnaire though they might recognise it when said out loud. Because of this change, the measures of awareness, having been offered and having ever tried this drug in this report are not strictly comparable with estimates from 003 and before. 14 The 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act, HMSO, London 15 See for a summary of current classifications. 16 Amyl nitrite is covered by the Medicines Act 1968; it is legally available on prescription only. See 17 There is some question as to whether these alkyl nitrites, legally available in products such as room deodorants, but also sold by sex shops and other outlets, should be covered by the Medicines Act. See 18 The 005 Drugs Act can be found at 19 Cannabis was previously reclassified from Class B to Class C on 9th January The prevalence rates of drug use measured by the questions about drugs in general are lower than the key survey estimates reported earlier, based on pupils responses to questions about individual drugs; the latter estimates should be considered definitive. In response to the question about drug use in general, 13% of pupils reported that they had ever taken any drug, whereas the proportion who had ever taken any of the 15 individual drugs listed in the questionnaire (including other drugs) was 17%. The figures for drug use in the last year were 8% in response to the single question, and 1% when reported use of individual drugs was combined. Similar disparities have been noted in previous years. 1 Other groups include looked-after children, those who have experienced homelessness and persistent offenders, none of whom are identified by this survey. If more than four pupils were absent when the survey was carried out, the interviewer returned to the school at a time when those pupils were likely to be present (see Appendix A). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved Categorical variables are those which group data in a specific number of discrete categories; for example, in this survey, sex has two categories: boy and girl. Continuous variables present data as a continuous range; for example, the percentage of pupils in a school who receive free school meals: from 0 to Used as a proxy measure of social class 6 Wellbeing was measured using a validated scale developed by the Children s Society, based on Huebner s life satisfaction scale,. See Rees G, Bradshaw J, Goswami H, Keung A (010) Understanding children s well-being: a national survey of young people s well-being. Children s Society, London. 7s%0wellbeing.pdf 7 The sample of schools was drawn from NFER s register of schools, which included 009 data for some indicators used in the logistic regression model. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

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157 Table 4.1 Proportion of pupils who have ever taken drugs, by sex and age: a,b,c All pupils Ever taken drugs Year c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases c Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to the weighted bases shown in Table 4.5. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

158 Table 4. Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last year, by sex and age: a,b,c All pupils Took drugs in the last Year c 011 c 01 c year % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases c Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to the weighted bases shown in Table Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

159 Table 4.3 Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last month, by sex and age: a,b,c All pupils Took drugs in the last Year c 011 c 01 c month % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Unweighted bases c Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to the weighted bases shown in Table 4.5. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health

160 Table 4.4 Proportion of pupils who have taken drugs (including and excluding volatile substances) ever, in the last year and in the last month, by sex: a,b,c All pupils Taken drugs Year b c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Boys All drugs Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Girls All drugs Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Total All drugs Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Unweighted bases c,d Boys Girls Total Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b The 003 report contained revisions of the previously published estimates for 00. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are of a similar magnitude to those shown in Table 4.5. d Bases shown for any drug use excluding volatile substances. Other bases may vary slightly. 160 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

161 Table 4.5 Proportion of pupils who have taken drugs (including and excluding volatile substances) ever, in the last year and in the last month, by age and sex All pupils 01 Taken drugs Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys All drugs Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Girls All drugs Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Total All drugs Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Excluding volatile substances Ever taken drugs Taken drugs in the last year Taken drugs in the last month Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for drug use excluding volatile substances. Other bases may vary slightly. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

162 Table 4.6a Proportion of boys who have taken individual drugs in the last year: a,b All boys Type of drugs taken in the last year Year c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants d Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines e Poppers Mephedrone f f f f f f f f f f f f 0.8 Any psychedelics g LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine h h h h h Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any Class A drug i Any drug Any drug (excluding volatile substances) Unweighted bases (boys) c,j Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7a. d The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. e Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. f Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. g From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. h Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. I See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. j Bases show numbers of boys with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 16 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

163 Table 4.6b Proportion of girls who have taken individual drugs in the last year: a,b All girls Type of drugs taken in the last year Year c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants d Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines e Poppers Mephedrone f f f f f f f f f f f f 0.6 Any psychedelics g LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine h h h h h Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any Class A drug i Any drug Any drug (excluding volatile substances) Unweighted bases (girls) c,j Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7b. d The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. e Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. f Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. g From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. h Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. I See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. j Bases show numbers of girls with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

164 Table 4.6c Proportion of pupils who have taken individual drugs in the last year: a,b All pupils Type of drugs taken in the last year Year c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants d Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines e Poppers Mephedrone f f f f f f f f f f f f 0.7 Any psychedelics g LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine h h h h h Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any Class A drug i Any drug Any drug (excluding volatile substances) Unweighted bases (pupils) c,j Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the prevalence of drug use from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. c Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7a. d The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. e Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. f Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. g From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. h Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. I See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. j Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 164 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

165 Table 4.7a Proportion of boys who have taken individual drugs in the last year, by age a All boys 01 Type of drugs Age taken in the Total last year years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines Poppers Mephedrone Any psychedelics LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any Class A drug b Any drug Any drug (excluding volatile substances) Unweighted bases (boys) c Weighted bases (boys) c a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of boys with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

166 Table 4.7b Proportion of girls who have taken individual drugs in the last year, by age a All girls 01 Type of drugs Age taken in the Total last year years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines Poppers Mephedrone Any psychedelics LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any Class A drug b Any drug Any drug (excluding volatile substances) Unweighted bases (girls) c Weighted bases (girls) c a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of girls with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 166 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

167 Table 4.7c Proportion of pupils who have taken individual drugs in the last year, by age a All pupils 01 Type of drugs Age taken in the Total last year years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines Poppers Mephedrone Any psychedelics LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any Class A drug b Any drug Any drug (excluding volatile substances) Unweighted bases (pupils) c Weighted bases (pupils) c a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

168 Table 4.8 Proportion of pupils who have taken individual drugs ever, in the last year and in the last month, by sex a All pupils 01 Type of drug Boys Girls Total taken Ever Taken Taken Ever Taken Taken Ever Taken Taken taken in last in last taken in last in last taken in last in last year month year month year month % % % % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines Poppers Mephedrone Any psychedelics LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any Class A drug b Any drug Any drug (excluding volatile substances) Unweighted bases c Weighted bases c a Estimates are shown to one decimal place because of generally low prevalence rates. b See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 168 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

169 Table 4.9 Summary of drugs taken in the last year, by age and sex Pupils who took drugs in the last year 01 Summary of drugs taken Age Total years years years years % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Took one type of drug only Cannabis only Volatile substances only Any Class A drug a 6 - Any other type of drug Took two or more types of drug Two or more types of drug, but no Class A drugs a Two or more types of drug, including at least one Class A drug a Girls Only took one type of drug Cannabis only Volatile substances only Any Class A drug a 3 1 Any other type of drug Took two or more types of drug Two or more types of drug, but no Class A drugs a Two or more types of drug, including at least one Class A drug a Total Only took one type of drug Cannabis only Volatile substances only Any Class A drug a Any other type of drug Took two or more types of drug Two or more types of drug, but no Class A drugs a Two or more types of drug, including at least one Class A drug a Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

170 Table 4.10 Number of occasions pupils have ever taken drugs, by sex: a All pupils Number of occasions taken drugs Year a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % % % Boys Once occasions occasions More than 10 occasions Taken drugs, not in last year b Never taken drugs b Girls Once occasions occasions More than 10 occasions Taken drugs, not in last year b Never taken drugs b Total Once occasions occasions More than 10 occasions Taken drugs, not in last year b Never taken drugs b Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Data from 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table b Estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs, but not in the last year, and the proportion who had never taken drugs are based on a filter question. They are not definitive and may vary from estimates shown elsewhere in this report. See note Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

171 Table 4.11 Number of occasions pupils have ever taken drugs, by age and sex All pupils 01 Number of occasions taken drugs Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Boys Once occasions occasions More than 10 occasions Taken drugs, not in last year a Never taken drugs a Girls Once occasions occasions More than 10 occasions Taken drugs, not in last year a Never taken drugs a Total Once occasions occasions More than 10 occasions Taken drugs, not in last year a Never taken drugs a Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. a Estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs, but not in the last year, and the proportion who had never taken drugs are based on a filter question. They are not definitive and may vary from estimates shown elsewhere in this report. See note 0. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

172 Table 4.1 Proportions of pupils who usually take drugs at least once a month, by sex and age: a,b All pupils Usually takes drugs at Year b 011 b 01 b least once % % % % % % % % % % a month Boys 11-1 years years years years Total Girls 11-1 years years years years Total Total 11-1 years years years years Total Unweighted bases b Boys 11-1 years years years years Total Girls 11-1 years years years years Total Total 11-1 years years years years Total a The answer categories for usual frequency of drug use were slightly different in 004. In every year shown, the question included the categories I take drugs most days and I take drugs at least once a week. In every year except 004, there was an additional category, I take drugs once or twice a month. In 004, this category was replaced by two different categories: I take drugs two or three times a month and I take drugs once a month. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 011 weighted bases are shown in Table Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

173 Table 4.13 Usual frequency of drug use, by age and sex All pupils 01 Usual frequency of drug use Age Total years years years years % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Most days At least once a week Once or twice a month At least once a month a A few times a year Once a year or less often Taken drugs in last year but only ever taken drugs once 1 4 Taken drugs, not in last year b Never taken drugs b Girls Most days At least once a week Once or twice a month At least once a month a A few times a year Once a year or less often Taken drugs in last year but only ever taken drugs once Taken drugs, not in last year b Never taken drugs b Total Most days At least once a week Once or twice a month At least once a month a A few times a year Once a year or less often Taken drugs in last year but only ever taken drugs once Taken drugs, not in last year b Never taken drugs b Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a At least once a month is the sum of Most days, At least once a week and Once or twice a month. Individual categories may not add to this total due to rounding. b Estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs, but not in the last year, and the proportion who had never taken drugs are based on a filter question. They are not definitive and may vary from estimates shown elsewhere in this report. See note 0. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

174 Table 4.14 Proportion of pupils who usually take drugs at least once a month, by whether ever truanted or excluded: a,b All pupils Usually takes drugs at least once a month Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Truanted or excluded Never truanted or excluded Total c Unweighted bases b Truanted or excluded Never truanted or excluded Total c a The answer categories for usual frequency of drug use were slightly different in 004. In every year shown, the question included the categories I take drugs most days and I take drugs at least once a week. In every year except 004, there was an additional category, I take drugs once or twice a month. In 004, this category was replaced by two different categories: I take drugs two or three times a month and I take drugs once a month. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are as follows: Truanted or excluded: n=180; Never truanted or excluded: n=5988. c Total includes pupils who did not say whether they had ever truanted or been excluded from school. Table 4.15 Proportion of pupils who took Class A drugs in the last year, by whether ever truanted or excluded: a,b All pupils Took Class A drugs in the last year Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Truanted or excluded Never truanted or excluded Total c Unweighted bases b Truanted or excluded Never truanted or excluded Total c a See Section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are as follows: Truanted or excluded: n=180; Never truanted or excluded: n=5848. c Total includes pupils who did not say whether they had ever truanted or been excluded from school. 174 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

175 Table 4.16 Proportion of pupils who have ever been offered individual drugs: a,b All boys Type of drug offered Year c 011 c 01 c % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants c Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines d Poppers Mephedrone e e e e e e e e e e e e 3 Any psychedelics f LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine g g g g g 3 3 Any opiates Heroin Methadone 1 3 Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any drug Unweighted bases (pupils) c,h Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the proportions of pupils who had been offered drugs from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7c. c The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. d Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. e Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. f From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. g Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. h Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

176 Table 4.17a Proportion of boys who have ever been offered individual drugs, by age All boys 01 Type of drug offered Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines Poppers Mephedrone Any psychedelics LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any drug Unweighted bases (boys) a Weighted bases (boys) a a Bases show numbers of boys with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 176 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

