The Treatment of Classification Data in MARC 21: A Case Study Using the DDC
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1 The Treatment of Classification Data in MARC 21: A Case Study Using the DDC Julianne Beall International Workshop "MARC 21 - Experiences, Challenges and Visions Frankfurt/Main 15 May 2007
2 Outline MARC 21 Format for Classification Data Introduction and background Selected elements and fields MARC 21 Format for Authority Data: Provisions for Classification Data MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data: Provisions for Classification Data 2
3 MARC 21 Format for Classification Data 3
4 MARC 21 Format for Classification Data The MARC 21 Format for Classification Data is designed to be a carrier for information about classification numbers and the captions associated with them that are formulated according to a specified authoritative classification scheme. 4
5 Background: DDC, ESS, and MARC First ESS (Editorial Support System) developed by Inforonics, Inc., for use by Dewey editors ESS database format developed before work began on MARC Format for Classification 1987/1988 development began on MARC Classification Format 5
6 Background: DDC, ESS, and MARC (2) 1989 Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), 20 th edition, published from ESS database 1990 MARBI provisionally approved MARC Classification Format for use Library of Congress Classification implemented in MARC format 6
7 Background: DDC, ESS, and MARC (3) DDC editors began planning for use of MARC Classification Format, and added some MARC fields to ESS format, especially 685 History note field The current ESS database has 685 History note fields documenting changes from DDC edition 20 to the present 7
8 Background: DDC, ESS, and MARC (4) Now OCLC is preparing a new Editorial Support System and preparing to switch from the old ESS format to the MARC 21 Format for Classification 8
9 MARC 21 Format for Classification Data: Schedule and Table Records Schedule record A record in which the classification number or number span in field 153 $a (Classification Number) is taken from a schedule. Table record A record in which the base number of the classification number or number span in field 153 is taken from a table. 9
10 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS (NR): Selected elements 06 - Kind of record 07 - Type of number 08 - Classification validity 09 - Standard or optional designation 12 - Synthesized number indication 10
11 008 - FIXED-LENGTH DATA ELEMENTS: Standard or Optional 09 - Standard or optional designation Indicates whether the classification number contained in field 153 is from the standard or optional part of the schedules or tables of the scheme identified in field 084 (Classification Scheme and Edition). a - Standard b - Optional n - Not applicable 11
12 084 - CLASSIFICATION SCHEME AND EDITION (NR) Information that identifies the classification scheme used to formulate the number caption in field 153 (Classification Number). 12
13 084 - CLASSIFICATION SCHEME AND EDITION: Indicators First - Type of edition 0 - Full 1 - Abridged 8 - Other Second - Undefined # - Undefined 13
14 084 - CLASSIFICATION SCHEME AND EDITION: Subfield Codes $a - Classification scheme code (NR) $b - Edition title (NR) $c - Edition identifier (NR) $d - Source edition identifier (NR) $e - Language code (R) 14
15 084 - CLASSIFICATION SCHEME AND EDITION: Subfield Codes (2) $f - Authorization (NR) $n - Variations (R) $6 - Linkage (NR) See Control Subfields $8 - Field link and sequence number (R) See Control Subfields 15
16 084 - CLASSIFICATION SCHEME AND EDITION: Examples 084 0# $a ddc $c # $a ddc $c 21 $e ita 084 0# $a ddc $c 22 $e ger 084 1# $a ddc $c 14 $e vie 084 1# $a ddc $c 14 $e fre 16
17 153 - CLASSIFICATION NUMBER (NR) Classification numbers that are constructed according to the classification scheme that is identified in field 084 (Classification Scheme and Edition). Indicators: Undefined 17
18 153 - CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Subfield Codes $a - Classification number--single number or beginning number of span (R) $c - Classification number--ending number of span (R) $h - Caption hierarchy (R) $j - Caption (NR) 18
