How To Use Amazon Web Services On A Microsoft Cloud Instance Of A Microsatellite Server (Micros) On A Server (Large) On An Amazon Cloud Instance (Large). (Large, Large) On Micros (Large),

Transcription

1 Amazon EC2 Cloud Computing and Application Design Jorge Noa CTO, HyperStratus Copyright 2009 HyperStratus v8

2 About HyperStratus Silicon Valley-based cloud computing consultancy Founded by executives with deep experience in corporate IT, enterprise software, and global consultancy We assist clients in establishing cloud computing strategies, cloud application architectures, system selection and implementations We also provide cloud computing training and workshops

3 Topics Covered Introduction to Cloud Architecture Basic Amazon AWS Concepts and Considerations AWS Cloud Application Design and Best Practices

4 Introduction to Cloud Architecture

5 What is the Cloud? UC Berkeley RAD Lab Definition Huge Resources The illusion of infinite computing resources available on demand, thereby eliminating the need for Cloud Computing users to plan far ahead for provisioning No Commitment Pay by the Drink The elimination of an up-front commitment by Cloud users, thereby allowing companies to start small and increase hardware resources only when there is an increase in their needs The ability to pay for use of computing resources on a short-term term basis as needed (e.g., processors by the hour and storage by the day) and release them as needed

6 Key Cloud Benefits Huge Resources IT agility as systems can be sized to meet demand -- as load scales, system resources are easily obtained to ensure SLAs can be met No Commitment No longer face the tradeoff between overprovisioning (waste of capital) and underprovisioning (waste of users) Pay by the Drink Move IT payments from CAPEX to OPEX. Pay only for actual resources consumed. Tie IT cost to business benefit received

7 Cloud Service Categories Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Amazon EC2 GoGrid Eucalyptus Platform as a Service (PaaS) Google AppEngine (Python, Java) Windows Azure (.Net) Software as a Service (Saas) Salesforce.com Gmail

8 How the Cloud is Delivered More Structured Less Control Public Cloud -- SaaS Public Cloud -- PaaS Private Cloud -- IaaS Less Structured Public Cloud -- IaaS More Control

9 IaaS Cloud Providers Public CohesiveFT (VPN Cubed) Amazon VPC (IPsec VPN) Amazon (AWS) GoGrid Rackspace Private Virtual Private Cloud Internal Private Cloud IBM HP Cisco/VMware Microsoft 3Tera Eucalyptus Public Cloud External Private Cloud Terremark HP (EDS) AT&T IBM Isolated Shared

10 Cloud Application Example Grows from 1MM to 100+ MM insurance claims/day in one week Traditional solution: $750K new hardware + $30K/month maintenance/hosting Cloud solution: $600/month Amazon Web Services

11 Cloud Taxonomy Source: Christofer Hoff, Cloud Security Alliance Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing, Page 22 Foundation of cloud is virtualization Upper cloud services are incremental to lower cloud services Lower level services are key for higher level services

12 IaaS/Paas in Detail Components Providers Adapted: Christofer Hoff, The Frogs Who Desired a King Adapted: Christofer Hoff, The Frogs Who Desired a King Amazon AWS EC2 is an IaaS environment with RESTful Web Services API to allocate & manage resources

13 IaaS/PaaS in Detail Components Providers Adapted: Christofer Hoff, The Frogs Who Desired a King AWS SQS, SimpleDB, and CloudFront are PaaS Middleware Google AppEngine and Microsoft Azure are PaaS AppServers

14 Basic Amazon AWS Concepts and Considerations

15 Amazon Web Services Elastic Compute Cloud EC2 (IaaS) Simple Storage Service S3 (IaaS) Elastic Block Storage EBS (IaaS) SimpleDB (SDB) (PaaS) Simple Queue Service SQS (PaaS) CloudFront (S3 based Content Delivery Network PaaS) Consistent AWS Web Services API