177 Table 4.17b Proportion of girls who have ever been offered individual drugs, by age All girls 01 Type of drug offered Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines Poppers Mephedrone Any psychedelics LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any drug Unweighted bases (girls) a Weighted bases (girls) a a Bases show numbers of girls with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

178 Table 4.17c Proportion of pupils who have ever been offered individual drugs, by age All pupils 01 Type of drug offered Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines Poppers Mephedrone Any psychedelics LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine Any opiates Heroin Methadone Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents Tranquillisers Other drugs Any drug Unweighted bases (pupils) a Weighted bases (pupils) a a Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. 178 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

179 Table 4.18 Proportion of pupils aware of individual drugs: a,b All boys Aware of drug Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % % % Cannabis Any stimulants c Cocaine Crack Ecstasy Amphetamines d Poppers Mephedrone e e e e e e e e e e e e 44 Any psychedelics f LSD Magic mushrooms Ketamine g g g g g Any opiates Heroin Methadone Tranquillisers Other drugs Not heard of any of these drugs Unweighted bases (pupils) c,h Data from 001 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health a Because of changes to the questionnaire in 001, estimates of the proportions of pupils who were aware of drugs from surveys in this series carried out between 1998 and 000 are not comparable with those shown here. Data from the earlier surveys have consequently been omitted from this table; they are available in the 006 report: Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 006. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 4.7c. c The 01 estimate for stimulants includes mephedrone. d Surveys from 004 onwards asked about speed and other amphetamines. See note 13. e Mephedrone was measured for the first time in 01. f From 005, estimates for psychedelics include ketamine. g Ketamine was measured for the first time in 005. h Bases show numbers of pupils with valid responses for at least one of the 15 drugs or types of drug asked about. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

180 Table 4.19 Sources of helpful information about drug use, by sex All pupils 01 Sources of helpful information Sex Boys Girls Total % % % Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK 4 1 Helplines Unweighted bases a Weighted bases a a Bases shown are for those responding to the question about parents. Bases for other variables may vary slightly. Table 4.0 Sources of helpful information about drug use, by age All pupils 01 Sources of Age helpful Total information years years years years years % % % % % % Parents Siblings Other relatives Friends GP Teachers Other adults at school Police in schools Youth workers TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Internet FRANK Helplines Unweighted bases a Weighted bases a a Bases shown are for those responding to the question about parents. Bases for other variables may vary slightly. 180 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

181 Table 4.1 Estimated odds ratios for drug use in the last year, by individual and school-level measures All pupils Variable a 01 95% confidence interval N Odds p-value Lower Upper ratio Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Sex (p=0.346) Boys Girls Age (p=0.080) b Ethnicity (p<0.001) White Mixed Asian < Black Other/not given Smoking status (p<0.001) Non-smoker Occasional smoker < Regular smoker < Not given Drinking alcohol (p<0.001) Non-drinker Drank alcohol in the last week < Drank alcohol, not in the last week < Not given < Ever truanted (p<0.001) No Yes < Not given Ever excluded from school (p<0.001) No Yes < Not given Wellbeing (p=0.001) Wellbeing not low Low wellbeing Not given Percentage of pupils in school whose first language is not English (p=0.005) c Percentage of pupils in school eligible for free school meals (p=0.011) c Region (p=0.405) North East 67 1 North West/Merseyside Yorkshire and the Humber East Midlands West Midlands Eastern London South East South West a P-value for each variable excludes missing values. b Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional year of age. c Odds ratio indicates change in odds for each additional percentage point. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

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183 5 Smoking, drinking and drug use Helen Henderson Key findings for 01 The estimates from this survey indicate that in England in 01 around 10,000 pupils aged between 11 and 15 were regular smokers, around 30,000 had drunk alcohol in the past week, 00,000 had taken drugs in the last month, and 370,000 had taken drugs in the last year. 5% of pupils aged between 11 and 15 said that they had tried smoking, drunk alcohol or taken drugs at least once in their lives. 17% had done one or more of these recently. Pupils were more likely to have drunk alcohol in the last week (10%) than to have smoked in the last week (6%) or to have taken drugs in the last month (also 6%). Pupils who smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs are likely to do more than one of these things. For example, 6% of pupils reported taking drugs in the last month and most of those (4% of all pupils) had smoked or drunk alcohol in the last week, or had done both. Pupils are more likely to think that it is OK for someone of their age to drink alcohol than to smoke cigarettes or take drugs. Around three in five pupils said that they had received lessons about smoking (61%), drinking alcohol (59%) or drug use (60%) in the last year. Most pupils think that their school has given them enough information about smoking (74%), drinking (71%) and drug use (68%). Almost all schools said that they provided pupils with lessons about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs. Between 79% and 97% will provide at least one lesson a year to pupils, depending on year and topic. Teachers drew on support from a range of colleagues, the police and outside sources, including local authority teams, specialist agencies and individual speakers to contribute to their lessons about smoking, drinking and drug use. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Most schools provided education and advice outside lessons about smoking, drinking and drug use, including external speakers, school assemblies and one-to-one advice. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

184 5.1 Introduction In previous chapters of this report, smoking, drinking and different types of drug use have been examined independently of one another. This chapter looks at the relationships between these behaviours, by comparing prevalence rates and examining overlaps in pupils behaviours. This chapter also examines attitudes towards smoking, drinking and drug use, and uses data from pupils and teachers to explore how schools teach pupils about smoking, drinking alcohol and illicit drug use. 5. How many young people smoke, drink or take drugs? Findings from the survey series describe the behaviour of young people aged 11 to 15 in England. The most recent official estimate of the total number of boys and girls in this age group in England, based on the 011 census, was just over 3.1 million. 1 Key survey measures, usually presented as percentages, can be used to estimate the numbers of young people who smoked, drank alcohol or took drugs. Any population estimates based on survey data should be interpreted with caution; like the percentages they are based on, they are subject to sampling error. For this reason, they are shown rounded to the nearest 10,000 with 95% confidence intervals, showing the wider margin of error. In practice, the true value is likely to lie within the confidence interval (CI). In 01, the key survey estimates for 11 to 15 year olds in England included the following: 4% of pupils were regular smokers, equivalent to around 10,000 young people (CI=110, ,000) 10% had drunk alcohol in the last week, equivalent to around 30,000 young people (CI=300, ,000) 6% had taken drugs in the last month, equivalent to around 00,000 young people (CI=180,000-30,000). 1% had taken drugs (including volatile substances) in the last year, equivalent to around 370,000 young people (CI=340, ,000) 5.3 The prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use Experience of smoking, drinking and drug use Around half (5%) of pupils said that they had smoked, drunk alcohol or tried drugs on at least one occasion. This continues the decline observed since 005, when the proportion was 66%. (Table 5.1, Figure 5.1) As in previous years, the combined proportion of pupils who had ever smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs increased with age, from 0% of 11 year olds to 8% of 15 year olds. More pupils reported that they had drunk alcohol at least once (43%) than had smoked cigarettes (3%) or taken drugs (17%). Individually, the prevalence of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and drug use each increased with age. There was, however, variation with age in terms of specific drug use. At the age of 11, pupils were more likely to have sniffed volatile substances (6%) than to have taken cannabis (less than 0.5%). The proportion of pupils who reported that they had tried volatile substances did not differ greatly across age groups, but the use of cannabis increased sharply with age. By the age of 15, more pupils reported having tried cannabis than volatile substances (3% and 8% respectively). (Table 5., Figure 5.1) 184 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

185 Figure 5.1 Whether pupils had smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs All pupils 70 Ever Recently Percent Smoked cigarettes Drank alcohol Took any drugs Behaviour Took cannabis Sniffed volatile substances Took any Class A drugs Note: the category 'Took any drugs' includes use of volatile substances, cannabis and Class A drugs Recent smoking, drinking and drug use Around one in six pupils (17%) reported that they had recently smoked cigarettes (in the last week), drunk alcohol (in the last week) or taken drugs (in the last month). This is slightly lower than in 011 when the proportion was 19%, and continues the downward trend since 009 when the proportion was much higher (6%). The proportion of young people who said that they had done any of these recently increased with age, from 3% of 11 year olds to 36% of 15 year olds. Pupils were most likely to have reported recent alcohol consumption than recent use of cigarettes or drugs; 10% said that they had drunk alcohol in the last week, compared with 6% who said they had smoked cigarettes in the last week and 6% who said they had used drugs in the last month. As with overall experience of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and taking drugs, recent experience of each of these increased with age. However, reported recent use of volatile substances was similar across all age groups. (Tables 5.3, 5.4) Overlaps between behaviours Smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and taking drugs all pose significant individual health risks to young people. However, those who engage in more than one of these expose themselves to an increased level of risk. 3 Findings from previous surveys in this series suggest that there are strong correlations between smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use. 4 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. As in previous years, in 01 there were strong overlaps in smoking, drinking and drug taking behaviour. Of the 6% of pupils who reported smoking in the last week, most (5% of all pupils) had also drunk alcohol or taken drugs recently, or had done both. Similarly, 6% of pupils reported taking drugs in the last month and most of those (4% of all pupils) had smoked or drunk alcohol in the last week, or had done both. The pattern amongst those who had drunk alcohol in the last week was slightly different. Of the 10% of pupils who reported drinking alcohol in the last week, less than half (4% of all pupils) had recently smoked cigarettes or taken drugs, or done both. (Tables 5.4, 5.5) 5.4 Attitudes All pupils were asked whether they thought it was OK for someone of their age to try smoking, drinking and taking different types of drugs to see what it was like. Pupils were Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

186 also asked whether it was OK for someone of their age to do each of these things once a week. Drinking alcohol was seen by pupils to be the most acceptable behaviour, with just over half (53%) saying it was OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it s like and just over a quarter (8%) saying it was OK to drink alcohol once a week. Cigarette smoking was seen as less acceptable, with 31% of pupils saying it was OK to try smoking to see what it s like and 13% saying it was OK to try smoking once a week. Drug taking was seen by pupils as the least acceptable behaviour, with smaller proportions thinking it was OK for someone to try cannabis (9%), sniffing glue (7%) or taking cocaine (3%) and even smaller proportions thinking it was OK to take these drugs once a week (cannabis 5%, sniffing glue 3%, cocaine 1%). (Table 5.6, Figure 5.) Figure 5. Whether pupils think it is OK for someone of their age to smoke, drink alcohol, get drunk or use drugs All pupils 60 OK to try once OK to do once a week Percent Smoke Drink alcohol Get drunk Take cannabis Sniff glue Take cocaine Behaviour Pupils attitudes to what they think is OK for someone of their age to do tends to reflect the prevalence of actual behaviour: drinking alcohol was seen as the most acceptable behaviour, as well as being the most prevalent. 5.5 School teaching about smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use Pupils recall of school lessons All pupils were asked whether they had had any lessons, videos or discussions in class on the topics of smoking, alcohol and drugs. Around three in five pupils said that they recalled lessons on each of these topics during the last year: 61% lessons on smoking, 59% lessons on alcohol, and 60% lessons about drugs. These proportions were similar in previous years. Levels of recall may be influenced not just by whether pupils were given such lessons, but also whether they made sufficient impact. The schools that responded to the survey reported that most pupils received lessons about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs at least once a year (see Section 5.5.3). (Table 5.7) The proportion of pupils who recalled lessons about smoking increased with school year, from 50% in Year 7 to 69% in Year 9, and then decreased to 60% in Year 11. A similar pattern was observed for lessons about alcohol and drugs: 45% of pupils in Year 7 recalled lessons about alcohol in the last year, increasing to 68% in Year 10 before decreasing to 60% in Year 11; 41% of pupils in Year 7 recalled lessons about drugs, increasing to 71% in Year 10 before decreasing to 65% in Year 11. (Table 5.8) 186 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

