EuReporting Working Paper No. 15

Transcription

1 6RFLDO5HSRUWLQJLQ6SDLQ $5HFHQW7UDGLWLRQ Salustiano del Campo Juan Manuel Camacho EuReporting Working Paper No. 15 7RZDUGVD(XURSHDQ6\VWHP RI6RFLDO5HSRUWLQJDQG :HOIDUH0HDVXUHPHQW A TSER-Project Financed by the European Commission Subproject (XURSHDQ6\VWHPRI6RFLDO,QGLFDWRUV Universidad Complutense Madrid 2000

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3 7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV page 1. Introduction 5 2. The Perspective of Social Reports 7 3. The Main Stages of Social Reporting in Spain 8 4. Precedents The Social Indicators Movement The CCB Plan and the Development Plans Social Trend Reports Social Reports Based on Surveys The FOESSA (Fomento de Estudios Sociales y de Sociología Aplicada) Reports Spanish Society Reports Social Reports Based on Secondary Data Survey Databases The Database of CIS (Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas) The Databases of CIRES (Centro para la Investigación de la Realidad Social Española) List of Social Reports ( ) 30 3

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5 ,QWURGXFWLRQ Social Reports have been one of the main points of reference for contemporary sociology in Spain. Social scientists have repeatedly consulted them over the last forty years, but they have not always successfully used them as a means of becoming aware of social reality and providing a sociological perspective for political activity. They have been, and continue to be, a valuable aid for an in-depth analysis of societies that firmly cling to their secrets, and they lead to extensive observations on social factors that, without them, would be dispersed in isolated studies. The exercise in interpretation that these reports require is a reflection of the need for sociology to go further than what is mere data or concrete information, and to approach a global analysis of what is happening in our society, in order to reach an understanding of it. Social Reports, or Global Sociological Studies, as Jesús María de Miguel 1 calls them, have been and are children of their time. Our analysis and description, then, must consider the circumstances to which they responded and the objectives with which they were created. They started to appear in this country during the 60 s, at the start of the modernisation process. This was a time of profound change that had an impact on most of, if not the entire social framework, and to isolate a specific dimension of this change was no easy task 2. The effects that economic development had on Spanish society and the multitude of changes in the social structure of the time were the main catalysts of an interest in social factors and powerful stimulants for sociological curiosity. This was a time of phenomena such as accelerated housing development and redistribution of the population, significant external and internal migratory flows, the tourist boom, changes in the structure of family life, changes in consumer habits and customs, etc. Spanish society was a society on the move. This situation of social transformation coincided with the arrival of a group of sociologists equipped with solid technical know-how and methods, who established new ways of approaching social reality. The timeframe to be considered, then, is the 60 s. This was when Spain entered a period of rapid social, economic and cultural transformation, although it was not until the middle of the following decade when a political change occurred that had an enormous impact on life in the country. Until then, social research had made significant contributions, but the circumstances were far from ideal for an objective analysis of some parts of reality, such as the political aspects of life in Spain, although there was no lack of attempts to approach the subject 3. The sociological research that was predominant at that time, mostly unrelated to a university environment, also possessed elements that, in a way, disconnected it from the critical and transforming commitment that was an essential factor in the origins of the science. In 1967, Del Campo wrote WKH SUHVHQW SRYHUW\ VWULFNHQ VLWXDWLRQ RI 6SDQLVK XQLYHUVLWLHV ZKLFK ODFN WKH PHDQV WR XQGHUWDNH RQ WKLV HQWHUSULVH VRFLDO UHVHDUFK FRLQFLGHV ZLWK WKH SDWURQDJH RI LQVWLWXWLRQV FUHDWHG DQG VXVWDLQHG E\ KLJKO\ SRZHUIXO 1 DE MIGUEL, Jesus M. (1994): "La España del Cambio" in Informe Sociológico sobre la Situación Social de España (Foessa V), Fundación Foessa, Madrid, Volume I, pages DEL CAMPO, S. (1972): "El reto del cambio social en España", in La España de los años 70. Vol I: La sociedad, Edit. Moneda y Crédito, Madrid, page The Foessa Report, in 1970, included a chapter on "Vida política y asociativa" that, in the final edition, was censured. Manuel Fraga Iribarne was the director of vol III of the joint work "La España de los años 70" on "El Estado y la Política", in which he analyses the Spanish situation and the basic models that political regimes will be adopting in the western world. 5