19 153 - CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Subfield Codes (2) $k - Summary number span caption hierarchy (R) $z - Table identification (NR) $6 - Linkage (NR) See Control Subfields $8 - Field link and sequence number (R) See Control Subfields 19
20 153 - CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Example: 004 Data processing Computer science 084 0# $a ddc $c ## $a 004 $h Computer science, information and general works $h Computer science, knowledge and systems $j Data processing Computer science 20
21 153 - CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Example: T1 019 Psychological principles 084 0# $a ddc $c ## $z 1 $a 019 $h Table 1. Standard Subdivisions $h Philosophy and theory $j Psychological principles 21
22 153 - CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Example: T Darmstadt district (Darmstadt Regierungsbezirk) 084 0# $a ddc $c ## $z 2 $a $h Table 2. Geographic Areas, Historical Periods, Persons $k Specific continents, countries, localities; extraterrestrial worlds $k Modern world; extraterrestrial worlds $h Europe Western Europe $h Central Europe Germany $k Germany $h Southwestern Germany $h Hesse (Hessen) $j Darmstadt district (Darmstadt Regierungsbezirk) 22
23 Hierarchy for T in WebDewey 23
24 153 - CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Example: T Main-Taunus-Kreis 084 0# $a ddc $c 22 $e ger 153 ## $z 2 $a $h Hilfstafel 2. Geografische Gebiete, Zeitabschnitte, Personen $k Einzelne Kontinente, Länder, Ortschaften; außerirdische Welten $k Heutige Welt; außerirdische Welten $h Europa Westeuropa $h Mitteleuropa Deutschland $k Deutschland $h Südwestdeutschland $h Hessen $h Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt $h Hochtaunuskreis, Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis, Main-Taunus-Kreis $j Main- Taunus-Kreis 24
25 Hierarchy for T in MelvilClass 25
26 UNDER DISCUSSION: New subfield for Classification Number Hierarchy $e Classification number hierarchy--single number or beginning number of span (R) We propose to use the $e subfield to link to the next number or number span upwards in the Dewey hierarchy. This will indirectly provide for links to the downward hierarchy # $a ddc $c 22 $e ger 153 ## $z 2 $a $z 2 $e $j Main-Taunus- Kreis 26
27 Partial Hierarchy for in WebDewey 27
28 UNDER DISCUSSION: Identification of Internal Table Numbers Internal add tables, which apply only within a narrow range of numbers, can be placed (a) all in one record, using 763 field, or (b) each internal table number can have its own table record, much like external tables, e.g., Table 2 We prefer to give each internal table number its own table record. We are modeling different approaches to identifying the tables 28
29 Example: Internal Table at
30 Example: Internal Table at (2) 30
31 Tracings and References COMPLEX SEE REFERENCE (R) COMPLEX SEE ALSO REFERENCE (R) INVALID NUMBER TRACING (R) VALID NUMBER TRACING (R) 31
32 Classification Note Fields SCOPE NOTE (R) CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLE TRACING NOTE (R) APPLICATION INSTRUCTION NOTE (R) AUXILIARY INSTRUCTION NOTE (R) HISTORY NOTE (R) RELATIONSHIP TO SOURCE NOTE (R) 32
33 685 - HISTORY NOTE (R) Information about the history of the use and meaning of a classification number that is contained either in a 153 classification number field or in a 453/553 tracing field with subfield $w/3, Control subfield, code a. 33
34 685 - HISTORY NOTE: First Indicator--Result of Change 0 - Completely new number 1 - Completely vacated number 2 - Partially changed number 3 - Reused after being vacated 4 - Immediately reused 8 - Other 34
35 685 - HISTORY NOTE: Second Indicator--Type of History Information 0 - Relocation 1 - Formerly 2 - Discontinuation 3 - Expansion 8 - Other 35
36 685 - HISTORY NOTE: Subfield Codes $a - New number--single number or beginning number of span (R) $b - Previous number--single number or beginning number of span (R) $c - Classification number--ending number of span (R) $d - Date of implementation of authoritative agency (NR) 36
37 685 - HISTORY NOTE: Subfield Codes (2) $e - Local implementation date (NR) $f - Title and publication date (NR) $i - Explanatory text (R) $t - Topic (R) $z - Table identification (R) $2 - Edition number (R) 37
38 685 - HISTORY NOTE: Subfield codes (3) $5 - Institution to which field applies (R) See Control Subfields $6 - Linkage (NR) See Control Subfields $8 - Field link and sequence number (NR) See Control Subfields 38