187 5.5. Pupils views about whether schools give them enough information about smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use Around seven in ten pupils thought that their schools gave them enough information about smoking (74%), alcohol (71%) and drugs (68%). A higher proportion of boys (70%) than girls (66%) thought their school gave them enough information about drugs. Similar proportions of boys and girls felt their school gave them enough information about smoking and about alcohol. The proportion of pupils who felt their school gave them enough information about alcohol increased with school year from 64% in Year 7 to 74% in Year 10. This pattern was also observed for information about drugs (59% in Year 7 to 75% in Year 10), but not for smoking. (Table 5.9) What schools teach about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs In each participating school, a teacher or other staff member was asked about lessons and other education and advice provided to pupils about tobacco, alcohol and legal and illegal drugs. Responses were received from 148 schools, a response rate of 58%. The confidence intervals associated with a sample of this size are too broad for detailed analysis. Almost all schools reported that they provided pupils with lessons about tobacco (99%), alcohol (98%) and legal and illegal drugs (98%). (Table 5.10) There were broadly similar patterns of teaching about each topic across school years: in most schools pupils were likely to have lessons about each of these topics in every school year at least once (between 79% and 97% depending on the school year and topic). However, relatively few schools taught about these more than once a term. Between 9% and 14% of pupils in Years 8 to 11 were taught about tobacco, alcohol or drugs more than once a term. In Year 7, pupils were very unlikely to have lessons more than once a term about tobacco (5%), alcohol (6%) or drugs (4%). (Tables 5.11 to 5.13) Schools were asked who contributed to these lessons. Not surprisingly, 96% said teachers did. In almost half of schools, the police (45%) or school nurses (43%) also contributed. Other school staff (30%), youth workers (4%) and specialist agencies (3%) were also mentioned by more than one in five of responding schools. The last group included individual speakers and a range of local authority teams and charities. (Table 5.14) Teachers drew on a range of sources to prepare lessons about tobacco, alcohol and drugs, including FRANK 5 (78%), Google and other search engines (74%), the PSHE Association (5%) and other teachers (49%). Almost half (47%) mentioned other sources; these were similar to those that contributed to their lessons, for example local advisors and specialist charities. (Table 5.15) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Most schools said that they also provided a range of drug education or advice outside lessons. This was most likely to include external speakers (64% of all schools), school assemblies (6%), one-to-one advice (6%), leaflets (57%) and posters (55%). (Table 5.16) To investigate whether the schools that completed the questionnaire were typical of the sample, two types of pupil characteristics were compared: the prevalence of smoking, drinking and drug use among pupils and the recall of lessons about these topics. Pupils in schools where the school survey was completed were more likely to be regular smokers, to have drunk alcohol in the last year and to have taken drugs in the last year than pupils in schools where the school-level data were not collected, although the differences were at the margins of statistical significance. The proportions of pupils who recalled lessons about smoking, drinking alcohol and taking drugs were similar in schools that had completed the questionnaire and those that had not. (Table 5.17) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

188 Notes and references 1 Mid-011 population estimates, based on the 011 census. nscl-orig=population+estimates+by+age+and+sex&content-type=dataset&contenttype=reference+table&sortdirection=descending&sortby=pubdate A confidence interval can be calculated around each survey estimate, indicating the range within which the true value for the population is likely to fall for a given level of confidence. The 95% confidence intervals shown here can be defined as the range which has a 95% chance of containing the true population value. 3 British Medical Association (003) Adolescent Health. BMA, London. 4 This survey series has recorded consistently high correlations between smoking cigarettes and cannabis use, and the correlation between smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol and taking cannabis and the use of Class A drugs were also relatively strong. See for example, Hills A (007) Smoking, drinking and drug use in Fuller E (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England 006. The Information Centre, Leeds, available at and Blenkinsop S (006) Relationships and risks in Fuller E (ed) Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 005. The Information Centre, Leeds, available at Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

189 Table 5.1 Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs: All pupils Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Year a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes Drunk alcohol Taken any drugs Sniffed volatile substances Taken cannabis Taken Class A drugs b Ever done any of these Never done any of these Unweighted bases a,c a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 5.. b See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 5. Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs, by age All pupils 01 Ever smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes Drunk alcohol Taken any drugs Sniffed volatile substances Taken cannabis Taken Class A drugs a Ever done any of these Never done any of these Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. b Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

190 Table 5.3 Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs: All pupils Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Year a 011 a 01 a % % % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes in the last week Drunk alcohol in last week Taken any drugs in last month Sniffed volatile substances in last month Taken cannabis in last month Taken Class A drugs in last month b Done any of these recently Done none of these recently Unweighted bases a,c a Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 5.4. b See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. c Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 5.4 Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs, by age All pupils 01 Recently smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % Smoked cigarettes in the last week Drunk alcohol in last week Taken any drugs in last month Sniffed volatile substances in last month 1 1 Taken cannabis in last month Taken Class A drugs in last month a Done any of these recently Done none of these recently Unweighted bases b Weighted bases b a See section 4.1. for a definition of Class A drugs. b Bases shown for pupils who answered the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 190 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

191 Table 5.5 Summary of whether pupils had recently smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs, by age and sex All pupils 01 Recently smoked, Age drunk alcohol, taken Total drugs a years years years years years % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Boys Smoked only Drank alcohol only Took drugs only 4 3 Smoked and drank alcohol Smoked and took drugs Drank alcohol and took drugs Smoked, drank alcohol and took drugs None of these b Girls Smoked only Drank alcohol only Took drugs only Smoked and drank alcohol Smoked and took drugs Drank alcohol and took drugs Smoked, drank alcohol and took drugs None of these b Total Smoked only Drank alcohol only Took drugs only Smoked and drank alcohol Smoked and took drugs Drank alcohol and took drugs Smoked, drank alcohol and took drugs None of these b Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Smoking in the last week, drinking in the last week, drug use in the last month. b Bases shown for pupils who gave valid answers to all relevant questions (smoking in the last week, drinking in the last week, drug use in the last month). These bases are different from those used to estimate the prevalence of these behaviours separately and so estimates shown in this table for the proportion of pupils who had never smoked, drunk alcohol or taken drugs are not definitive. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

192 Table 5.6 Attitudes to smoking, drinking alcohol and different types of drug use, by age All pupils 01 Attitudes to smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use Age Total years years years years years % % % % % % OK to try smoking a cigarette to see what it's like OK to try drinking alcohol to see what it's like OK to try getting drunk to see what it's like OK to try taking cannabis to see what it's like OK to try sniffing glue to see what it's like OK to try taking cocaine to see what it's like OK to smoke cigarettes once a week OK to drink alcohol once a week OK to get drunk once a week OK to take cannabis once a week OK to sniff glue once a week OK to take cocaine once a week Unweighted bases a Weighted bases a a Bases shown for pupils who answered whether it was OK for someone their age to try smoking once. Bases for views about other behaviours are of a similar magnitude. Table 5.7 Proportion of pupils who recalled receiving lessons about smoking, alcohol or drugs in the last year: a,b,c All pupils Recalled lessons Year b 011 b 01 b % % % % % % % % % % Recalled lessons on smoking Recalled lessons on alcohol c Recalled lessons on drugs c Unweighted bases b,d,e a Estimates from survey years between 1986 and 000 can be found in Fuller E and Sanchez M (ed) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 008, published by the NHS Information Centre. b Estimates since 010 are based on weighted data (see Section 1..4). 01 weighted bases are shown in Table 5.8. c Some estimates and bases between 000 and 006 have been revised since their original publication. d Bases shown for recall of lessons about drugs. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 19 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

193 Table 5.8 Proportion of pupils who recalled receiving lessons about smoking, alcohol or drugs in the last year, by school year and sex All pupils 01 Recalled lessons School year Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Total % % % % % % Boys Recalled lessons about smoking Recalled lessons about alcohol Recalled lessons about drugs Girls Recalled lessons about smoking Recalled lessons about alcohol Recalled lessons about drugs Total Recalled lessons about smoking Recalled lessons about alcohol Recalled lessons about drugs Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for recall of lessons about drugs. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

194 Table 5.9 Proportion of pupils who think that their school has given them enough information about smoking, alcohol or drugs, by school year and sex All pupils 01 School has given enough School year information Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Total % % % % % % Boys Enough information about smoking Enough information about alcohol Enough information about drugs in general Girls Enough information about smoking Enough information about alcohol Enough information about drugs in general Total Enough information about smoking Enough information about alcohol Enough information about drugs in general Unweighted bases a Boys Girls Total Weighted bases a Boys Girls Total a Bases shown for the question about smoking. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. Table 5.10 Whether school provides lessons about tobacco, alcohol, or legal and illegal drugs All schools 01 School provides lessons % Lessons on tobacco 99 Lessons on alcohol 98 Lessons on legal and illegal drugs 98 Base 148 Table 5.11 Frequency of lessons about tobacco in each school year All schools 01 School year Frequency of lessons More Once At Never Bases a than a term least once a once a term year Year 7 % Year 8 % Year 9 % Year 10 % Year 11 % a Bases exclude schools with no pupils in that year. 194 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

195 Table 5.1 Frequency of lessons about alcohol in each school year All schools 01 School year Frequency of lessons More Once At Never Bases a than a term least once a once a term year Year 7 % Year 8 % Year 9 % Year 10 % Year 11 % a Bases exclude schools with no pupils in that year. Table 5.13 Frequency of lessons about legal and illegal drugs in each school year All schools 01 School year Frequency of lessons More Once At Never Bases a than a term least once a once a term year Year 7 % Year 8 % Year 9 % Year 10 % Year 11 % a Bases exclude schools with no pupils in that year. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Table 5.14 Who contributes to school lessons about tobacco, alcohol and drugs All schools 01 Contributes to lessons a % Teachers (any subject) 96 Police 45 School nurse 43 Other school staff 30 Youth workers 4 Specialist external agencies, advisors and speakers 3 Other local authority advisors 7 Other contributors 10 Base 148 a Percentages total to more than 100 because schools could give more than one answer. Table 5.15 Sources used to prepare school lessons about tobacco, alcohol and drugs All schools 01 Sources a % FRANK 78 Google and other search engines 74 PSHE Association 5 Other teachers 49 Drug Education Forum 3 TES Connect Other sources 47 Base 148 a Percentages total to more than 100 because schools could give more than one answer. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

196 Table 5.16 Other drug education or advice about tobacco, alcohol and drugs outside lessons All schools 01 Other education or advice a % External speakers 64 School assemblies 6 One-to-one advice 6 Leaflets 57 Posters 55 Other activities 31 Does not offer any drug education or advice outside lessons 9 Base 148 a Percentages total to more than 100 because schools could give more than one answer. Table 5.17 Comparison of whether pupils had smoked, drunk alcohol, taken drugs and recalled lessons, by whether school survey completed All pupils 01 Whether smoked, drank alcohol, took drugs, recalled lessons School survey completed Yes No % % Regular smoker 4 3 Drank alcohol in last week 11 9 Took drugs in last year Recalled lessons about smoking 6 59 Recalled lessons about alcohol Recalled lessons about drugs Unweighted bases a Weighted bases a a Bases shown for the question about smoking status. Other bases are of a similar magnitude. 196 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

197 6 Smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use by region Key findings for 011/01 Data from 011 and 01 have been combined to enable analysis of key survey estimates by region. Across the two survey years, the proportion of pupils who had tried smoking varied between % in London, the East Midlands and the West Midlands and 30% in the North East. There was similar variation in the proportion of regular smokers, but this was not statistically significant. The proportion of pupils who drank alcohol was lower in London than anywhere else; 31% of pupils in London had ever drunk alcohol, and 7% had drunk in the last week. Outside London, the proportion of pupils who had ever drunk alcohol ranged from 36% in the West Midlands to 51% in the North East, and the same pattern was seen for drinking alcohol in the last week. The proportion of pupils who had ever tried drugs was lower in regions in the north and midlands than in the south of England. There was no significant variation by region in the proportions of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year or the last month. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