6 JURXSV7KLVLVQRWDQXQELDVHGLQWHUHVWLQHPSLULFDOVRFLRORJ\,WLQWHQGVWRPDNHXVHRILWV SUHVWLJHLQDSROLWLFDORSHUDWLRQGHVLJQHGWR³GLVFRYHU WKHSUREOHPVWRGLVDVVRFLDWHLWVHOI IURPLWVDHWLRORJ\DQGSHUKDSVGLOD\WKHLUVROXWLRQ Since then, we have witnessed the appearance of a new structure of power, democratic election mechanisms, institutions that are no longer a mimetic reflection of the single party system, democratic political methods, a new territorial State structure known as the State of the Autonomies, and different relationship patterns and ways of observing what surrounds us that imply promising perspectives for the future. In other words, there is now an ideal framework for sociological research. The Spanish transition offered us the opportunity to reconcile two worlds that had until then been antagonists, and to successfully recover from an era that had restricted public freedom and decelerated the social advances that had been taking place for some time in other countries in our cultural sphere, Franco s dictatorship did not eliminate the opportunity for Spaniards to become fully aware of changes that were transcendental for our life and our future in the social, political and economic areas, which had been germinating in previous years and helped to set the basis for a scenario that was favourable to the political changes that lay ahead. The transformation experienced by Spain in the 60 s had a positive impact on the interest in learning about the causes and consequences of what was happening, and particularly the effects and impact of the widespread government activities and programmes that were in their initial stages. The 1959 Stabilisation Plan laid the foundations for the modernisation of the economic structure of the country and gave way to a period of economic restructuring and revival that reached its peak with the series of Economic and Social Development Programmes. The sixties saw the birth of the wide range of empirical sociological studies that contributed to scientific knowledge of Spanish reality. They were pioneers in Europe in many ways. The particular historic period that the country was experiencing was an unprecedented impulse for this kind of study, and, after a relative parenthesis during the 80 s, they continued to appear with renewed enthusiasm in the 90 s. For this reason, the order in which the reports appear in the following sections is based on their common description and different characteristics, and basically depends on their methods, content and objectives. Finally, we have added a comment on the survey databases that have been created in the country, which provide a vast amount of information on partial aspects of our society. 4 DEL CAMPO, S.(1967): /DYRFDFLyQGHODVRFLRORJtDHVSDxROD, in Anales de Sociología, number 3, June, page 5 6

7 7KH3HUVSHFWLYHRI6RFLDO5HSRUWV The transcendental nature of social reports lies in the fact that they aspire to provide a global and interpretative view of social reality, broadening the limited but essential perspectives of monographic studies on some partial or particular aspects. They are comprehensive studies that describe, analyse and interpret the social aspects of a society at a certain moment or for a short period of time. In Spain, their original objectives were fundamentally practical, and in a way they revealed a number of contradictions in the political and social framework in relation to the impact that planning, particularly economic planning, had on our society. Social sciences, as Manual Fraga said then, KDYH D UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR VRFLHW\ DV D ZKROH /HW V EH TXLWH FOHDU DERXW LW WKHVH DUH SUDFWLFDO VFLHQFHV UHODWHG WR DFWLRQ DQG WKH\ FDQ QRW EH SXW IRUZDUG RU DFFHSWHG DV PHUH VSHFXODWLRQV Social reports have helped to identify the importance of the analysis of data taken from reality with a view to establishing precise perspectives that are more than a mere accumulation of observations and measurements and a mere