Pulmonary Embolic Disease: Caval Filtration and Other Stuff. Tony P. Smith, M.D. October 2, 2009
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1 Pulmonary Embolic Disease: Caval Filtration and Other Stuff Tony P. Smith, M.D. October 2, 2009
2 Controversies in Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Embolic Disease Scope of the problem Transcatheter therapy Inferior vena caval filters Superior vena caval filters
3 Pulmonary Embolism scope of the problem 650,000 patients annually in the U.S. Up to 150,000 deaths 15% of all in hospital deaths Where do these numbers come from?
4 Nationwide Inpatient Sample 8-year period 1998 and 2005 Chest. Jun 2009 primary or secondary discharge diagnosis of PE hospital case-fatality rates length of hospital stay total hospital charges health care expenditures related to VTE and PE > $1.5 billion annually
5 57 yo male admitted for craniotomy for tumor On day of surgery filter placed for isolated peroneal vein thrombus by sonography D/C 2 days later on LMWH after successful tumor resection Returned to ED 1 day later with LLE seizure-like activity While in ED became acutely SOB, poor ABGs, coded and died
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7 PIOPED (I) Evaluate nuclear scintigraphy for acute PE Low probability for PE Intermediate probability for PE 20-79% (35%) High probability for PE
8 Pulmonary Embolism Computed Tomography Direct visualization of thrombus
9 PIOPED II Evaluate multidetector CT for acute PE -CTV is high with a concordant clinical assessment, but additional testing is necessary when the clinical probability is inconsistent N Engl J Med June 2006
10 Patients do die from acute pulmonary Mechanism is still unknown in many It is probably right heart strain those are the ones that come to IR
11 45-year-old male recently diagnosed non-small-cell lung cancer and lower extremity DVT Presented to ED with pleuric chest pain and extreme SOB. On warfarin. 87% saturation despite 0 2.
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13 increased pressures tamponade no mets The patient was started on heparin, but began to have increased symptoms
14 Right pre and post
15 Left pre and post
16 Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolytic Therapy Intravenous administration Intra-arterial administration
17 Contoversy exists for thrombolytic therapy at all is better than heparin for pulmonary embolism based -blind RCTs, with subgroup analysis of patients presenting with hemodynamically stable acute pulmonary embolism compared to those patients with a hemodynamic unstable condition, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006
18 Pulmonary Embolism Thrombolytic Therapy Intravenous Administration Pre-thrombolysis Post-thrombolysis
19 Pulmonary Embolism Catheter Directed Thrombolytic Therapy One controlled trial of intravenous versus intra-arterial pharmacological thrombolysis using rtpa: Small patient numbers (n=34) 19 IA 15 IV No significant advantage to the intra-arterial route Verstraete et al. Circulation 1988; 77:353
20 Pulmonary Embolism Catheter Directed Thrombolytic Therapy Only case studies and small series mechanical devices No randomized controlled trials Early results are promising Mostly limited to patients with hemodynamic compromise contraindications to IV thrombolytics
21 Pulmonary Embolism Catheter Directed Thrombolytic Therapy Pharmacologic tpa reteplase Intraarterial Mechanical rotating pigtail catheter Angiojet Rheolytic System
22 Catheter fragmentation of acute PE 25 patients Hemodynamic impariment Rotating pigtail catheter + Fibrinolysis + Transcatheter thrombus aspiration Significantly decreased pulmonary artery pressures No mention of effect on survival Nakazawa et al. Br J Radiol. 2008; 81:848
23 Pulmonary Embolism Rheolytic thrombectomy 51 patients Single center Treated with AngioJet Technical success = 92.2% Significant improvement in obstruction, perfusion and Miller indexes (all P < ) -hospital Bradycardia Chechi et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;73:
24 post pre Thrombolysis/Thrombectomy
25 Digonnet et al. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2007;6:27-9. Acute pulmonary embolism: a current surgical approach. March 1995 to December 2005, 21 patients underwent pulmonary embolectomy Group A Group B -massive PE/hemodynam stable w/ RV dysfunction
26 Why does one place an inferior vena cava filter? Prevent pulmonary embolism
27 John Hunter History IVC ligation prevent pelvic emboli circa 1940 Open IVC ligation mortality 14% venous stasis 33% Open IVC clipping/suturing mortality 12% venous stasis 33%
28 a slide showing cava clipping Caval ligation 1960s
29 Mobin-Uddin umbrella Edwards Laboratories IVC thrombosis rate 60% Introduced 1967
30 1 st reported percutaneous placement 1984 Greenfield filter 24 F Introducer 41% rate of CFV thrombosis AJR 1987; 149:
31 more were placed smaller introducer Greenfield (Boston Scientific Corp) Stainless Steel 12 F, 24 F Titanium Titanium Greenfield Filter (1991) Over-the-Wire Stainless Steel Greenfield Filter (1995)