198 6.1 Background This chapter presents estimates by nine English regions, based on 011 and 01 data combined. In 009, the first estimates of smoking, drinking and drug use based on this survey series were published. In order to provide sufficiently large samples in each region and to minimise the effect of clustering, these estimates were based on data combined from three survey years, In 010, the design of the survey sample was changed with the intention of facilitating regional estimates (see Appendix A). From 010, published findings have been based on weighted data (see Appendix B). As this chapter combines data from two survey years, the weights have been scaled to compensate for differences in the achieved samples across the two years. Separate estimates have been published for each year, here and in the 011 report, and consequently the tables in this chapter do not show a total column. Overall patterns in the prevalence of smoking, drinking alcohol and drug use (for example, by age and sex) are discussed in Chapters to 4 of this report. 6. Smoking The proportion of pupils who had ever smoked varied across regions from % in London and the East and West Midlands to 30% in the North East. The proportion of regular smokers (pupils who said that they smoked at least one cigarette a week) varied from 3% to 6%, but this variation was not statistically significant. (Tables 6.1, 6.) 6.3 Drinking alcohol The prevalence of drinking alcohol In 011/1, less than a third (31%) of pupils in London had ever drunk alcohol. Elsewhere the proportion of pupils who had ever drunk alcohol varied from 36% in the West Midlands to 51% in the North East. There was a similar regional pattern for the proportion of pupils who had drunk alcohol in the last week, which varied from 7% in London to 14% in the North East. (Tables 6.3, 6.4, Figure 6.1) 6.3. Alcohol drunk in the last week The average amount of alcohol that pupils drank in the last week varied between 9.4 units in London and 15.7 units in the North East and the North West. (Table 6.5) 6.4 Drug use The proportions of pupils who had ever tried drugs were generally higher in the south of England than elsewhere. In the north and midlands, between 15% and 17% of pupils reported having tried drugs. In the south, the proportion who had ever taken drugs varied between 18% (the South West) and 0% (London). There was little variation between regions in the proportion of pupils who had taken drugs in the last year and in the last month. (Tables , Figure 6.) 198 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

199 Figure 6.1 Proportions of pupils who have drunk alcohol ever and in the last week, by region: All pupils 60 Ever In last week Percent North East North West Yorks & the Humber East Midlands West Midlands Region East of England London South East South West Figure 6. Proportions of pupils who have taken drugs ever and in the last year, by region: All pupils 5 Ever In last year 0 Percent North East North West Yorks & the Humber East Midlands West Midlands Region East of England London South East South West Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Notes and references 1 NHS Information Centre (009) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England: findings by region Leeds. Fuller E (011) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England. NHS Information Centre, Leeds. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in

200 Table 6.1 Proportion of pupils who have ever smoked, by region and sex: All pupils Ever smoked Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table 6. Prevalence of regular smoking, by region and sex: All pupils Regular smoking Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

201 Table 6.3 Proportion of pupils who have ever drunk alcohol, by region and sex: All pupils Ever drunk alcohol Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table 6.4 Proportions of pupils who drank alcohol in the last week, by region and sex: All pupils Drank alcohol in the last week Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 01

202 Table 6.5 Mean consumption of alcohol by pupils who drank in the last week, by region and sex: Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week Alcohol drunk in the last week Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber Units of alcohol Boys a Standard error of mean a Girls [7.6] Standard error of mean [1.9] Total Standard error of mean Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total a Because of the small bases, estimates are not shown for boys in London, and estimates for girls in London are shown in square brackets (see Section 1.1.5). Table 6.6 Proportion of pupils who have ever taken drugs, by region and sex: All pupils Ever taken drugs Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

203 Table 6.7 Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last year, by region and sex: All pupils Took drugs in the last year Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Table 6.8 Proportion of pupils who took drugs in the last month, by region and sex: All pupils Took drugs in the last month Region North North Yorks & East West East of London South South East West the Midlands Midlands England East West Humber % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys Girls Total Unweighted bases Boys Girls Total Weighted bases Boys Girls Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 03

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205 Appendix A: Survey design, fieldwork and response 1 Sample design The survey population comprises pupils in Years 7 to 11 in secondary schools, or at an equivalent level in middle and upper schools. The survey covers almost all types of secondary school in both the maintained and non-maintained sectors of education. Special schools, hospital special schools and pupil referral units are excluded from the survey. In 010, the design of the sample changed from that used in recent years. Rather than a distribution in proportion to the national population, equal numbers of schools were selected in each of the ten English Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs). Within schools an average of 35 pupils were selected in each participating school. 1 This change was designed to enable the publication of more up-to-date regional analyses of the data than was possible with the original design (see Chapter 6). The same method was used in 011 and 01, except that schools were selected from each of the nine regions. In 01, the sample was selected in two stages, following the model of past surveys. 3 For each region, 56 schools (the primary sampling units) were selected from the National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) database, 4 which was first sorted by type of school (comprehensive, secondary modern, grammar and private), then by whether schools were single sex or mixed, then by local authority and finally by number of pupils. Within each region, the probability of each school being selected was proportional to the numbers of pupils in Years 7 to 11, so that larger schools had a higher chance of inclusion. 5 Table A1 shows the estimated number of schools in each stratum overall, based on the number of pupils in each stratum compared with the total number of pupils in England, and the number of schools actually selected. (Table A1) At the second stage, approximately 35 pupils were selected in each school. Pupils were selected from all classes in Years 7 to 11 using probability methods to give an appropriately sized group for conducting the survey in one place during a single lesson. Clearly, at this stage, each pupil in larger schools had a relatively small chance of being selected. This counter-balanced the method of selecting schools to fulfil the criterion that, overall, every pupil had an equal chance of being selected. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Probabilities of selection Within each region, it was necessary that each pupil in the target population should have the same probability of being selected to take part in the survey. Within regions, the overall probability of selection (or sampling fraction) was the product of the sampling fractions at the first and second stages, i.e. where f 1 = probability of selecting the school f = probability of selecting the pupil. Schools were sampled with probability proportional to the number of pupils in Years 7 to 11, so that roughly equal numbers of pupils could be sampled from each selected school. Thus: where F=f 1 x f f 1 = n 1 x si S n 1 = total number of schools to be selected si = number of pupils in an individual school in Years 7 to 11 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 05

206 and f = n s i S = total number of pupils in the region in Years 7 to 11 where n = number of pupils to be selected from each school. Overall, therefore, within each region the sampling fraction for each pupil was: F = (n 1 x si ) x ( n ) = n 1 x n S si S and thus all pupils within a single region had an equal probability of selection. Because the populations of regions vary and the sample included equal numbers of schools in each, the probability that each pupil would be selected was not the same across the country. Selection weights were applied to the survey data to compensate for these different probabilities (see Appendix B, Section 1). (Table A) 3 Sampling within selected schools Within schools, pupils were sampled from school registers. For each school, a sampling fraction was calculated using the information about the school s population from the January 011 school census 5 to provide a sample of 35 pupils per school. A random start (an integer between 1 and the sampling fraction) was also generated for each school. Sampling was done in the following way. Registers including all pupils from Years 7 to 11 were sorted systematically (pupils alphabetically within class or tutor groups, classes or groups within school years and school years in order from 7 to 11). The random start identified the first pupil to be selected, and then every nth pupil was selected, where n was the sampling interval. As the pupils were sampled from a different academic year (01-013) from the sample of schools ( ), the number of pupils selected varied to the extent to which the size of the school had changed in the interim. 4 Fieldwork procedures 5 schools were approached and invited to take part. 6 Schools were sent an initial letter during the summer term of 01, explaining that they had been selected to take part in the survey and that they would be contacted by NFER or NatCen Social Research at the start of the autumn term. This letter also included a form which schools could return indicating their willingness to take part. 78 schools returned these forms. In these cases, NFER wrote to them at the start of the autumn term and the schools details were passed directly to NatCen interviewers. Otherwise, NFER contacted all schools in writing and by telephone from the beginning of the autumn term. Schools were invited to take part, and, if they agreed, were asked to provide an electronic copy of their registers. NFER contacted schools over four weeks in September and all information was passed to NatCen s interviewers. Schools were classified into six types and the following procedures were followed. Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E School participating, and electronic register supplied School participating and register supplied but too late to sample School participating, but no register supplied School not contacted/decision about participation not made School refused Systematic sample of pupils taken by NFER and details of the selected pupils were passed back to the school and onto interviewers Registers sent to interviewers who took manual sample of pupils Interviewers contacted schools and arranged an initial visit to take a manual sample of pupils Interviewers were passed details of any contact with schools so that they could contact schools and persuade them to take part, then interviewers took a manual sample of pupils Refusals were reissued to interviewers (with reasons for refusal) for them to contact and persuade schools to change their minds and participate, then interviewers took a manual sample of pupils 06 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

207 Schools that returned the early assent form were labelled Type G; they were contacted earlier in the term, but otherwise treated like Type C schools. Type G School returned early assent form NFER wrote to school at start of term. NatCen interviewers contacted schools and arranged an initial visit to take a manual sample of pupils In all participating schools, once a sample of pupils had been selected, interviewers provided letters about the survey for pupils to take home and give to their parents or guardians. Parents were asked to reply only if they did not want their child to take part in the survey. Interviewers arranged with schools a convenient time to conduct the survey. The selected pupils were gathered together in a room for one school period to complete the questionnaire under the interviewer s supervision. The interviewer gave a brief introduction explaining why the survey was being carried out, and explained how the questionnaire should be filled in. The questionnaire used is reproduced in Appendix C. Questionnaires were completed in exam conditions ; pupils were not allowed to discuss the questions with each other or look at others answers. Pupils could request and receive help if they did not understand questions. If possible, teachers were not present during the completion of questionnaires in order to encourage pupils to give honest answers. Where schools insisted on a teacher being present in the room, he or she was not allowed to see pupils questionnaires at any stage of the survey. Interviewers stressed that pupils answers would be completely confidential and that their answers would not reflect on them or their school. Questionnaires were serial numbered for administrative purposes, but serial numbers were not linked to pupils names. In participating schools, interviewers also asked a staff member a series of questions about how the school taught pupils about smoking, drinking alcohol and illicit drugs. 5 Achieved response rate and sample size In total, 54 schools agreed to take part in the survey out of the 519 eligible schools, 6 a response rate of 49%. The response from selected pupils in participating schools was 88%, yielding a total of 7,589 completed usable questionnaires. The product of the school and pupil rates gave an overall response of 43%. 7 (Table A3ii) The main reasons given by schools for refusing to participate in the survey included: no available time for pupils to complete the survey; the burden of participation on staff or pupils; and a reaction to the large number of school surveys currently being conducted. Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. In a significant number of schools, interviewers found it difficult to make contact with an appropriate person; consequently, by the time survey participation had been agreed in principle, there was no suitable time available to carry the survey out with the selected pupils within the fieldwork period (September to December 01). Interviewers conducted the survey where possible in a single visit to each school. All selected pupils completed a questionnaire in exam conditions within one school period under the supervision of an interviewer. To maximise pupil response, a second visit to the school was undertaken if four or more pupils were absent. Follow-up visits were carried out in 4% of schools, and pupils included in this way accounted for 9% of the sample. Response rates were lower among pupils in higher school years, declining from 90% of pupils in Year 7 to 83% in Year 11. This pattern of variation by school year has been seen in previous surveys in the series. (Tables A4, A5) 148 schools from the 54 productive schools responded to the school-level questionnaire, a response rate of 58%. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 07

208 6 Data cleaning Questionnaires were sent to an external keying agency to enter the data. The data from each questionnaire were scanned. The data thus captured was verified by visual checks of original questionnaires. Within NatCen the data were then subjected to an additional edit check which included the following: checking that filters were correctly followed checking ranges on consumption variables and age of first use variables checking whether answers given as other answers could be back-coded into existing codes resolving inconsistencies between answers. An SPSS dataset was created for analysis purposes. Notes and references 1 For this reason, schools with fewer than 40 pupils in the eligible age range were excluded from selection. The regions were equivalent to the nine Government Office Regions (GORs). The change was made in anticipation of the proposed abolition of Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) outlined in the Health and Social Care Bill 011, subsequently enacted in the Health and Social Care Act For the purposes of this survey, the boundaries of SHAs and GORs were effectively the same, except that the South East region is split into South Central and South East Coast SHAs. 3 Before 010, the primary stratifier was school type and sex of intake. The distribution of schools across regions was proportionate to the population. 4 NFER maintains a database containing records for all schools in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It also contains schools in the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, Service Children s Education Authority (armed forces) schools and British schools around the world. In addition, details are held for all colleges in the further and higher education sectors and for all universities. 5 Information on school size was based on the Department for Education (DfE) school census data collected in January Three schools were found to be ineligible after being approached. 7 The school response rate has declined since the 1990s; since 003 it fell every year until 011, when it was at the same level as in 010. School response increased modestly in 01. Falling response appears to be a common problem for school-based surveys. Although each school has its own reasons for participating or not, the increasing difficulty of persuading schools to take part has been ascribed to increasing curriculum demands on staff and pupils and also the large number of surveys, from a variety of sources, that schools are invited to participate in each year. 08 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