description of social phenomena. They structure statistical data to provide it with content that helps to overcome its limitations, in order to arrive at a reasoned conclusion concerning Spanish society. They complement the limited perspective provided by economic indicators, affording more general interpretations. In this respect, there is no escaping the fact that the application of the criteria on which these indicators are based to the identification of social phenomena implies ignoring many aspects that are crucial for an understanding of social behaviour. Attitudes, aspirations, expectations and perceptions escape the strict control applied by economic indicators to the phenomena they try to explain, and without them, an understanding of economically related behaviour itself would not be possible. Although social reports are generally designed to provide a global explanation, including the future trends of society, it is preferable to differentiate between studies that are specifically intended to analyse these trends, increasing their perspectives and objectives. These studies contribute to our knowledge of the direction in which societies move over time. If Social Reports are classified as cross-sectional, trend analysis must be seen within the framework of longitudinal studies, because they are an attempt to establish how societies evolve based on extensive time data series and complementary analyses of future expectations or perspectives. The sociology practised in the 60 s and the social reports that were then published, are the inheritance of other isolated predecessors that started research in limited sociological fields, but which helped to set the basis for the subsequent development of social research in Spain. From the little studied and acknowledged pioneers of the 19 th Century, who deserve a mention here, to the work initiated in the first thirty years of this century, which the civil war, the subsequent period of isolation and the intellectual poverty of the time relegated to obscurity. The 40 s and 50 s were certainly hardly encouraging for initiatives of this kind, primarily associated to a university environment, or for a number of strongminded professors who designed studies based on opinion polls limited to very concrete and partial aspects of our society. 5 FRAGA, M.;VELARDE; J.; DEL CAMPO, S.(1972): La España de los años 70, Editorial Moneda y Crédito, Madrid. Prologue to volume I: La Sociedad, page 6. 7

8 7KH0DLQ6WDJHVRI6RFLDO5HSRUWLQJLQ6SDLQ The changes that have taken place in Spain in the last forty years require a systematic account of what had been happening before the 60 s, for a correct understanding of the present situation. The developments to which we are going to refer are subjective, as are all periods established for historic purposes, but it is an approach that offers sufficient points of interest. Amando de Miguel 6, in the introduction to his work on Social Indicators, suggests a sequence of stages in the evolution of statistical information in our country since the start of the century. To the first two, which were the object of his research, we have added others that complete the limited history to which he was referring in a) For slightly longer than the first thirty years of this century, the basic source of information on Spanish reality were the publications issued by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (National Statistics Institute). This Institute (INE), created in 1870 as the Instituto Geográfico y Estadístico (Geographic and Statistical Institute) had its precursor in the Junta de Estadística (Statistics Board), the main mission of which was to take the Population Census of At that time, it became the official collector of numerical information for the State. The present name of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística dates from 1945 and its status as an independent body from Its primary objectives were to prepare and improve demographic, economic and social statistics and introduce others. During this period, there was a predominance of demographic data and social accounting statistics, together with data generated by related bodies, like the Instituto de Reformas Sociales (Social Reform Institute) created in 1904, which helped to systematise collections of disperse data related to Spanish society for various purposes. In this and the following period, we typically find mere repertories and statistical yearbooks that are no more than a collection