32 Permanent Inferior Vena Cava Filters 5 in United States Greenfield SS / Titanium Vena Tech Simon Nitinol TrapEase
33 IVC Filters Simon Nitinol (C.R. Bard) Nitinol Medical Technologies 1990
34 IVC Filters Vena Tech B Braun
35 Cook, Inc.
36 IVC Filters TrapEase (Cordis Endovascular) August 2000
37 Do they work? Do they hurt anybody?
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39
40
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42 A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis PREPIC Study Group 400 patients with proximal DVT randomly assigned vena caval filter (200 patients) no filter (200 patients) all pts were anticoagulated (unfract heparin 205, LMWH 195) N Engl J Med 1998; 338:
43 PREPIC Study Group 12 days Symptomatic and non-symptomatic PE filter group 2 pts non-filter group 9 pts (1.1% vs 4.8%, p=0.03) N Engl J Med 1998; 338:
44 Follow up 3 mo, 1 yr Telephone 2 yrs 2 years DVT Filter group 37 pts Non-filter group 21 pts (20.8% vs 11.6% p=0.02) Mortality Filter group 43 pts Non-filter group 40 pts (21.6% vs 20.1%, p=ns)
45 Eight-Year Follow-Up of Patients With Permanent Vena Cava Filters in the Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism Original 400 pts follow up 396 patients (99%) 1X/year for 8 years by telephone Circulation 2005; 112:
46 Symptomatic PE 9 patients in the filter group 24 patients in the no-filter group (p=0.008) DVT 57 patients in the filter group 41 patients in the no-filter group (p=0.042) Postthrombotic syndrome (70.3% vs 69.7%) Mortality 103 patients in the filter group 98 patients in the no-filter group (p=ns)
47 At 8 years, vena cava filters reduced the risk of pulmonary embolism but increased that of deep-vein thrombosis and had no effect on survival. Although their use may be beneficial in patients at high risk of pulmonary embolism, systematic use in the general population with venous thromboembolism is not recommended.
48 IVC filters: Cochrane analysis, studies, 1 randomized trial No firm conclusions regarding filter efficacy in the prevention of pulmonary embolism can be drawn from the PREPIC study. The group of people who received filters in the study varied significantly...notably those patients with DVT or PE and in whom anticoagulation has failed or cannot be administered. The PREPIC study used permanent filters.
49 The PREPIC study also lacked statistical power to detect a reduction in the incidence of pulmonary embolism over shorter and more clinically significant time periods. The failure of the PREPIC study to demonstrate a survival advantage was due to its older study population (mean age 73 years) with multiple other co-morbidities; only 7 deaths from PE The PREPIC study did show an increasing incidence of DVT that correlated to the length of time the filter was in situ.
50 Advantages of Retrievable Filters Offer all the benefits of permanent filters without the long-term venous thrombotic complications
51 Permanent versus Non-permanent Filters Optional filters retrievable convertible Temporary filters (tethered)
52 Retrievable Filters 5 in United States Günther-Tulip /Celect OptEase Recovery /G2 /G2 X ALN
53 Retrievable filters Never sure Works as well as permanent ones Cost greater
54 Cook Inc. Günther Tulip Celect
55 Günther Tulip Contraindications for removal thrombus >25% of cone pts high risk for PE Cook Inc.
56 Celect IVC filter Retrospective review of clinical data of 73 patients (22-89 years) August 2007 and June % thrombus (legs/lungs/both) 34% prophylactic 3 pts symptoms of PE 2 (2.7%) diagnosed PE by imaging Follow-up abdominal CT 18 patients and demonstrated filter-related problems in 7 (10%/39%) (caval perforation/fracture) J Vasc Intervent Radiol Sept 2009
57 OptEase Cordis Endovascular
58 G2 Bard Peripheral Vascular G2 X
59 G2 Bard Peripheral Vascular
60 ALN optional filter ALN implants chirurgicaux Surgimed solutions
61 ALN optional filter
62 Angiotech F D A clearance June 2009
63 52-year-old gentleman who had an infected right total knee replacement Surgery included a right leg free fibular flap Chemically paralyzed postoperatively to promote graft success Triple lumen catheter inadvertently placed in the right carotid artery post-op
64 hemiparetic L side. craniectomy Postoperatively developed extensive DVT within the R upper extremity - non-occlusive thrombus RIJ - no thrombus LEs Started acutely on heparin Team requests superior vena cava filter
65
66 Indications for superior vena caval filtration Same as for IVC filtration? Contraindication to anticoagulation Progression of DVT or PE despite adequate anticoagulation Massive pulmonary clot burden Failure existing filter Prophylactic Questions? upper extemity DVT the same as lower? retrievable filters change anything? unknowns
67 Risks of upper extremity DVT? The natural history of UE thrombosis and risk of embolization are still matters of debate Pathophysiology of UE DVT is quite different from that of LE DVT UE disease may be more likely to be due to local, anatomic or mechanical factors than LE disease Spyropoulos AC. J Thromb Haemost. 2009; 7:1041-2
68 SVC filter placement Retrospective analysis Jan 1994-Aug 2005 TrapEase 38 (25%) Greenfield 116 (75%) 3 cases (1.9%) of pericardial tamponade Vascular 2009;17: misplacement into R brachiocephalic vein No known cases of symptomatic PE, caval occlusion, pneumothorax, or filter migration. Concluded: data reaffirmed the safety and effectiveness of SVC filter placement. Usoh et al. Ann Vasc Surg 2009; 23:
69 Does retrieval change the game?
70
AGENDA. (Nitinol Nickel Titanium Alloy) 7/23/2015
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