16 IaaS Taxonomy : AWS Components VM Images - Gold-Master Amazon Machine Images (AMI) VM Compute - EC2 Instance Types VM Storage - Default Local Disks, EBS, S3 Network Regions, Availability Zones, Virtual NICs IPAM/DNS (Internet Protocol Address Management) Dynamic internal & external IP Addresses and fixed Elastic IP Addresses (Domain Name System) Automatic AWS DNS name assignment

17 IaaS Taxonomy : AWS Components (cont) Security Network Firewall Security Groups S3 file ACLs IAM/Auth (Identity Access Mgmt) AWS Credentials & X.509 Certificates VMM (Virtual Machine Mgmt) Self-Discovery, Auto- Configuration LB & Transport (Load Balancing) AWS Auto-Scaling API Web API, Command-Line Tools Mgmt - AWS Mgmt Console, Firefox Elasticfox plug-in

18 PaaS Taxonomy : AWS Components Messaging/Queuing Simple Queue Service (SQS) Database SimpleDB (SDB)

19 IaaS Network Component : EC2 Regions & Zones Amazon EC2 locations are composed of Regions which contain Availability Zones. Regions consist of one or more Availability Zones, are geographically dispersed in separate geographic areas or countries Currently only two Regions: us-east-1, eu-west-1 Availability Zones are distinct datacenter locations that are engineered to be insulated from failures in other Zones and provide inexpensive, low latency network connectivity to other Availability Zones in the same Region E.g. us-east-1a, us-east-1b,

20 IaaS Network Component : EC2 Regions & Zones (cont) Traffic between Availability Zones in a single region is on AWS-controlled redundant infrastructure All traffic between Regions is across a multiple Tier-1 Public Internet infrastructure

21 IaaS Compute Component: AWS EC2 EC2 is based upon Xen Hypervisor (with significant constraints) 1 EC2-CU = CPU capacity of GHz 2007 Opteron or 2007 Xeon Compute capacity is defined at granular levels I.e Number of CPU Cores and Compute Units per core (1 1CU up to 8 CU) Virtual Memory ranges are 1.7GB, 7.5GB and 15GB depending on instance type Default quota of 20 VM instances per account

22 IaaS Compute Component : EC2 Compute Unit Several AWS benchmarks and tests manage the consistency and predictability of the performance of an EC2 Compute Unit Over Time, there may be several different types of physical commodity hardware underlying EC2 instances, but EC2-CU performance should remain constant

23 Type Small CPU 1 EC2-CU (1 virtual core with 1 EC2 Compute Unit) EC2 Standard Linux Instance Types Memory 1.7 GB (917MB swap) Storage (unformatted) 170GB instance storage (160GB plus 10GB root partition, 1 spindle) Platform 32-bit I/O Moderate AWS Name m1.small Cost/ hour $0.085 $747 a year or $ a year Reserved Large 4 EC2-CU (2 virtual cores with 2 EC2 Compute Units each) 7.5 GB (No swap) 910GB instance storage (2 x 450 GB plus 10GB root partition, 3 spindles). 64-bit High m1.large $0.34 $2978 a year or $1961 a year Reserved Extra Large 8 EC2-CU (4 virtual cores with 2 EC2 Compute Units each) 15 GB (No swap) 1810GB instance storage (4 x 450GB plus 10GB root partition, 5 spindles). 64-bit High m1.xlarge $0.68 $5957 a year or $3922 a year Reserved

24 EC2 High-CPU Linux Instance Types Type CPU Memory Storage (unformatted) Platform I/O AWS Name Cost/ hour High- CPU Medium 5 EC2-CU (2 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each) 1.7 GB (917MB swap) 370 GB instance storage (360 GB plus 10 GB root partition, 1 spindle) 32-bit Moderate c1.medium $0.17 $1489 a year or $981 a year Reserved High- CPU Extra Large 20 EC2-CU (8 virtual cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each) 7.5 GB (No swap) 1810 GB instance storage (4 x 450 GB plus 10 GB root partition, 5 spindles) 64-bit High c1.xlarge $0.68 $5957 a year or $3922 a year Reserved