209 Table A1 Allocation of primary sampling units (PSUs) a to strata 01 Type of school Pupil Estimated Actual population b PSUs PSUs c Comprehensive Boys 75, Girls 17, Mixed,378, Grammar Boys 40, Girls 41, Mixed 9, Secondary Modern Boys 4, Girls 6, Mixed 54, Private Boys 8, Girls 5, Mixed 138,591.7 Total,979, Table A Distribution of pupil population by region 01 Region Pupil % of population a population b North East 14,17 5 North West 405, Yorkshire & the Humber 99, East Midlands 57,380 9 West Midlands 39, East of England 341, London 46, South East 496,49 17 South West 95, Total,993, a Pupils in Years 7 to 11, based on DfE population estimates for 01. b Percentages do not total to 100 due to rounding. a The primary sampling units for this survey were individual schools. b Pupils in Years 7 to 11, based on DfE population estimates for 011. c Small strata have been combined in order to improve the efficiency of the sampling, so estimated and actual PSUs may differ. Table A3i School and pupil response: All eligible schools and pupils Response Survey year % % % % % % % % % % % % % Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. School Pupil Overall Table A3ii School and pupil response: All eligible a schools and pupils Response Survey year % % % % % % % % % % % School Pupil Overall a Each year, some sampled schools are found to be ineligible during fieldwork; in 01 three sampled schools were ineligible. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 09

210 Table A4 Pupil response by sex and school year: All eligible pupils Pupil Survey year response % % % % % % % % % % Boys Year Year Year Year Year Total Girls Year Year Year Year Year Total Total Year Year Year Year Year Total Bases Boys Year Year Year Year Year Total Girls Year Year Year Year Year Total Total Year Year Year Year Year Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Data from 1988 to 003 re-used with permission of the Department of Health Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

211 Table A5 Pupil response, by school year and sex All eligible pupils 01 Response School year Year Year Year Year Year Total % % % % % % Boys Questionnaire completed Parent refusal Pupil refusal Sick Truant Unknown Other Girls Questionnaire completed Parent refusal Pupil refusal Sick Truant Unknown Other 1 5 Total Questionnaire completed Parent refusal Pupil refusal Sick Truant Unknown Other 1 5 Bases Boys Girls Total Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 11

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213 Appendix B: Weighting, analysis methods and design effects 1 Weighting Until 009, the sample of schools was selected in proportion to the distribution of population across England, so that all pupils across England had equal chances of selection. From 010, the sample design was based on regions, with equal numbers of schools sampled in each (see Appendix A). To compensate for this the data were weighted for the first time since In 01, the sample was based on nine regions. Selection weights were calculated to correct for unequal selection probabilities (see Appendix A). The weights were then calibrated to ensure that the marginal distribution of pupils sex, school year and region matched the school population, based on the 01 school census. Both unweighted and weighted bases are shown in the tables. The unweighted bases represent the number of pupils who responded. The absolute size of the weighted bases has no particular significance, since the weights have been scaled to the achieved sample size. Population estimates This report includes estimates of the numbers of young people in England who smoked regularly, drank alcohol in the last week, took drugs in the last year or took drugs in the last month (see Section 5.). These were based on census estimates of the 011 population for England. 3 The estimated population of young people aged between 11 and 15 in England in March 011 was 3,144, Percentage estimates of prevalence were calculated to one decimal place, and then multiplied by the population estimates. 95% confidence intervals were calculated as plus or minus 1.96 times the true standard errors of the estimates, once the effects of clustering and stratification had been taken into account (see Section 4 of this appendix). Estimates of the numbers of young people who smoked, drank or took drugs were rounded to the nearest 10, Logistic regression analysis Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Logistic regression modelling has been used in this report to examine the factors associated with selected outcome variables, after adjusting for other factors. Models were constructed for outcomes of interest: regular smoking, drinking alcohol in the last week and taking drugs in the last year. The models included a variety of explanatory variables relating to both individual pupil characteristics (e.g. age, sex, smoking, drinking, drug use, family deprivation) and whole-school characteristics (e.g. region, the percentage of pupils receiving free school meals). Although models used comparable variables as far as possible, they also included variables specific to particular outcomes; for example the drug use model included families attitudes to pupils smoking and recall of lessons on drugs. Variables related to smoking, drinking and drug use were each included in the models relating to the other two. The explanatory variables include categorical variables, which group cases into a number of discrete categories, and continuous variables, which present a continuous range of values. Missing values for explanatory variables were included in the model. For categorical Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 13

214 variables, they were coded as a single category, though not reported on. For continuous variables, they were set as the mean value of the range. 5 The results of the regression analyses are presented in tables showing odds ratios for the final models, together with the probability that each association is statistically significant. The explanatory variable is significantly associated with the outcome variable if p<0.05. (The p-values shown for each variable exclude missing values.) The models show the relative odds of the outcome of interest (e.g. regular smoking) for each category of the explanatory variable (e.g. being a boy or a girl). For categorical variables, odds are expressed relative to a reference category, which has a given value of 1. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate higher odds (increased likelihood), and odds ratios less than 1 indicate lower odds (reduced likelihood). 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratios are shown. Where the interval does not include 1, this category is significantly different from the reference category. For continuous variables, there is a single p-value. Continuous variables do not have a reference category; the odds ratio represents the change in odds associated with each additional point in the range (for example each extra year of age, or unit of alcohol drunk). 6 Again, the 95% confidence interval is shown, and the odds ratio is significant if the interval does not include 1. The three models included, as far as possible, the same or comparable explanatory variables. Variables which were not significantly associated with the outcome but which were included in the models are listed in the text, although they are not shown in the tables for reasons of space and clarity. 4 Precision of results Since the data in this report were obtained from a sample of the population, they are subject to sampling error. Any sample is only one of an almost infinite number that might have been selected, all producing slightly different estimates. Sampling error stems from the probability that any selected sample is not completely representative of the population from which it is drawn. Sampling error shows the amount by which the value of a sample estimate of a variable can be expected to differ from the true value of that variable in the population. With a simple random sample, the formula for calculating the sampling error for a percentage p, is: p(100 p) n where n is the sample size. The formula for calculating sampling errors of differences in percentages p 1 and p between surveys (assuming simple random samples) is: p 1 (100 p 1 ) + p (100 p ) n 1 n 1 In general, attention is drawn to differences between estimates only when they are significant at the 95% confidence level. This indicates that there is less than 5% probability that the observed difference is due to random sampling variation rather than a difference occurring in the population. The survey used a multi-stage sample design which involved both clustering within schools and stratification (see Appendix A). Consequently, sampling errors are not the same as they would have been for a simple random sample of the same size, and this needs to be taken into account when calculating standard errors. Tables B1 to B5 give true standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for this complex sample design for five key variables. Standard errors and design effects (defts) were calculated using a Taylor Series expansion method. (Tables B1-B5) 14 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

215 It is important to recognise that sampling error is only one of the sources of error which affect the accuracy of any survey results. Other sources of inaccuracy include nonresponse bias, as well as over- and under-reporting, both of which are difficult to quantify. Since the results compared in this report are from surveys in the SDD series conducted in a similar way and using the same methods of collecting information, other types of error should be similar on each survey and so will not affect comparisons. However, it is also possible that social desirability of these behaviours may affect whether pupils over-report or under-report, and as social desirability may change over time this may affect comparability. Notes and references 1 In 010, equal numbers of schools were selected in each Strategic Health Authority (SHA). In 011 and in 01, the sampling and strategy was similar to 010, although based on nine regions rather than ten SHAs. For the purposes of this survey, the boundaries of SHAs and regions are effectively the same, except that the South East region is split into South Central and South East Coast SHAs This includes young people not in formal education, and therefore not included in the population sampled by the survey; for example, those being educated at home, as well as pupils in special schools, hospital schools and pupil referral units. The population sample was also based on school year (Years 7 to 11) rather than age and included a few pupils younger than 11 or older than 15. For the sake of simplicity, in the analysis these pupils have been grouped with pupils aged 11 and 15 respectively. 5 Excluding missing values for explanatory variables tends to cause significant sample attrition, since cases are lost if they have a missing value for any one of the relevant variables. This reduces precision of estimates and may introduce bias. 6 Because these are ratios, they do not increase in a simple linear way. For example, compared with an 11 year old, the odds of a 1 year old being a regular smoker are multiplied by 1.73 (see Section 3.3.3). Similarly, compared with a 1 year old, a 13 year old s odds of being a regular smoker are increased by 1.73 as well. The increase in the odds of being a regular smoker for a 13 year old compared with an 11 year old is 1.73 x 1.73 (=.99). Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 15

216 Table B1 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the prevalence of regular smoking, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Table B True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the proportion who drank alcohol in the last week, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

217 Table B3 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for mean alcohol consumption in the last week, by sex and age Pupils who drank alcohol in the last week 01 Sample Weighted Mean True Confidence interval size sample number standard size of units error Lower Upper Deft Boys years years years Total Girls years years years Total Total years years years Total Table B4 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the proportion who have taken drugs in the last month, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved. Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 17

218 Table B5 True standard errors and 95% confidence intervals for the proportion who have taken drugs in the last year, by sex and age All pupils 01 Sample Weighted % True Confidence interval size sample standard size error Lower Upper Deft Boys 11 years years years years years Total Girls 11 years years years years years Total Total 11 years years years years years Total Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre, Lifestyles Statistics. All rights reserved.

219 Appendix C: Questionnaire SN , Card ,Batch P3118 LABEL Day (date) of interview Month of interview AM interview PM interview 1 1st visit nd visit 1 SURVEY OF SMOKING, DRINKING AND DRUG USE AMONG SCHOOLCHILDREN IN ENGLAND IN 01 We promise that your answers are confidential. They will not be shown to anyone that you know Example questions Most of the questions can be answered by putting a tick in the box next to the answer that applies to you. You are sometimes told to skip over some questions in this survey. When this happens, you will see an arrow with a note that tells you what question to answer next, like this: Yes 1 Q4 No Q5 Or sometimes you have to write a number in the box, for example: 14 days Or sometimes you have to tick a box and write in an answer, for example: Something else (Tick and write in) Chocolate Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 19

220 Q1 Are you a boy or a girl? 100 Boy Girl Q Which year are you in at school? 101 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10 Year 11 Q3 How old are you now? years old years old 0 1 years old years old years old years old years old years old 08 Q4 Which year were you born in? (Please write in full, eg 1997) Q5 Which month were you born in? (Please write in full, eg January) Spare Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