of numerical information on different aspects of Spanish life. These data repertories were also collected by other institutions and included statistical information of very different sorts. The statistical information available up to then can be considered in a wide sense as a not too systematic group of social indicators. It was different from social reporting in that the purpose was to give content to a mere collection of quantitative data and use them to interpret the social situation. b) After the war and up to 1960, the Instituto Nacional de Estadística continued to play an important role as the primary source of data, although with a significant emphasis on economic figures, together with periodical reports issued by some financial institutions. An outstanding example were the reports published by the Banco de Bilbao on the territorial distribution of income and industrial economic indicators. In the INE reports or yearbooks and those published by the different banks, not much attention was paid to social phenomena that were not likely to be included on census forms or that had little or no economic content. Limited technical resources coincided with little interest in scientific knowledge of society, which in any case was supposedly provided by information from intermediaries and loyal spokesmen of the established order. Economic information thus became the main statistical concern of the governing class. 6 MIGUEL, A.; DIEZ NICOLAS, J.; MEDINA, A. (1967): Tres estudios para un sistema de indicadores sociales, Euramérica, Madrid, p.13 8

9 c) Following the Stabilisation Plan and the series of Development Plans, several research projects were initiated in the 1960 s. For the first time, the emphasis is on social factors and the consequences of economic growth. These reports, which aspired to provide a global analysis of Spanish reality, can be considered as the first Social Reports, and they make use of the different methods and objectives that are introduced into global study projects from then on. The thriving ambition to describe and comprehend social reality coincides chronologically with, and is even slightly earlier than the social indicator movement in the United States and leaves its mark on the subsequent work of social scientists. The CCB 7 Plan, the volume on the Human and Social Factors of the Development Plan, FOESSA reports I 8, II 9 and III 10, and the work directed by Manuel Fraga 11, Juan Velarde and Salustiano del Campo, La España de los años 70 (4 volumes), are the main points of reference for this period. The first INE 12 report appeared in Entitled "Panorámica social", it is a unitary collection of statistical information of a social nature. d) The 80 s was a decade characterised by a certain weariness of this kind of reports, and the pre-eminence of monographic studies supported by the interests of their promoters and the scientists who performed them, and global studies on society were momentarily abandoned. On the other hand, they were not easily translated into political measures and the priority of the time was the legal and institutional consolidation of the democratic system and the end of the economic crisis. The study of the political transition in Spain and its impact on the social and institutional framework came to the forefront, and strictly social reports were relegated to the background. The 4 th Foessa Report 13 appeared at the start of this decade. It centred its interest on the political change that had taken place in Spain since 1975, and a second volume that was published later refers to some aspects of the social change. It was joined by a report directed by J.J. Linz 14 and García de Enterría in 1984 entitled España, un presente para el futuro, the first volume of which is an extensive analysis of Spanish social reality. In the later 80 s this trend gradually lost impetus and different projects were initiated that saw the light in the 90 s. e) The 90 s saw a significant change in the development of Social Reports. The emphasis is on the systematization of the enormous amount of existing data and the application of new perspectives and methods to approach social phenomena in a way that leads to an understanding and an explanation of the social universe in Spain and its future perspectives, a step further than a mere description of the present situation based on 7 CARITAS ESPAÑOLA: Plan CCB: Plan de promoción social, asistencia social y beneficiencia de la Iglesia española (three