25 IaaS Storage Component : EC2, EBS, S3 EC2 Instance Default Local Storage ephemeral virtual disks that are integral part of EC2 VM instance Range from 170GB to 1.8TB total space, 1 to 5 disks Elastic Block Storage EC2 Additional persistent disk volumes that can be attached and mounted on a running VM. 1TB max per volume, default quota of 20 volumes S3 File storage Reliable web URL accessible file-based storage. 5GB max per file

26 IaaS Storage Component : An EBS volume is created in a user specified AWS Availability Zone. AWS equivalent of a local SAN RAID Disk and can only be attached to one running EC2 instance at a time in the same Zone Appears to running OS VM as standard disk drive (e.g. /dev/sdg sdg) Must be partitioned and/or formatted with file system before being mounted Higher reliability, lower latency and higher throughput than than Instance Default Storage Supports live snapshots to S3 EBS

27 IaaS Storage Component : S3 File storage Reliable web URL accessible file storage (e.g. <bucket>.s3.amazonaws.com/file_1.mpg). Buckets are created in user assigned Regions (e.g. us-east-1, eu-west-1 ) Unlimited number of index folders and files (i.e. objects) per bucket, 5GB max per file Files in a bucket are replicated to dispersed Zones in the bucket s s Region S3

28 IaaS Storage Component : EC2 Ephemeral Storage Notes All Default Local instance storage devices (I.e. non- EBS EC2 volumes) are ephemeral and all data on them is lost when the instance is terminated (or crashes and cannot be rebooted). Use S3, EBS, or SDB for permanent data. Analogous to the file system lifecycle of a Linux Live-CD that uses RAM drives However, default instance storage data is retained on reboot. This is a major EC2 constraint that must be taken into consideration in an application s design.

29 IaaS Storage Component : Default Ephemeral Storage Devices Location /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sda3 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde Formatted and mounted as 10GB root (/) on all instance types. Formatted and mounted as /mnt on m1.small (150GB) and c1.medium (350GB) instances Formatted and mounted as /swap on m1.small and c1.medium instances (Size 939MB) Formatted and mounted as /mnt on m1.large, m1.xlarge, and c1.xlarge instances (430GB) Not formatted or mounted on m1.large, m1.xlarge, and c1.xlarge instances (450GB raw) Not formatted or mounted on m1.xlarge and c1.xlarge instances (450GB raw) Not formatted or mounted instances (450GB raw) Description on m1.xlarge and c1.xlarge

30 IaaS Image Component: EC2 and AMIs EC2 saves a bootable VM root image as an Amazon Machine Image (AMI). An AMI is digitally signed and encrypted by the owner using private x.509 key. AWS has a copy of the corresponding public X.509 certificate for decrypting an AMI at EC2 Instance launch time An AMI is equivalent to a Gold Master image of the configured VM for an EC2 instance Multiple EC2 instances can be launched from the same AMI

31 IaaS Image Component : S3 and AMIs EC2 AMIs are stored in S3 as a bundle of segmented 10MB files and EC2 VM instances are instantiated (launched) from their S3 AMI. Users can create their own AMIs from scratch (P2V); use pre-built public AMIs; or use a prebuilt AMI as a starting point and then add custom software assets to finalize the desired AMI. Updating an EC2 AMI requires a full bundling process and results in an additional AMI, different than the original one.

32 IaaS Image Component : EBS and AMIs A running EC2 Instance can be imaged as an EBS-Backed AMI and saved as an EBS Snapshot. Instances launched from these EBS-Backed AMI snapshots launch must faster and use persistent default storage. Persistent 15GB root file system. EBS-Backed instances can be Stopped and Started and the contents of the local storage will persist. Caution - If running instance is Terminated, EBS volume will be deleted.