221 Q9 Now read the following statements carefully and tick the box next to the one which best describes you I have never smoked 1 Q10 I have only ever tried smoking once Q11 I used to smoke sometimes but I never smoke a cigarette now I sometimes smoke cigarettes now but I don t smoke as many as one a week I usually smoke between one and six cigarettes a week Q11 3 Q18 on page 7 Q14 on page 6 I usually smoke more than six cigarettes a week Q14 on page 6 Q10 Just to check, read the statements below carefully and tick the box next to the one which best describes you. I have never tried smoking a cigarette, not even a puff or two I did once have a puff or two of a cigarette, but I never smoke now I do sometimes smoke cigarettes 1041 Q13 on page 6 Q11 Q18 on page 7 Q11 How old were you when you first tried smoking a cigarette, even if it was only a puff or two? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q1 Have you ever done any of the following things to help you give up smoking? Tick one box on each row Yes No 1044 Asked an adult at school (e.g. teacher, school nurse) Asked family or friends 1 Used any nicotine products, such as nicotine patches, chewing gum or other similar products Been to see your family doctor or GP Phoned an NHS smoking helpline Used NHS Stop Smoking Services Not spent time with friends who smoke 1 Q6 What is your ethnic group? Tick one box only, the one that is most true for you White British 0 White Irish Any other White background (please write in) White and Black Caribbean 05 White and Black African 06 White and Asian Any other Mixed background (please write in) Indian 09 Pakistani 10 Bangladeshi Any other Asian background (please write in) 11 1 Caribbean 13 African Any other Black background (please write in) Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Chinese Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Any other ethnic group (please write in) 16 Q7 The next questions are about cigarettes. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q8 Do you smoke cigarettes at all nowadays? 1039 Yes No

222 Q18 Have you ever tried to give up smoking? Yes No Q19 Have you ever done any of the following things to help you give up smoking? Tick one box on each row Asked an adult at school (e.g. teacher, school nurse) Asked family or friends Used any nicotine products, such as nicotine patches, chewing gum or other similar products Been to see your family doctor or GP Phoned an NHS smoking helpline Used NHS Stop Smoking Services Not spent time with friends who smoke Q0 How old were you when you first tried smoking a cigarette, even if it was only a puff or two? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q1 How does your family feel about you smoking? They try to stop me They try to persuade me not to smoke They do nothing They encourage me to smoke They don t know I smoke I don t know Q19 Q0 Yes No Q13 How do you think your family would feel if you started smoking? Q6 on page 10 They would try to stop me Q6 on page 10 They would try to persuade me not to smoke 3 Q6 on page 10 They would do nothing 4 Q6 on page 10 They would encourage me to smoke 5 Q6 on page 10 I don t know Q14 How long is it since you started smoking at least one cigarette a week? Less than 3 months months 1 6 months to 1 year Q3 on page 8 Q3 on page 8 3 Q3 on page 8 4 Q3 on page 8 5 Q on page 8 6 Q3 on page Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 More than 1 year Q15 How easy or difficult would you find it to go without smoking for as long as a week? Very difficult Fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy Q16 How easy or difficult would you find it to give up smoking altogether if you wanted to? Very difficult Fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy Q17 Would you like to give up smoking altogether? Yes No I don t know Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

223 Q4 Where do you usually get your cigarettes from? (Please tick more than one box if you often get cigarettes from different people or places.) I buy them from a supermarket I buy them from a newsagent, tobacconist or a sweet shop I buy them from a petrol station or garage shop I buy them from some other type of shop I buy them from street markets I buy them from a machine I buy them through the Internet I buy them from friends or relatives I buy them from someone else Friends give them to me My brother or sister gives them to me My mother or father gives them to me Someone else gives them to me I take them I get them in some other way (please write in) Q5 On the whole, do you find it easy or difficult to buy cigarettes from a shop? Very difficult Fairly difficult Fairly easy Very easy I don t usually buy cigarettes from a shop Q How do you think your family would feel if they knew that you smoked? They would try to stop me 1 They would try to persuade me not to smoke 13 They would do nothing 14 They would encourage me to smoke 15 I don t know Q3 Do you usually smoke cigarettes from a packet, hand-rolled cigarettes, or both about equally? Cigarettes from a packet 1 Hand-rolled cigarettes (roll ups) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Both about equally Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 3

224 Q3 How often do you buy cigarettes from a shop? 1107 Almost every day Once or twice a week Two or three times a month About once a month Only a few times a year Q33 In the past year, have you ever asked anyone else to buy cigarettes for you from a shop? 1108 Yes Q34 1 No Q37 on page 1 Q34 At any time when you asked someone to buy cigarettes for you, did anyone actually buy you any from a shop? 1109 Yes Q35 1 No Q37 on page 1 Q35 Which of the following people have bought cigarettes for you from a shop in the last year? Tick all that apply My brother or sister 01 A friend of my own age 0 A friend older than me 03 A friend younger than me 04 My boyfriend or girlfriend 05 My mother, father or step-parent 06 Another adult I know 07 A stranger 08 Someone else (please tick the box and write in how you knew the person) Q6 The next questions should be answered by all pupils. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so noone who knows you will find out your answers. Q7 In the past year, have you seen cigarette packets on display in any of the shops listed below? Only include shops where you have seen cigarette packets displayed on a shelf or counter. Do not include signs or adverts saying cigarettes can be bought. Tick all that apply A supermarket 1 A newsagent, tobacconist or a sweet shop A petrol station or garage shop 3 Some other type of shop 4 Have not seen cigarettes for sale in any of these places Q8 In the past year, have you ever gone into a shop to buy cigarettes? This includes buying cigarettes for somebody else Q9 Q33 on page Q31 Q3 on page Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Yes cigarettes No Q9 At any of these times when you went into a shop to buy cigarettes, did the shopkeeper refuse to sell them to you? Yes No Q30 The last time you went into a shop to buy cigarettes, what happened? I bought some cigarettes They refused to sell me any cigarettes Q31 How many cigarettes did you buy last time? Write the number in the box I bought Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

225 Q38 The next few questions should be answered by all pupils. Q39 In the past year, how often were you in the same room as someone smoking at home? Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Don t know Q40 In the past year, how often were you in the same room as someone smoking at someone else s home? Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Don t know Q41 In the past year, how often were you in your family s car with somebody smoking? Every day or most days Once or twice a week Once or twice a month Less often than once a month Never in the past year Don t know Q36 In the last year, how often have other people bought cigarettes for you from a shop? Almost every day 06 Once or twice a week Two or three times a month 01 About once a month 0 Only a few times a year 03 Only once in the last year Q37 Do any of these people that you know smoke cigarettes? Tick all that apply Spare Columns My boyfriend or girlfriend 0 Some friends of my own age 03 Some friends older than me 04 Some friends younger than me 05 My mother, father or step-parent 06 My brother or sister 07 Other relatives 08 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 5 No, none of my friends or family smoke

226 Q44 The next questions are about alcohol. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q45 Have you ever had a proper alcoholic drink a whole drink, not just a sip? Please don t count drinks labelled low alcohol. Yes No Q46 How would your parents/guardians feel if you started drinking alcohol? They wouldn t like me drinking alcohol at all They wouldn t mind as long as I didn t drink too much They would let me drink as much as I liked Q47 How old were you when you had your first proper alcoholic drink? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q48 How often do you usually have an alcoholic drink? Every day or almost every day About twice a week About once a week About once a fortnight About once a month Only a few times a year I never drink alcohol now Q47 Q46 Q78 on page Q78 on page Q78 on page Q49 on page 16 Q49 on page 16 Q49 on page 16 Q49 on page 16 Q4 In the past year, how often were you in someone else s car with somebody smoking? Every day or most days 0 Once or twice a week 03 Once or twice a month 04 Less often than once a month 05 Never in the past year 06 Don t know Q49 on page 16 Q43 Below are some things people say about why people of your age smoke. Some people think they are true and some people think they are false. What do you think? Against each sentence, tick one box to show if you think it is true or false. True False Q49 on page 16 Q54 on page Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 People of my age smoke because it helps them to relax People of my age smoke because they are addicted to cigarettes People of my age smoke because they believe it helps them to stay slim People of my age smoke because it helps them to cope with stress in their life People of my age smoke to look cool in front of their friends People of my age smoke because they find it exciting to break the rules People of my age smoke because their friends pressure them into it People of my age smoke because it gives them a good feeling Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

227 Q5 And when you drink alcohol, where are you usually? In a pub or bar In a club or disco At a party with friends At my home At someone else s home On the street, in a park, or somewhere else outside Somewhere else Q53 How do your parents/guardians feel about you drinking alcohol? They don t like me drinking alcohol at all They don t mind as long as I don t drink too much They let me drink as much as I like They don't know I drink Q54 How would your parents/guardians feel about you drinking alcohol? They wouldn t like me drinking alcohol at all They wouldn t mind as long as I didn t drink too much They would let me drink as much as I liked Q55 When did you last have an alcoholic drink? Today Yesterday Some other time during the last 7 days 1 week, but less than weeks ago weeks, but less than 4 weeks ago 1 month, but less than 6 months ago 6 months ago or more Q55 Q55 3 Q55 4 Q Q56 on page 18 0 Q56 on page 18 Q49 If you buy alcohol, where do you usually buy it? (Please tick more than one box if you often buy alcohol from different places.) In a pub or bar 0 In a club or disco 03 From an off-licence 04 From a shop or supermarket 05 From a friend or relative 06 Off the street (e.g. from a van or someone s garage) 07 From a garage forecourt 08 From someone else 09 I never buy alcohol Q50 When you drink alcohol, are you usually on your own, or with other people? 147 Q5 on page On my own Q51 With other people Q51 When you drink alcohol with other people, who are you usually with? Tick all that apply Q56 on page Q74 on page 1 05 Q74 on page 1 06 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Q78 on page 07 Q78 on page Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 7 My girlfriend or boyfriend Friends of the same sex as me Friends of the opposite sex A group of friends of both sexes My parents or guardians My brother, sister, or other relatives Other people

228 Q60 During the last 7 days, how much SHANDY have you drunk? Half a pint or more Less than half a pint Have not drunk shandy in the last 7 days Q61 Write in the boxes below the number of pints, half pints, large cans and small cans of SHANDY drunk in the last 7 days. pints half pints large cans small cans Q6 Was the SHANDY you drank in the last 7 days mostly lemonade, mostly lager or beer, or about half and half of each? Mostly lemonade Mostly lager or beer About half and half of each Q63 During the last 7 days, how much WINE have you drunk? One glass or more Less than a glass Have not drunk wine in the last 7 days Q64 Write in the box below the number of glasses of WINE drunk in the last 7 days. glasses Q56 On which of these days during the last 7 days did you have an alcoholic drink? Tick all that apply Sunday 0 Monday 03 Tuesday 04 Wednesday 05 Thursday 06 Friday 07 Saturday Q57 During the last 7 days, how much BEER, LAGER AND CIDER have you drunk? Please don t include drinks labelled low alcohol Q58 Half a pint or more Q60 on page 19 Q60 on page Q61 Q63 3 Q63 1 Q64 Q65 on page 0 Q65 on page Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Less than half a pint Have not drunk beer, lager or cider in the last 7 days Q58 Write in the boxes below the number of pints, half pints, large cans, small cans and bottles of BEER, LAGER AND CIDER drunk in the last 7 days. pints half pints large cans small cans bottles Q59 Do you usually drink normal strength or strong beer? If you usually drink both normal and strong beer, please tick the type you drank most recently. Normal strength beer Strong beer Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

229 Q71 Have you drunk any other types of alcoholic drink in the last 7 days? 1330 Yes 1 Q7 No Q74 Q7 What other alcoholic drink(s) have you drunk? Please write in the name(s) below Q73 Write in the boxes below the number of pints, half pints, large cans, small cans, bottles and glasses of this other alcoholic drink that you have drunk in the last 7 days pints half pints large cans small cans bottles glasses Q74 Have you been drunk in the last 4 weeks? 1363 Yes 1 Q75 No Q78 on page Q65 During the last 7 days, how much MARTINI AND SHERRY have you drunk? Q66 One glass or more Q67 Less than a glass 3 Q67 Have not drunk martini or sherry in the last 7 days Q66 Write in the box below the number of glasses of MARTINI AND SHERRY drunk in the last 7 days glasses Q67 During the last 7 days, how much SPIRITS and LIQUEURS (eg whisky, vodka, gin, tequila, Baileys, Tia Maria) have you drunk? By a glass we mean a single pub measure Q68 One glass or more Q69 Less than a glass 3 Q69 Have not drunk spirits or liqueurs in the last 7 days Q68 Write in the box below the number of glasses of SPIRITS and LIQUEURS (eg whisky, vodka, gin, tequila, Baileys, Tia Maria) drunk in the last 7 days glasses Q69 During the last 7 days, how many ALCOPOPS (eg Bacardi Breezer, Red Square, Reef, Smirnoff Ice, WKD, Archers) have you drunk? Q70 Q71 on page 1 Q71 on page 1 Q75 How many times have you been drunk in the last 4 weeks? Write the number in the box I have been drunk times 3 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 9 One bottle or more Less than a bottle Have not drunk alcopops in the last 7 days Q70 Write in the boxes below the number of cans and bottles of ALCOPOPS (eg Bacardi Breezer, Red Square, Reef, Smirnoff Ice, WKD, Archers) drunk in the last 7 days. small cans bottles