39 685 - HISTORY NOTE: Example ## $a $h Social sciences $h Social problems & social services... $h Other aspects of public safety $h Social conflict $j Terrorism $i expanded from $b $d $
40 685 - HISTORY NOTE: Example ## $a $h History & geography... $k Historical periods of Italian Peninsula and adjacent islands together, of Italy $h $j Reigns of Victor Emmanuel II and Umberto I, $t $i formerly located in $b $d $
41 Index Term Fields INDEX TERM--PERSONAL NAME (R) INDEX TERM--CORPORATE NAME (R) 711 INDEX TERM--MEETING NAME (R) INDEX TERM--UNCONTROLLED NAME (R) INDEX TERM--CHRONOLOGICAL (R) INDEX TERM--TOPICAL (R) INDEX TERM--GEOGRAPHIC NAME (R) INDEX TERM--UNCONTROLLED (R) INDEX TERM--FACETED TOPICAL TERMS (R) 41
42 Number Building Fields ADD OR DIVIDE LIKE INSTRUCTIONS (R) INTERNAL SUBARRANGEMENT OR ADD TABLE ENTRY (R) SYNTHESIZED NUMBER COMPONENTS (R) CITATION AND PREFERENCE ORDER INSTRUCTIONS (R) 42
43 765 - SYNTHESIZED NUMBER COMPONENTS (R) To show how classification numbers are synthesized, to assist classifiers To facilitate computer manipulation of synthesized numbers To validate that the numbers have been synthesized correctly To allow searching every use of a specific number 43
44 765 - SYNTHESIZED NUMBER COMPONENTS: Subfield Codes (1) $a - Number where instructions are found--single number or beginning number of span (R) $b - Base number (R) $c - Number where instructions are found-- Ending number of span (R) $f - Facet designator (R) $r - Root number (R) 44
45 765 - SYNTHESIZED NUMBER COMPONENTS: Subfield Codes (2) $s - Digits added from classification number in schedule or external table (R) $t - Digits added from internal subarrangement or add table (R) $u - Number being analyzed (R) $v - Number in internal subarrangement or add table where instructions are found (R) 45
46 765 - SYNTHESIZED NUMBER COMPONENTS: Subfield Codes (3) $w - Table identification--internal subarrangement or add table (R) $z - Table identification (R) $6 - Linkage (NR) See Control Subfields $8 - Field link and sequence number (R) See Control Subfields 46
47 Example: Built Number for Criminal Sentencing in United States 153 ## $a $h Social sciences $h Law $k Branches of law; laws, regulations, cases; law of specific jurisdictions, areas, socioeconomic regions $k Branches of law $h Criminal law $k Specific jurisdictions and areas $k Modern world; extraterrestrial worlds $h North America $h United States $h Trials $h Final disposition of cases $j Sentencing 765 0# $b 345 $a $c $z 2 $s # $b $a $c $r 345 $s
48 Example: Criminal Sentencing in United States: Step # $b 345 $a $c $z 2 $s 73 Notation 73 from Table 2 has been added to base number 345, following instructions at
49 Example: Criminal Sentencing in United States: Step # $b $a $c $r 345 $s 0772 Notation 0772 from has been added to the new base number (created in step 1), following instructions at
50 Example: Criminal Sentencing in United States: Component Numbers Law of criminal sentencing T2--73 United States 50
51 Example: Built Number for Animal Conservation Law 153 ## $a $h Social sciences $h Law $k Branches of law; laws, regulations, cases; law of specific jurisdictions, areas, socioeconomic regions $k Branches of law $h Private law $h Property $h Government control and regulation of specific kinds of land and natural resources $h Other natural resources $h Biological resources $h Animals $h General topics $k Management and control $j Conservation and protection 765 0# $b $a $r 333 $s # $b $a $c $w $c $t 16 51
52 Example: Animal Conservation Law: Step # $b $a $r 333 $s 954 Notation 954 from has been added to base number , following instructions at
53 Example: Animal Conservation Law: Step # $b $a $c $w $c $t 16 Notation 16 from the add table at has been added to the new base number (created in step 1), following instructions at
54 Example: Animal Conservation Law: Component Numbers Law of government control and regulation of specific kinds of land and natural resources Animals Natural resources and energy 16 Conservation and protection 54
55 Control Subfields $5 - INSTITUTION TO WHICH FIELD APPLIES $6 - LINKAGE $8 - FIELD LINK AND SEQUENCE NUMBER 55
56 MARC 21 Format for Authority Data: Provisions for Classification Data 56