33 EC2 Dynamic Data : Typical S3 Usage Pattern

34 EC2 Dynamic Data : Typical EBS Usage Pattern

35 IaaS Network Component : EC2 Virtual NIC Each EC2 Instance has only one Virtual NIC that is assigned a dynamic EC2 MAC Address and internal private IP Address AWS VM Prevents network cross-talk among users No visibility beyond individual machine NIC traffic -- even among correlated machines in the same application configuration Communicating within multi-tier tier VM configurations typically involves dynamic DNS server registration

36 IaaS IPAM/DNS Component : EC2 IP Addresses & DNS No customer control of initial VM IP Address or DNS name assignments EC2 routers map two IP addresses to the EC2 Instance dynamic EC2 Private Address (RFC-1918, e.g. 10.x.x.x) dynamic EC2 Public Address using Network Address Translation (NAT) (Note: public address range belongs to AWS) Auto-generated DNS name has IP Address as a component of the name. Fixed Elastic-IP Addresses pre-allocated for an AWS account and later assigned to a running EC2 instance.

37 IaaS Security Component : EC2 Security Groups & ACLs EC2 Security Groups function as network firewall configurations. A Security Group is a named collection of incoming network traffic rules for an EC2 account. Access to each S3 file is controlled by its own Access Control List (ACL). ACL allows READ, WRITE, and FULL CONTROL (includes access to ACL) privileges on: Everyone Authenticated Users (only valid AWS users) A list of individual AWS users or groups

38 PaaS Messaging/Queuing Component : AWS SQS Highly Reliable Message Queuing Service with built-in redundancy within user assigned Regions Messages accessible from anywhere via Web API Up to 8 KB of Unicode data per message Messages can be retained in queues for up to 4 days Messages can be sent and read simultaneously but FIFO not guaranteed Queues can be securely shared with other AWS accounts and Anonymously. Queue sharing can also be restricted by IP address and time-of-day.

39 PaaS Database Component : AWS SimpleDB Beta Enhanced MyISAM-like database service Simple web services interface to create and store multiple data sets and query your data Data is automatically indexed Data stored in Region and automatically replicated to dispersed Zones Requests originating from an application running in same Amazon Region will have near-lan latency.

40 PaaS Database Component : AWS SimpleDB Beta (cont) Similar to MyISAM with enhanced features No SQL grammar support No table JOIN Simple WHERE criteria 100 domains (tables) quota per account, max 10GB per domain, max 256 attributes (columns) per row, max 1KB data per attribute (cell) Typically used to store App logs, EC2 Instance configurations, Application state, Instance status, analytics, indexes to S3 data Scale-out is as simple as creating new domains, rather than building out new servers.

41 AWS Cloud Application Design and Best Practices

42 Cloud App Design Attributes Abstract Resources Focus on your needs, not on hardware specs. As your needs change, so should your resources. On-Demand Provisioning Ask for what you need, exactly when you need it. Get rid of it when you don t need. Scalability No Up-Front Costs Dynamism Design should allow for resources to scale up or down depending on usage needs. No contracts or long-term commitments. Pay only for what you use but design for the possibility of enhanced resource usage. Each machine instance must be capable of dynamically identifying its configuration and relationship to other resources in the system.

43 AWS Cloud Application Design: 10 Best Practices 1. Build cloud apps, not apps in the cloud 2. Virtualize the application stack 3. Design for failure and nothing fails 4. Design for scalability 5. Loose coupling lets you maximize plug&play 6. Design for dynamism 7. Build Security into every component 8. Leverage native cloud storage options 9. Leverage best cloud Management Tools 10. Don't fear cloud constraints

44 Best Practices: Don t Just Build apps in the cloud Business tier Web Tier Load Balancer Source: GigaSpace, Practical Guide for Developing Enterprise Application on the Cloud Backup Backup Back-up Data Tier Back-up Messaging Don t simply port traditional Apps to the Cloud Traditional Application Stacks are architected in functional silos Each silo has its own machines, network, management, and support

45 Web Processing Units Build Cloud Apps: Virtualize the Application Stack Business Processing Units Load Balancer Users DB Source: GigaSpace, Practical Guide for Developing Enterprise Application on the Cloud Re-factor to use standardized VM containers. Each instance should use self-discovery, be self configurable, and network independent Use cloud standardized Messaging & DB when possible Leverage inherent EBS replication and snapshots for DBMS