volumes), Euramérica, Madrid, FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (DE MIGUEL, A.; GOMEZ-REINO, M.; ORIZO, F.A.): Informe sociológico sobre la situación social de España, Euramérica, Madrid FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (DE MIGUEL, A.): Informe sociológico sobre la situación social de España, Euramérica, Madrid FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (Several authors): Estudios sociológicos sobre la situación social de España 1975, Euramérica, Madrid FRAGA, M.; DEL CAMPO, S.; VELARDE, J.: La España de los años 70. Vol. I: La Sociedad; Vol. II: La economía; Vol III: El Estado y la Política, Edit. Moneda y Crédito, Madrid INE: Panorámica social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (Several authors): Vol I: Informe sociológico sobre el cambio político en España ; Vol II: Informe sociológico sobre el cambio social en España, Euramérica, Madrid LINZ, J.J.; GARCIA DE ENTERRIA, E. (directors) : España: un presente para el futuro. Vol I: La sociedad; Vol II: Las instituciones, Instituto de Estudios Económicos, Madrid

10 what had happened in previous years. The historic perspective of the social and political change in Spain, which had dominated social reports until the mid-80 s, was put aside. The importance of progressive ideas, values linked to postmodernity and democracy, and the appearance of research groups interested in trends rather than in cross-sectional studies, increased considerably. This was also reinforced by the appearance of institutions like the Consejo Económico y Social 15 (Economic and Social Council), which produced unitary reports on Spanish society, handling a large volume of data and information of different kinds. The Foessa tradition ended at this time with the appearance of the 4 th Sociological Report on the social situation in Spain under the direction of Miguel Juárez 16, which returned to the spirit of previous Reports. The Instituto Nacional de Estadística issued two different reports on social statistics. The Indicadores Sociales 17 series and the continuation of the publication Panorámica social de España 18 with other criteria, conceived with a less theoretical or systematic approach than the social indicators, and including both quantitative and qualitative data. There are many examples of Social Reports from this period, and we will refer to them in more detail in the following pages. 3UHFHGHQWV 7KH6RFLDO,QGLFDWRUV0RYHPHQW The desire to learn about society is no new thing. What is a recent development is the application of strict methods that provide for a way to verify information, the results of which are also intended to be more than a purely intellectual or academic exercise on our milieu. At this point in time, Spain made the most of the social indicators movement that saw the light in the United States and opened the way to new concepts in the measurement of social phenomena. The social indicators movement was widely followed by Spanish social scientists. This was the result of the isolation of our sociology from the main theoretical currents and explanatory models related to social reality that until them had been adopted and cultivated (particularly, functionalism and Marxism). This movement also coincided with the indicative planning of Development Plans and the interest in transferring some economical tools (indicators) to the social sphere. The support for this movement, after it boomed in the United States, had a transcendental impact among social scientists and planners. The SI movement was part of an American governmental current that required tools WRLQFUHDVH RXUDELOLW\WRSODQSURJUHVVDQGWRGHYHORSWKHVRFLDOLQGLFDWRUVDQGVWDWLVWLFVUHTXLUHG WR FRPSOHWH WKRVH SUHSDUHG E\ WKH 1DWLRQDO 6WDWLVWLFV &HQWUH :LWK WKHVH PHWHULQJ LQVWUXPHQWVZHDUHEHWWHUDEOHWRPHDVXUHWKHGLVWDQFHZHKDYHWUDYHOOHGDQGZKDWZHSODQ IRUWKHIXWXUH 15 CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL (1994): España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid. 16 FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (JUAREZ, M. (Dir.)) (1994): V Informe sociológico sobre la situación social de España. Sociedad para todos en el año 2.000, Madrid 17 INE (1991): Indicadores Sociales Madrid. 18 INE: Panorámica social de España, Madrid Message from President Johnson to Congress on health and education. Quoted by R.A. Bauer. 10