230 Q81 Have you drunk alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? Yes No Q8 On how many days have you drunk alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? times Q83 Thinking about the last time that you drank alcohol in a pub, bar or club in the evening. Who were you with? Tick all that apply My boyfriend or girlfriend Friends of the same sex as me Friends of the opposite sex A group of friends of both sexes My parents or guardians My brother, sister, or other relatives Someone else On my own Q84 Have you bought or tried to buy any alcohol in the last 4 weeks? This includes buying alcohol for someone else. Yes No Q85 In the last 4 weeks, have you bought or tried to buy alcohol from a shop, supermarket or off-licence? This includes buying alcohol for somebody else. Yes No Q8 Q Q76 Have you deliberately tried to get drunk in the last 4 weeks? Q85 Yes Q91 on page 4 No Q77 Did any of the following happen to you when you drank alcohol in the last 4 weeks? Tick one box on each row Yes No I got into an argument I got into a fight I felt ill or sick I vomited Q80 Q84 on page Q86 on page 4 Q88 on page Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 I had to be taken to hospital I lost some money or other items My clothes or other items got damaged I got into trouble with the police Q78 The next questions are about pubs, bars and clubs and should be answered by all pupils. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q79 Have you been in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? Yes No Q80 On how many days have you been in a pub, bar or club in the evening in the last 4 weeks? times Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

231 Q9 Have you been given alcohol by any of these people in the last 4 weeks? Tick one box on each row. Given alcohol by parents or guardians Given alcohol by brothers or sisters Given alcohol by other relatives Given alcohol by friends Given alcohol by other people Q93 Have you got alcohol in any of these other ways in the last 4 weeks? Tick one box on each row. Taken it from your home (with permission) Stolen it from your home (without permission) Taken it from a friend s home (with permission) Stolen it from a friend s home (without permission) Stolen it from somewhere else Yes No Yes No Q86 At any time in the last four weeks when you tried to buy alcohol from a shop, supermarket or off-licence, did you actually buy any alcohol? Yes 1407 No Q87 What happened the last time you bought or tried to buy alcohol from a shop, supermarket or off-licence? I bought some alcohol 1409 They refused to sell me alcohol Q88 In the last 4 weeks, have you bought or tried to buy alcohol in a pub, bar or club? This includes buying alcohol for somebody else Q89 Yes Q91 No Q89 At any time in the last four weeks when you tried to buy alcohol from a pub, bar or club, did you actually buy any alcohol? Yes Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 368 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in No Q90 What happened the last time you bought or tried to buy alcohol in a pub, bar or club? I bought some alcohol They refused to sell me alcohol Q91 Have you got anyone else to buy any alcohol for you in the last 4 weeks? Yes No

232 Q96 The next questions are about drugs (apart from cigarettes and alcohol). Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q97 The next set of questions are about Cannabis, also called Marijuana, Dope, Pot, Blow, Hash, Skunk, Puff, Grass, Draw, Ganja, Spliff, Smoke, Weed, Wacky Backy. Q98 Have you ever heard of Cannabis? 141 Yes 1 Q99 No Q104 on page 8 Q99 Have you ever been offered Cannabis? 14 Yes No Q100 Have you ever tried Cannabis (even if only once)? 143 Yes 1 Q101 No Q104 on page 8 Q101 How old were you when you first tried Cannabis? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q10 When did you last use or take Cannabis? 146 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q103 On how many occasions have you used or taken Cannabis? 147 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q94 The next questions should be answered by all pupils. Remember that no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q95 Below are some things people say about why people of your age drink alcohol. Some people think they are true and some people think they are false. What do you think? Against each sentence, tick one box to show if you think it is true or false. True False People of my age drink alcohol because it helps them relax People of my age drink alcohol because it makes them feel more confident People of my age drink alcohol to be sociable with friends People of my age drink alcohol because they are bored and have nothing to do People of my age drink alcohol to look cool in front of their friends Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 People of my age drink alcohol because it helps them forget their problems People of my age drink alcohol because it gives them a rush or a buzz People of my age drink alcohol because their friends pressure them into it Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

233 Q11 The next set of questions are about LSD, also called Acid, Trips, Dots, Flash, Smilies. Q113 Have you ever heard of LSD? 1437 Yes 1 Q114 No Q119 on page 30 Q114 Have you ever been offered LSD? 1438 Yes No Q115 Have you ever tried LSD (even if only once)? 1439 Yes 1 Q116 No Q119 on page 30 Q116 How old were you when you first tried LSD? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q117 When did you last use or take LSD? 144 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q118 On how many occasions have you used or taken LSD? 1443 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q104 The next set of questions are about Speed and other Amphetamines, also called Whizz, Sulphate, Billy, Methamphetamine, Crystal Meth, Dexies. Q105 Have you ever heard of Speed or other Amphetamines? Q106 Yes Q11 on page 9 No Q106 Have you ever been offered Speed or other Amphetamines? Yes No Q107 Have you ever tried Speed or other Amphetamines (even if only once)? 1430 Yes Q108 1 Q11 on page 9 No Q108 How old were you when you first tried Speed or other Amphetamines? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words years old I was Q109 When did you last use or take Speed or other Amphetamines? In the last month Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in In the last year Longer ago 1 Q110 On how many occasions have you used or taken Speed or other Amphetamines? Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Q111 How do you usually take Speed or other Amphetamines? Please tick any that apply I sniff or swallow them I inject them

234 Q16 The next set of questions are about Semeron, also called Sem. Q17 Have you ever heard of Semeron? Yes No Q18 Have you ever been offered Semeron? Yes No Q19 Have you ever tried Semeron (even if only once)? Yes No Q130 How old were you when you first tried Semeron? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q131 When did you last use or take Semeron? In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q13 On how many occasions have you used or taken Semeron? Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Q18 Q133 on page 3 Q119 The next set of questions are about Ecstasy, also called E, Mitsubishis, Rolex s, Dolphins, XTC. Q10 Have you ever heard of Ecstasy? 1444 Yes Q11 1 Q16 on page 31 1 Q130 No Q11 Have you ever been offered Ecstasy? 1445 Q133 on page 3 Yes No Q1 Have you ever tried Ecstasy (even if only once)? 1446 Yes Q13 1 Q16 on page 31 1 No Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q13 How old were you when you first tried Ecstasy? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words years old I was Q14 When did you last use or take Ecstasy? 1449 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q15 On how many occasions have you used or taken Ecstasy? 1450 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

235 Q140 The next set of questions are about Tranquillisers, also called Downers, Moggies, Jellies, Roofies, Benzos. Q141 Have you ever heard of Tranquillisers? 1465 Yes 1 Q14 No Q147 on page 34 Q14 Have you ever been offered Tranquillisers? 1466 Yes No Q143 Have you ever tried Tranquillisers (even if only once)? 1467 Yes 1 Q144 No Q147 on page 34 Q144 How old were you when you first tried Tranquillisers? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q145 When did you last use or take Tranquillisers? 1470 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q146 On how many occasions have you used or taken Tranquillisers? 1471 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q133 The next set of questions are about Poppers, also called Amyl nitrite, Liquid Gold, Ram. Q134 Have you ever heard of Poppers? Q135 Yes Q140 on page 33 No Q135 Have you ever been offered Poppers? Yes No Q136 Have you ever tried sniffing Poppers (even if only once)? 1460 Yes Q137 1 Q140 on page 33 No Q137 How old were you when you first tried sniffing Poppers? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words years old I was Q138 When did you last sniff Poppers? In the last month In the last year Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in More than a year ago Q139 On how many occasions have you sniffed Poppers? 1464 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions

236 Q154 The next set of questions are about Magic Mushrooms, also called Shrooms, Magics, Liberties. Q155 Have you ever heard of Magic Mushrooms? 1479 Yes 1 Q156 No Q161 on page 36 Q156 Have you ever been offered Magic Mushrooms? 1480 Yes No Q157 Have you ever tried Magic Mushrooms (even if only once)? 1481 Yes 1 Q158 No Q161 on page 36 Q158 How old were you when you first tried Magic Mushrooms? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q159 When did you last use or take Magic Mushrooms? 1484 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q160 On how many occasions have you used or taken Magic Mushrooms? 1485 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q147 The next set of questions are about Heroin, also called Brown, Smack, Skag, Horse, Gear, H. Q148 Have you ever heard of Heroin? 147 Yes Q149 1 Q154 on page 35 No Q149 Have you ever been offered Heroin? Yes No Q150 Have you ever tried Heroin (even if only once)? 1474 Yes Q151 1 Q154 on page 35 No Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q151 How old were you when you first tried Heroin? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words years old 1 I was Q15 When did you last use or take Heroin? In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q153 On how many occasions have you used or taken Heroin? 1478 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

237 Q168 The next set of questions are about Crack, also called Rocks, Stones, Freebase, Wash. Q169 Have you ever heard of Crack? 1500 Yes 1 Q170 No Q175 on page 38 Q170 Have you ever been offered Crack? 1501 Yes No Q171 Have you ever tried Crack (even if only once)? 150 Yes 1 Q17 No Q175 on page 38 Q17 How old were you when you first tried Crack? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q173 When did you last use or take Crack? 1505 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q174 On how many occasions have you used or taken Crack? 1506 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q161 The next set of questions are about Methadone, also called Linctus, Physeptone, Meth. Q16 Have you ever heard of Methadone? Q163 Yes Q168 on page 37 No Q163 Have you ever been offered Methadone? Yes No Q164 Have you ever tried Methadone (even if only once)? 1488 Yes Q165 1 Q168 on page 37 No Q165 How old were you when you first tried Methadone? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words years old I was Q166 When did you last use or take Methadone? In the last month In the last year Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in More than a year ago Q167 On how many occasions have you used or taken Methadone? 149 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Spare

238 Q18 The next set of questions are about Ketamine, also called Green, K, super K. Q183 Have you ever heard of Ketamine? 1514 Yes 1 Q184 No Q189 on page 40 Q184 Have you ever been offered Ketamine? 1515 Yes No Q185 Have you ever tried Ketamine (even if only once)? 1516 Yes 1 Q186 No Q189 on page 40 Q186 How old were you when you first tried Ketamine? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q187 When did you last use or take Ketamine? 1519 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q188 On how many occasions have you used or taken Ketamine? 150 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q175 The next set of questions are about Cocaine, also called Charlie, C, Snow, Percy, Toot. Q176 Have you ever heard of Cocaine? 1507 Yes Q177 1 Q18 on page 39 No Q177 Have you ever been offered Cocaine? Yes No Q178 Have you ever tried Cocaine (even if only once)? 1509 Yes Q179 1 Q18 on page 39 No Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q179 How old were you when you first tried Cocaine? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words years old 1 I was Q180 When did you last use or take Cocaine? In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q181 On how many occasions have you used or taken Cocaine? 1513 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