46 Build Cloud Apps: Compensate for Ephemeral Storage EC2 instance default storage can only be used for transient data (e.g. intermediate or temp data files). Don t use it for archival data logs such as login logs or error dumps. Consider using SDB to store persistent archival data records that can be associated with a key (e.g. timestamp) If OK to recover only from most recent backup, consider restoring data from S3 at boot-up and backing-up current data to S3 at shutdown. If not OK, use EBS attached volumes for all persistent file data. DBMS should always use EBS volumes

47 Build Cloud Apps: Compensate for Ephemeral Storage (cont) Consider using soft-links (Linux) to map portions of the ephemeral Default Storage application file tree to persistent EBS volumes This can be used for archival data logs such as login logs or error dumps (.i.e /var/logs/ files can be soft linked to EBS volume). If only small chunks of persistent storage is needed for each Instance, consider using EBS volumes exported on EC2 NFS servers.

48 Build Cloud Apps: Compensate for Dynamic IP Address Attach ElasticIP for Internet-facing EC2 instances (e.g. the HAProxy load-balancer instance) Use dynamic DNS registration of EC2 instance internal IP address or use SDB EC2 instances should only use the internal IP address for communicating with each other (free!).

49 Best Practices: Design for Failure "Everything fails, all the time, Werner Vogels, CTO Amazon.com Avoid single points of failure Assume everything fails, and design backwards Design for failure and your App won t fail

50 Design for Failure: What Can Fail in AWS? The EC2 Instance may crash Portions of Zone may not be accessible (i.e. internal network problem within Zone) EC2 Instance in a Zone may not be launch-able EBS volumes in a Zone may not be accessible AWS Services in a Region may not be accessible (very low probability) S3 buckets in Region may not be accessible SDB domains (tables) in a Region may not be accessible SQS Queues in a Region may not be accessible

51 Design for Failure: Use Failure Tolerant Features Use Elastic IP addresses (or their DNS names) for consistent and re-mappable routes Use multiple EC2 Availability Zones Use EBS for persistent file systems and snapshots. Snapshots can be used to restore EBS volumes on other Zones Use Rsync for real-time synchronization of RBS volumes across Zones Create multiple DBMS slaves across Availability Zones Use real-time monitoring (Amazon CloudWatch or RightScale)

52 Best Practices: Design for Scalability A scalable architecture is critical to take advantage of a scalable infrastructure No central point of data storage contention Shared Nothing Sharding Distributed Caching Loose coupling of processing requestors and responders

53 Design for Scalability : Use AWS Elastic Features Use Load Balancing on multiple layers: either your own (e.g. HAProxy EC2 instance) or AWS Elastic Load Balancing Use Cloud monitoring systems: either your own (e.g. CollectD) or AWS CloudWatch Use Auto-scaling technology (Free with CloudWatch)

54 Design for Scalability Source: RightScale

55 Best Practices: Build Loosely Coupled Systems Use Independent components Design everything as a Black Box with well defined inputs and outputs Use subsystem de-coupling for Hybrid models Use Load-balanced clusters of Black Boxes to maximize plug&play

56 Loose Coupling: Use Message Queues Tight Coupling Controller A Controller B Controller C Loose Coupling using Queues Q 1 Controller Controller Controller A A A Q 2 Controller Controller Controller B B B Q 3 Controller Controller Controller C C C Use MQueue system such as Amazon SQS or Gearman to pass along requests Each message queue consumer can be a cluster of EC2 instances

57 Best Practices: Design for Dynamism Don t assume health or fixed location of components Use designs that are resilient to reboot and relaunch Bootstrap your instances based on self-discovery (E.g. EC2 Metadata API) Store configurations in SimpleDB to bootstrap instances Enable dynamic configuration Store application, subsystem, and EC2 instance state in SimpleDB so instances can know health of system

58 Best Practices: Security in every component Use de-perimiterized security model Create distinct network Security Groups for each Amazon EC2 instance cluster Use group-based network rules for controlling access between components Restrict external access to specific IP ranges Encrypt data at-rest in Amazon S3 Encrypt data in-transit (SSL) Consider encrypted EBS file systems for sensitive data

59 Best Practices: Leverage Storage Solutions Amazon S3: large static objects Amazon CloudFront: content distribution Amazon SimpleDB: simple data indexing/querying Amazon EC2 local disc drive : transient data Amazon EBS: RDBMS persistent storage + S3 Snapshots