11 It was clear that there was a need for tools to evaluate the impact on society of the policies that governments were developing. Thus, social indicators were seen as useful instruments for the administration of society as a whole 20 and to periodically evaluate the impact of government activities. Their objective is to obtain information on society in general, in order to determine the direction to be taken and provide the basis for planning and developing future policies. In other words, the idea was to have a social information system that would be useful for making political decisions. Bauer s book 21 is considered the main exponent of this movement, but nevertheless, the year it was published, the first Social Report that deserves the name was issued in Spain, under the patronage of the Foessa Foundation 22 and directed by Amando de Miguel, Manuel Gómez Reino and Francisco Andrés Orizo, with a large group of sociologists who thus made an important contribution to the renovation of Spanish sociology. This first report based on social indicators aspired to be a counterpoint to the use and abuse of economic indicators. The social indicators movement s initial intention to add value to the objective measurement of social phenomena in order to provide a global description of societies and be able to compare them, was soon overcome by the enormous technical and methodological difficulties involved. In Spain, this movement had a significant impact, but we believe that what was considered was not a system of macrosocial indicators like that of the United States, but a system with a more limited scope that would take partial aspects of social reality into account. 7KH&&%3ODQDQGWKH'HYHORSPHQW3ODQV A few years earlier, at the end of 1961, the CCB (Comunidad Cristiana de Bienes - Christian Community of Interests) Plan started an ambitious project to diagnose social needs in Spain. The Catholic Church, through Caritas Española, performed an extensive study on social problems, with a view to making the best use of their limited social action resources and to defining the Social Promotion, Social Aid and Charity Programme for the Church. Some authors identify it as the first Spanish Social Report, which tries to discover the most important problems in Spanish society and to help to solve them over a five-year period. As Demetrio Casado 23 says, the CCB Plan moved within the narrow margin that the Franco regime allowed for the analysis of social issues, and DGRSWV IRXU FRQVHTXHQW SRVLWLRQV,W LGHQWLILHV WKH LGHD RI XQGHUGHYHORSPHQW DV WKH NH\ WR WKH GLDJQRVLV RI WKH VRFLDO VLWXDWLRQLQWKHFRXQWU\,WDFFHSWVWKHVRFLDOGHILFLHQFLHVLQKHUHQWWRXQGHUGHYHORSPHQWDQGDVSLUHVWRPLWLJDWH WKHFXUUHQWQHHGVRIWKRVHZKRVXIIHU,WDFNQRZOHGJHVWKHFHQWUDOUROHRIGHYHORSPHQWDQGJRYHUQPHQWSROLFLHV 20 CASAS AZNAR, F. (1989): Técnicas de investigación social: los indicadores sociales y psicosociales, PPU, Barcelona 21 BAUER, R.A. (Ed) (1966); Social Indicators, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge. 22 Op. Cit. 23 CASADO, Demetrio (1999 ): (O3ODQ&&%MDOyQGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPStULFDHVSDxRODHQSUREOHPDV VRFLDOHV, en Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, nº 20, pag. 11

12 ,W WULHV WR FDOO WKH DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH G\VIXQFWLRQDO FRQVHTXHQFHV WKDW DUH LQHYLWDEO\ SURGXFHG E\ HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW DV WKH UHVXOW RI D SURFHVV RI FKDQJH DQG WR QHXWUDOLVHDQGUHOLHYHWKHPDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOH In accordance with these principles, Cáritas Española decided to carry out a broad study in response to the need to allocate resources where they are most needed and to govern the social action for which it is responsible. To summarise, the results that the Plan is designed for consist of: Obtaining precise and objective knowledge of existing social and individual needs in Spain. A knowledge of the possible resources to cover those needs. The research that Caritas Española so diligently carried out covered Spanish society as a whole and was the first empirical research on social problems in Spain after the Spanish civil war. The results started to appear in , in three volumes, the last of which was published in The CCB Plan includes the analysis of a series of basic necessities (food, health, education, housing, employment and social community) in 360 homogeneous social areas, with the idea of developing local plans for the more needy areas, in which the social activities carried out by the Church are able to concentrate on the most urgent problems. The systematic study of