57 MARC 21 Format for Authority Data: Provisions for Classification Data Number and Code Fields (01X-09X) DEWEY DECIMAL CALL NUMBER (R) DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER (R) 57
58 083 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER (R): Indicators First - Type of edition 0 - Full 1 - Abridged Second - Source of classification number 0 - Assigned by LC 4 - Assigned by agency other than LC 58
59 083 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Subfield Codes $a - Classification number element--single number or beginning number of span (NR) $b - Classification number element--ending number of span (NR) $c - Explanatory term (NR) A phrase or term that specifies the topic of the classification number when the heading is represented in more than one place in the classification schedules. 59
60 083 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Subfield Codes (2) $z - Table identification--table number (NR) $2 - Edition number (NR) $5 - Institution to which field applies (R) See Control Subfields $6 - Linkage (NR) See Control Subfields $8 - Field link and sequence number (R) See Control Subfields 60
61 MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data: Provisions for Classification Data 61
62 MARC 21 Format for Bibliographic Data: Provisions for classification data Classification and Call Number Fields (05X- 08X) DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER (R) 62
63 082 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER (R): First Indicator First - Type of edition 0 - Full edition 1 - Abridged edition 63
64 082 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Second Indicator Second - Source of classification number A value that indicates whether the classification number has been assigned by the Library of Congress or another organization. # - No information provided 0 - Assigned by LC May be used by organizations transcribing from LC copy. 4 - Assigned by agency other than LC 64
65 082 - DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION NUMBER: Subfield Codes $a - Classification number (R) $b - Item number (NR) $2 - Edition number (NR) $6 - Linkage (NR) See Control Subfields $8 - Field link and sequence number (R) See Control Subfields 65
66 UNDER DISCUSSION: Adding Field to Show How a Number Is Built A field that mirrors SYNTHESIZED NUMBER COMPONENTS in classification format Information can be copied from classification format to bibliographic format and back 081 SYNTHESIZED DDC NUMBER COMPONENTS (NR) Field 081 under consideration because near field
67 UNDER DISCUSSION: Adding Field to Show How a Number Is Built: Example 082 0# $8 1 $a $ ## $8 1.1 $b $a $r 333 $s ## $8 1.2 $b $a $c $w $c $t 16 67
68 UNDER DISCUSSION: Giving More Information about Edition, Especially Language Use $2 Edition number field Examples: $2 22 (latest version of DDC 22 file [currently available in WebDewey]) $2 22/ger (latest version of German DDC 22 file [currently available in Melvil]) 68
69 UNDER DISCUSSION: Indicating Assigning Agency Use $5 Institution to which field applies (R) $5 field already used in 083 field of authority format Example: Dewey number assigned by DNB from Melvil: $a 004 $2 22/ger $5 GyFmDB 69
70 UNDER DISCUSSION: Designations for Optional Numbers Many optional numbers appear in bibliographic records, but there is no way in MARC 21 bibliographic format to indicate that the numbers are optional Some optional numbers begin with alphabetic characters, but not all 70
71 UNDER DISCUSSION: Designations for Optional Numbers: Example The first number is standard; the second is an optional version of the same number: $a $a $2 20 We recommend putting the numbers in separate 082 fields with coding to indicate which is standard, which optional. Details of the coding are under discussion. 71
72 UNDER DISCUSSION: Additional Designations for Multiple Numbers Add coding to distinguish between the primary number, defined as the single number that would have been assigned using the instructions in the edition cited in subfield $2. Add coding to allow table numbers to be added for access Details of the coding are under discussion 72
73 Stay Tuned For more information about topics under discussion, watch for MARC Discussion Paper: Representation of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) System in MARC 21 Formats 73
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