239 Q196 The next questions are about Glue, gas (butane, lighter refills), aerosols or solvents (to inhale or sniff). Q197 Have you ever heard of Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? 158 Yes 1 Q198 No Q03 on page 4 Q198 Have you ever been offered Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents to inhale or sniff? 159 Yes No Q199 Have you ever tried sniffing Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents (even if only once)? 1530 Yes 1 Q00 No Q03 on page 4 Q00 How old were you when you first tried sniffing Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q01 When did you last sniff Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? 1533 In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q0 On how many occasions have you sniffed Glue, gas, aerosols or solvents? 1534 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions 1 Q189 The next questions are about Mephedrone, also called M-Cat, Meow Meow, Bubble, Charge, Drone, 4MMC. Q190 Have you ever heard of Mephedrone? Q191 Yes Q196 on page 41 No Q191 Have you ever been offered Mephedrone? 15 1 Yes No Q19 Have you ever tried Mephedrone (even if only once)? 153 Yes Q193 1 Q196 on page 41 No Q193 How old were you when you first tried Mephedrone? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words years old I was Q194 When did you last use or take Mephedrone? In the last month In the last year Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. 4 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in More than a year ago Q195 On how many occasions have you used or taken Mephedrone? 157 Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions

240 Q08 How old were you when you first tried these other drugs? Write in the box your age then, in numbers not words I was years old Q09 When did you last use or take these other drugs? In the last month In the last year More than a year ago Q10 On how many occasions have you used or taken these other drugs? Once -5 occasions 6-10 occasions More than 10 occasions Q11 Do you think that these other drugs that you have used or taken were legal to buy? Please choose one only All of the drugs were legal Some of the drugs were legal None of the drugs were legal Don t know Q03 The next set of questions are about other drugs (other than those that you could get from a doctor or chemist). Q04 Have you ever heard of any other drugs that would not be given to you by a doctor or chemist? 1535 Yes Q05 1 Q1 on page 44 No Q05 What other drugs have you heard of? Please write in the names below Q06 Have you ever been offered these other drugs? Yes No Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Q07 Have you ever tried these other drugs (even if only once)? 1577 Q08 on page 43 Q1 on page 44 Yes No Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

241 Q16 Do you think it is OK for someone your age to do the following? Tick one box on each row It s ok It s not ok Don t know Try smoking a cigarette to see what it s like Try drinking alcohol to see what it s like Try getting drunk to see what it s like Try sniffing glue to see what it s like Try taking cannabis to see what it s like Try taking cocaine to see what it s like Q17 Do you think it is OK for someone your age to do the following? Tick one box on each row It s ok It s not ok Don t know Smoke cigarettes once a week Drink alcohol once a week Get drunk once a week Sniff glue once a week Take cannabis once a week Take cocaine once a week Q18 The next questions are about people your own age, such as people at your school and other schools. Remember that no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q19 Thinking about people your own age, how many of them do you think smoke cigarettes? 1599 All of them Most, but not all About half Only a few None of them 1 Q1 Just to check, have you ever used or taken any drugs, including sniffing glue or solvents, but not including cigarettes or alcohol? (even if only once) Q13 Yes Q16 on page 45 No Q13 When did you last take drugs (including sniffing glue or solvents, but not including cigarettes or alcohol)? Q14 In the last month Q14 In the last year Q16 on page 45 3 More than a year ago Q14 On how many occasions have you taken drugs (including sniffing glue or other solvents but not including cigarettes or alcohol)? 1585 Q16 on page 45 1 Once Q15-5 occasions 3 Q occasions 4 Q15 More than 10 occasions Q15 How often do you usually take drugs (including sniffing glue or other solvents but not including cigarettes or alcohol)? Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in I take drugs most days I take drugs at least once a week I take drugs once or twice a month I take drugs a few times a year I take drugs about once a year or less often

242 Q3 Have you got helpful information about drinking alcohol from any of these people? Tick one box on each row. Parents or guardians Brothers or sisters Other relatives Friends Family doctor or GP Teachers Other adults at school (e.g. school nurse, Connexions advisors, counselling service) Police in schools Youth workers Q4 Have you got helpful information about taking drugs from any of these people? Tick one box on each row. Parents or guardians Brothers or sisters Other relatives Friends Family doctor or GP Teachers Other adults at school (e.g. school nurse, Connexions advisors, counselling service) Police in schools Youth workers Yes No Q0 How many people your own age do you think drink alcohol? All of them Most, but not all Yes No About half Only a few None of them Q1 How many people your own age do you think take drugs (including sniffing glue or other solvents)? All of them Most, but not all About half Yes No Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Only a few None of them Q Have you got helpful information about smoking cigarettes, from any of these people? Tick one box on each row. Parents or guardians Brothers or sisters Other relatives Friends Family doctor or GP Teachers Other adults at school (e.g. school nurse, Connexions advisors, counselling service) Police in schools Youth workers Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

243 Q7 Have you got helpful information about taking drugs from any of these places? Tick one box on each row. TV Radio Newspapers or magazines The internet FRANK Helplines Q8 In the last twelve months have you had any lessons, videos or discussions in class on the following topics: Tick one box on each row Smoking? Alcohol? Drugs in general? Q9 Do you think your school has given you enough information on the following topics: Tick one box on each row Smoking? Alcohol? Drugs in general? Yes No Yes No Don t know Q5 Have you got helpful information about smoking cigarettes, from any of these places? Tick one box on each row. Yes No TV Radio Newspapers or magazines The internet FRANK Helplines Spare Columns Q6 Have you got helpful information about drinking alcohol from any of these places? Tick one box on each row. Yes No TV Radio Newspapers or magazines Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Yes No Don t know Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in The internet FRANK Helplines

244 Q33 How often have you played truant (bunked off) in the last 1 months? Not played truant in the last 1 months Once or twice 3 or 4 times 5-10 times More than 10 times Q34 Have you ever been excluded from school? Yes No Q35 How often have you been excluded from school in the last 1 months? Not been excluded in the last 1 months Once or twice 3 or 4 times 5-10 times More than 10 times Q36 How many books are there in your home? (Do not count newspapers, magazines or your school books) None Very few (1-10 books) Enough to fill one shelf (11-50 books) Enough to fill one bookcase (51-100) Enough to fill two bookcases (101-00) Enough to fill three or more bookcases (more than 00 books) Q35 Q Q30 The last set of questions are more general questions. Remember that your name is not on the questionnaire, so no-one who knows you will find out your answers. Q31 Do you get free school meals or vouchers for free school meals? Yes No Q3 Have you ever stayed away from school without permission (truanted/bunked off)? 1681 Q33 on page 51 1 Yes Q34 on page 51 No Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

245 Q44 Finally, just to check, have you smoked any cigarettes in the last seven days ending yesterday? 1699 Yes No Q45 How many cigarettes did you smoke on each day in the last seven days ending yesterday. If you did not smoke on a day write Last Monday I smoked cigarettes Last Tuesday I smoked cigarettes Last Wednesday I smoked cigarettes Last Thursday I smoked cigarettes Last Friday I smoked cigarettes Last Saturday I smoked cigarettes Last Sunday I smoked cigarettes Q46 Were there any questions you meant to go back and complete? Please check. Q37 How many people do you live with? Include your parents, brothers and sisters and anyone else you live with other people I live with Q38 How many of them smoke? Do not count yourself people smoke Q39 Does anyone you live with usually smoke inside your home? 1690 Thank you very much for your help. Yes 1 Q45 No Q40 How many of the people you live with drink alcohol? Do not count yourself people drink alcohol Q41 Does anyone you live with usually drink alcohol inside your home? 1693 Q46 Yes 1 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. No Q4 The next questions ask about how you have been feeling over the last few weeks. Please think about how you have been feeling most of the time. 1 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in Q43 Please say how much you agree or disagree with the following sentences. Don t know Strongly disagree Tend to disagree Neither agree nor disagree Tend to agree Strongly agree 1694 My life is going well My life is just right I wish I had a different kind of life I have a good life I have what I want in life

246 If you still have some time left you might want to try this puzzle Animal & Insects Wordsearch H S S Y Y V O P H I G U A N A O L A I F O K E A P M V M Q G E C X U J W H W R A Y E L E P H A N T M R L T A Q S Y K V I F U A T R A P E S L T J X R E H D E H I P P O P O T A M U S F L R O L L H A F P F E C L Z E Y Y A M A L Q P C Y E W K L A Z L A R T A N Z Y Y G E E W P B H H M L I D F O E Z Q U K R T O F N K O W Q T I C B H I D I O P N S Q F F F T B L J R I K E A I G C E F H Z R A C C W R N S K J B E L T R U T Z W G Y P Z A X U O H O A C L M X J D P B F U A E J W O Z Q K P L V F R A R T T C N Z M L E W Y I W M T Q P G O L A F F U B E K D D C S W S A F O N I F F D W D T F W B H U M L T F H W L F A R H I N O H N R T G G E E B E L B M U B O A D I C E G I M G N M H X Q N E G P A R Q R R M A K O R S B T R G L J K D V E S G B X V F F E R T D M F F Y J V C Q L J M K E A L B O O J H A A I E T M U P O J L T C J S S U G F U Y L R Y U O C E M C E U R D Q R D F R Y C S C R C I Y A I R L A E O U G O Z B A Z Y B O M D C D D Y O I X S T D Z G C Y D F C O S K R X E Q L S G F O Q Q D X W F C J O Q U T K Q O K T E O V M C G Y J D O O F V Y W U V D Z P C L Z G K Z L T I D K Y Y C PYTHON RHINO SHEEP SPIDER TIGER TURTLE WALRUS WASP ZEBRA HIPPOPOTAMUS HYENA IGUANA JAGUAR KANGAROO KOALA LADYBIRD MOSQUITO PANTHER ALLIGATOR BUFFALO BUMBLEBEE BUTTERFLY CHEETAH COCKROACH CROCODILE DRAGONFLY ELEPHANT GIRAFFE 46 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

247 Appendix D: School questionnaire P3118 School Serial Number SURVEY OF SMOKING, DRINKING AND DRUG USE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ENGLAND 01: TEACHER SURVEY Q 1 Does your school provide pupils with lessons about the following topics? Tick one box on each row. Yes No Tobacco Alcohol IF NO TO ALL, GO TO Q11 Drugs (both legal and illegal) The next set of questions are about how often pupils receive lessons on these topics. Each year will be asked about separately. Q Thinking firstly about pupils in year 7 only, how often do they receive lessons on each topic? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 7 pupils at this school Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 47

248 Q 6 Thinking about pupils in year 11 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Q 7 Who contributes to the lessons that pupils within your school receive on tobacco, alcohol and drugs? Please tick all that apply A teacher (of any subject) School nurse Other school staff member Local jobs advisor Police Youth worker Someone else (please write in who below) Q 3 Now thinking about pupils in year 8 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 8 pupils at this school Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Q 4 Thinking about pupils in year 9 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 9 pupils at this school No Year 11 pupils at this school 48 Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Once a term Less than once a term, but at least once a year Never No Year 10 pupils at this school Q 5 Thinking about pupils in year 10 only, how often do they receive lessons on each of the following topics? Tick one box on each row More than once a term Tobacco Alcohol Drugs (both legal and illegal) Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved.

249 Q 9 Does your school offer any drug education or advice on tobacco, alcohol or drugs outside of formal lessons? Yes è Q10 No è Q11 Copyright 013, Health and Social Care Information Centre. All rights reserved. Q 8 What sources, if any, do you use when preparing lessons on tobacco, alcohol and drugs? Please tick all that apply FRANK website Web search engines (e.g. Google) Drug Education Forum TES (Times Education Supplement) Connect PSHE Association Other teachers Someone/something else (please write in below) Do not use any sources Q 10 What drug education or advice on tobacco, alcohol or drugs does your school offer outside of formal lessons? Please tick all that apply School assemblies One to one advice Leaflets Posters Speakers from outside Something else (please write in below) Q 11 That is the end of the questionnaire. Thank you very much for your time. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 01 49

250 About NatCen Social Research NatCen Social Research is an independent institute specialising in social survey and qualitative research for the development of public policy. Research is in areas such as health, housing, employment, crime, education and political and social attitudes. Projects include ad hoc, continuous and longitudinal surveys, using face to face, telephone and postal methods; many use advanced applications of computer assisted interviewing. About the National Foundation for Educational Research The National Foundation for Educational Research has been engaged in educational research since 1946 and is an independent foundation with charitable status. The Foundation undertakes research and evaluation for local and national agencies, in the government, commercial and charitable sectors. The research programme is concerned with all aspects of education and training, a major part being concerned with the public education system.