social reality becomes, then, an essential requirement for the rational and effective planning that the Church in Spain makes use of with no false charitable modesty. Sociology is not an academic luxury, but a response to the need of modern societies and institutions to have instruments capable of helping planners to predict the impact of their actions. The economic development that was the objective of the different Programmes established by the Spanish Government at the time has its correlation in the social changes that were taking place and that were favoured by the Plans. Economic information was fundamental for the modernisation of the country (just as it has been a predominant factor in many recent periods of history and is high up on the list of government priorities), and to foster the development that was to bring us closer to our neighbouring countries, but it was soon seen that although it permitted planning the use of limited components, the impact on the human groups to which they were to be applied had to be taken into account. Social aspects began to come to the forefront when planners were forced to consider the impact of their decisions on people s attitudes, perceptions and behaviour. It is not only planning that makes societies move forward. They have their own dynamics that are not automatically linked to pure economic reasoning. The volume on the Human and Social Factors of the Development Plan, published in 1963, emphasises this impact and adds to the force given at the time to the study of Spanish society. The social consequences of development thus became essential for different government policies. In the introduction to the 1 st Foessa Report 25, this objective becomes evident when it mentions that, together with the CCB Plan and the volume on the Human and Social 24 Op. Cit. 25 Op. Cit. 12

13 Factors of the Development Plan, it contributed to the consolidation of a YHU\ XVHIXO LQVWUXPHQWIRUWKRVHZKRDUHLQVRPHZD\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUJRYHUQLQJWKHOLIHRIWKHFRXQWU\ WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDV\VWHPRIVRFLDOLQGLFDWRUVDQGVHULHVRIKLVWRULFGDWDUHODWHGWRWKH VRFLDO VWUXFWXUH DQG WKH VRFLDO SUREOHPV RI WKH FRXQWU\ ZKLFK IURP D VSHFLILFDOO\ VRFLRORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHFRPSOHWHWKHSUHGRPLQDQWO\HFRQRPLFYLVLRQWKDWZHQRZKDYHRI RXUVLWXDWLRQDQGRXUSUREOHPV 6RFLDO7UHQG5HSRUWV Social trend reports are a particular sub-type of social reports that, in view of their singularity and popularity, we intend to analyse separately. They are based on a different basic idea and analyse social reality using the trend concept as their starting point. Qualitative and quantitative techniques, surveys, secondary analyses of primary data and the use of secondary sources of information have been used to obtain an overview of the trends in Spanish society. The first one carried out is part of a wide ranging international project concerned with the study of social change in advanced industrial societies, and makes use of a single outline for the study of trends. Spain takes part in this project together with Germany, France, Greece, the United States, Quebec, Italy, Russia and Bulgaria, and the group is known as the International Group for the Comparative Charting of Social Change (CCSC). The general purposes of this group, as specified by Theodore Caplow 26, are as follows: To prepare a comprehensive and quantitatively based description of recent social trends in advanced industrial societies. To identify similarities and differences in these societies related to current social trends. To subject these similarities and differences to comparative analyses. To develop a new social change model based on this data. To establish landmarks to follow future social changes. The project module is the national trend profile or report, covering 78 sectors that are common to all the countries taking part. Each national report presents and interprets trends related to these sectors in accordance with a common system: a summary, an explanatory text, a set of statistical tables and graphs and a basic bibliography. The quality of data and sources is a basic criteria for trend analysis. Ideally, as Caplow says, WREHXVHGLQDUHSRUWDVHULHVVKRXOGFRQVLVWRIHPSLULFDOPHDVXUHPHQWVUHIHUWRDQ HQWLUH VRFLHW\ RU D UHSUHVHQWDWLYH VDPSOH RI WKDW VRFLHW\ FRYHU D SHULRG RI DW OHDVW WHQ \HDUV LQFOXGH GDWD UHFRUGHG DW WKUHH RU PRUH PRPHQWV LQ WLPH EH VXVFHSWLEOH WR LQGHSHQGHQWYHULILFDWLRQDQGUHSOLFDEOHLQWKHVDPHVRFLHW\DQGLQRWKHUV 26 CAPLOW, T. (1993): Preface to DEL CAMPO, S.(dir): Tendencias sociales en España, , Fundación BBV, Bilbao, pag Ibid, pag