60 Best Practices: Leverage Best AWS Mgt Tools Management of any but the simplest cloud application configurations is very cumbersome without advanced tools. RightScale is a script-based instance provisioning, monitoring, & auto-scaling system Supports collaborative sharing & reuse of scripts Kaavo Infrastructure & Middleware On Demand (IMOD) is an Application Centric Management System manages a multitier cloud application system as though it were a monolithic application

61 Best Practices: Don't fear cloud constraints Think out of the box and leverage cloud features to solve EC2 constraints Components expect Static IP addresses? Boot script for software reconfiguration from SimpleDB or use Dynamic DNS Local data center DBSM has better IOPS? Try multiple read-only / sharding / DB clustering

62 AWS Management Tools

63 AWS Management Tools: Basic Tools Amazon native AWS tools only leverage basic AWS API capability AWS Management Console Firefox plugins are slightly more advanced Elasticfox EC2 Instance, EBS, EIP management S3 Organizer S3 file upload/download (similar to ftp plugin) CloudBerry Explorer Windows S3 file upload/download application, slightly better than S3 Organizer

64 AWS Management Tools: Ideal Advanced Tools Attaching EBS volumes, EIPs, and other resources should be scripted and managed by Cloud Deployment & Mgmt System (CDMS) CDMS should incorporate standards-based Performance Monitoring services Should incorporate standards-based Event Notification services Should incorporate Auto-scaling configuration services as remediation of Performance/Load Events CDMS should incorporate Administrator Collaboration allowing sharing and partitioning of admin responsibilities

65 AWS Management Tools: Ideal Advanced Tools (cont) Allow for automated provisioning of EC2 instances Should allow sharing of scripts and launch/terminate of instances based on group roles or at least read/write/execute rights. Should allow for re-use generalized scripts Should allow for auto-scaling based on dynamic load evaluation functions CDMS should support escalating event notification to groups of users. Should have interfaces to other EMS (e.g. Nagios)

66 AWS Management Tools: RightScale Script-based instance provisioning, monitoring, & auto-scaling system Manages complex deployments involving multiple instance clusters Re-use of version-controlled scripts in different deployments Full automation of auto-scaling, remediation, notification and automatic configuration Cloud application developer and administrator collaboration framework

67 RightScale Provisioning Pattern Adapted: 2009 CummunityOne West Conference: Practical Cloud Computing Patterns RightScale proxy server uses modified Push Pattern Boot Finished event triggers automated provisioning commands sequence

68 RightScale Lifecycle Mgmt Pattern RightScale uses an Injection Pattern to push individual command scripts into a running EC2 instance or an entire deployed cluster of instances Boot Scripts are automatically run at Instance Launch after OS boot_finished event Operational Scripts are run during automated Event Handling or manual operations Decommissioning Scripts are automatically run prior to Instance Termination

69 Current RightScale Cloud Service Monitoring Pattern Source: 2009 CummunityOne West Conference: Practical Cloud Computing Patterns Based on collectd framework

70 AWS Management Tools: Scalr Similar to RightScale features: instance provisioning, monitoring, & auto-scaling system Less reliant on on-the-fly provisioning. Suite of Scalr AMIs available for common application configurations. Manages complex deployments involving multiple instance clusters Significantly less expensive OpenSource code available for local use.

71 AWS Management Tools: Kaavo IMOD Application Centric Management System Proxy server manages complex multitier cloud application system as if it were a monolithic application via IMOD System Definitions Quickstart Kaavo provides out of the box System Definitions for deploying popular multi-tier HA infrastructure: Ruby on Rails, LAMP, Tomcat, Jboss IMOD workflow engine monitors application run-time state events and responds dynamically with user customized Event Workflows (e.g. MySQL scale-up/scale-down)

72 White Paper: Q&A : More Resources Migrating Applications to the Cloud: An Amazon Web Services Case Study Cloud Computing Workshops (via Unitek Education) Jorge.Noa@hyperstratus.com