Crustacean Aquaculture

Transcription

1 Crustacean Aquaculture Shrimp, Prawns, Crayfish, Lobsters, Crabs Spiny Lobsters, Ornamental Shrimp, Bait Shrimp, Live Feed (eg Artemia salina) Marine Shrimp (Genus Penaeus) are Most Important with Culture Centered in Asia Temperate Shrimp Farms: 1-2 Harvests / yr Tropical Farms: 3 Harvests / yr.

2 Shrimp Aquaculture 2010 Global Farmed Shrimp ~3.0 Mmt, Value Nearly US $15 Billion 2005 Aquacult Provided 42% All Shrimp Prod n Largest Shrimp Market is United States: Importing Between 500,000 and 600,000 mt /yr Europe Imports 500,000 mt, Japan 200,000 mt Average US Import Price ~ US $8.80 per kg.

3 Shrimp Aquaculture Two Species Account for 80% of Total Prod n Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus monodon Other Species Limited by Sensitivity to Viral Diseases. Other Species: Penaeus indicus, P. stylostris, P. chinensis, P. japonicus, P. merguiensis & Metapenaeus spp. (Akiami Shrimp Paste)

4 Shrimp Aquaculture Litopenaeus vannamei Whiteleg Shrimp

5 Litopenaeus vannamai

6 Shrimp Aquaculture Penaeus monodon Black Tiger Shrimp

7 Black Tiger Shrimp Farms Not Including China

8 Akiami Shrimp Paste Drying Shrimp Paste

9 History Shrimp Aquaculture Indonesians Farmed Shrimp Since 1400 Using low-density Methods Small Ponds Polyculture with Milkfish or Rotation with Rice (Shrimp in Dry Season) Near Mangrove Areas with Abundant Natural Shrimp Trapped then Raised in Ponds

10 Industrial Shrimp Aquaculture 1930s Japan Spawned & Cultivated Kuruma Shrimp Penaeus japonicus Technical Advances & Market Demand drove Worldwide Growth Shrimp Farms in Tropics and Sub-Tropics Taiwan Early Adopter 1980, Farms Collapse 1988 Due to Bad Management & Disease

11 Shrimp Viral Diseases 1992 Asia White Spot Symptom Virus WSSV Wipes-out Much Asian Production 1999 WSSV Devastates Shrimp Latin America: Guatamala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Panama. Other Shrimp Viral Diseases TSV - Taura Syndrome Virus YHV Yellow Head Virus IHHNV Infectious Hypodermal Hematopoietic Virus

12 White Spot Symptom Virus

13 Taura Symptom Virus

14 Virus Infected Farm: Shrimp Mortality

15 Shrimp Life Cycle Carry 50K to 1 Million Fertilized Eggs Hatch as Nauplii that Feed on Yolk Reserves Metamorphose into Zoea Feed on Algal Unicells & Morph to Myses (singular Mysis) Myses Feed on Algae & Zooplankton Morph into Postlarva: Juvenile Shrimp Migrate to Estuaries Low Salinity Adults Entire Process Takes ~ 12 Days.

16 Shrimp Aquaculture Seed Hatcheries Produce Nauplii or Other Stages eg. Postlarvae to Regional Farms. Nurseries Grow Postlarva in Raceways Growout Ponds, Shrimp Grow to Market Size Takes 3 to 6 Months Many Temperate Farms: 1 to 2 Harvests /yr. Tropical Farms: often 3 Harvests / yr

17 Penaeid Life Cycle

18 Shrimp Nauplius

19 Shrimp Larva Nauplius Stage

20 Shrimp Larva Shrimp Zoea Stage

21 Shrimp Larva Mysis Stage

22 Shrimp Myses

23 Shrimp Postlarva Postlarva Molts into Juvenile Stage

24 Modes of Shrimp Aquaculture Traditional Culture: Stocking Through Intake of Tidal Water with Numerous Shrimp Larvae also called Extensive Farms Current: Semi-Intensive (Pond Culture) of Distinct Stages or Intensive Culture Growth Controlled More Completely in Tanks

25 Shrimp Aquaculture Seed Production Intensive (Tank Farms) and Semi Intensive (Pond Culture) Require Seed Shrimp Wild Seed Stock Can Lead to Disease Cure: Close Life Cycle Hold Broodstock Produce Defined Seed without Disease Broodstock Given High-Quality Feed at Rate of 10% of Biomass per Day

26 Semi-Intensive Shrimp Aquaculture Shrimp Hatchery

27 18,000 Shrimp Ponds Indonesia

28 Shrimp Farm Thailand

29 Shrimp Farming Kuala Lumpur

30 Shrimp Aquaculture Aeration with Avian Predator Strings

31 Australian Shrimp Aquaculture Semi Intensive Shrimp Ponds

32 Shrimp Processing Asia

33 Loss Mangroves & Shrimp Farms

34 Crawfish Also: Crayfish, Crawdad, Yabbi ( Australia) Freshwater Aquaculture in Southern US Major species: red swamp Procambarus clarkia also white river Procambarus acutus 2008 Louisiana 1,200 farms delivered 34,000 mt 2008 Louisiana Wild Harvest 3,600 mt Giant Freshwater Prawn Crawfish Like Macrobrachium rosenbergii

35 Red Swamp Crawfish

36 White River Crawfish

37 Giant Freshwater Prawn

38 Crawfish Farm Maintenance

39 Crawfish in His Burrow

40 Crawfish Harvest

41 Crawfish Aquaculture Types of US Facilities To Grow Crawfish Rectangular Ponds: 0.5 m deep, ~40 Acres Wooded Ponds less productive, harvest tough Marshes: Reproduction Halts in Brackish Water Intensive Culture: Generally too Expensive Rice Fields Double Cropping Rice Plant in March Harvest August Crawfish; Flood Fields August Harvest November until March Those Not Harvested Become Broodstock

42 Crab & Lobster Aquaculture Most Crab and Lobsters are Carnivores The Young Can be Cannibals Requires Either Food in Excess or Individual Attention Both Expensive Alternative is Impoundment Capture When Small, Hold and Feed Sell When They Reach Market Size

43 Crab Aquaculture Chinese Mud or Mangrove Crab Scylla serrata High NH 3 Tolerance but Unpredictable Larval Survival - Highly Cannibalistic Megalops Larva. Soft Shell Blue Crabs - Callinectes sapidus Held in Impoundments Until they Moult Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis Aquacultured Also Collected Wild Held in Impoundments Dangerous Invasive Species Elsewhere

44 Chinese Mud Crab Aquaculture

45 Chinese Mud or Mangrove Crab

46 Soft Shell Blue Crab

47 Chinese Mitten Crab

48 Crab Aquaculture Less Successful Species for Aquaculture Due to Aggressive Cannibalistic Habits Alaska King Crab Paralithodes camschaticus American Lobster Homerus americanus These are often impounded as small adults Spiny Lobster Palinurus species

49 Red King Crab

50 American Lobster

51 Individualized Lobster Pot Floats

52 Lobster Pots

53 Spiny Lobster Palinurus

54 Crab Life Cycle

55 Crab Zoea Larva

56 Crab Megalops Larva

57 King Crab Glaucothoe Larva