14 In the Spanish report prepared under the direction of Salustiano del Campo 28, the requirements for this project in all the countries gave rise to a thorough collection of data and indicators and their prior evaluation to be included as research material. The Spanish report offers basic material for the analysis and comprehension of recent social change in our country, but has international comparative objectives. Without them, it would be difficult to determine LI WKH WUHQGV REVHUYHG LQ D FRQFUHWH QDWLRQDO VRFLHW\ DUH ORFDO DFFLGHQWVRUFKDUDFWHULVWLFRID EURDGHU V\VWHP" 29 with a view to the construction of an explanatory model of social change in the last third of the century. The 78 trends analysed in the Spanish trend report were grouped into 17 sectors that correspond to the systematization established for the original project. In this context, a trend has been used as the minimum unit for the interpretation of social change, understood as the direction taken by a statistical series in the medium term once the short-term variations are neutralised. In other words, Del Campo suggests that trend analysis increases the possibilities of other approaches and at the same time is not subject to their limitations. 7KHPHDVXUHPHQWDQGHYROXWLRQRIDFKLHYHPHQWVLQUHDFKLQJREMHFWLYHVRUVRFLDOFRQFHUQV DQG RI WKH GHWHFWLRQ RI GHILFLHQFLHV LV ZKDW FKDUDFWHULVHV WKH VRFLDO UHSRUWV WKDW SUROLIHUDWHG LQ WKH VL[WLHV DQG FRQWLQXH WRGD\ ZKHUHDV DFFRXQWLQJ FDVKIORZV DQG WKH EDODQFHEHWZHHQLQSXWVDQGRXWSXWVEHORQJWRWKHILHOGRIDFFRXQWLQJV\VWHPVDQGEDODQFH VKHHWVDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVHYHQWXDOO\WKHYHU\UDLVRQG rwuhriwuhqgdqdo\vlvzklfklv ERWKDJOREDODQGKHXULVWLFPHWKRG Since 1995, following in the wake of trends but with a prospective and anticipatory nature, the Social Trends Study Group 3132 associated with Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) (Spanish Open University) has been carrying out research with quantitative (opinion polls) and qualitative (Delphi studies, discussion groups and others) techniques, to discover the SHUFHSWLRQV WKDW DYHUDJH FLWL]HQV KDYH RI WKH PDLQ VRFLDO FKDQJHV DQG LQQRYDWLRQV WKDW DUH QRZ RFFXUULQJ DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI WKH WHFKQRORJLFDO UHYROXWLRQDQGRWKHUUHFXUULQJVRFLDOSURFHVVHV The general survey on social trends has been carried out every year since 1995 with a representative sample of the Spanish population over 18 years of age. Since then, there have been five surveys that allow us ³QRW RQO\ WR EH DZDUH RI SXEOLF RSLQLRQ V DSSUHFLDWLRQRIVHYHUDOUHOHYDQWWUHQGVEXWDOVRWRIROORZWKHHYROXWLRQRIWKRVHWUHQGVLQ WKHSXEOLFSHUFHSWLRQ These general surveys are complemented by other monographic polls and Delphi studies applied to groups of Spanish experts on particular trends in their respective areas, which are completed with secondary sources of information. This work leads to specific forecasts, with an estimate of the precision of the predictions, years in which they will occur and the 28 DEL CAMPO, S.(dir) (1993): Tendencias sociales en España, , Fundación BBV, Bilbao. 29 CAPLOW, T. (1993), Op.Cit, page Op. Cit., page TEZANOS, J.F.; MONTERO, J.M.; DÍAZ, J.A. (eds.) (1997): Tendencias de futuro en la sociedad española. Primer Foro sobre Tendencias Sociales, Edit. Sistema, Madrid, TEZANOS, J.F (2000): Escenarios del nuevo siglo. Cuarto Foro sobre Tendencias Sociales, Edit. Sistema, Madrid 33 GETS, report dated 2/6/ Ibid 14

15 evaluation of eventual impacts and social and political consequences, establishing future scenarios for several concrete fields. Both research groups start with different premises when it comes to analysing the evolutionary trends of Spanish society. If the work of Del Campo and his collaborators starts from the analysis of time series, using secondary sources of information to estimate the foreseeable evolution of our society in each field analysed, the GETS, co-ordinated by Professor José Felix Tezanos, considers how the Spanish population perceives its future evolution and what the experts predict, establishing future scenarios. (Table 1) 7DEOH *URXSIRU&RPSDUDWLYH6RFLDO&KDUWLQJ 6RFLDO7UHQGV6WXG\*URXS 0.- Context *HQHUDOVXUYH\ 1.- Age groups.- Employment and economic trends 2.- Micro-social relations.- Family and relationship trends 3.- Women.- Social and political trends 4.- Employment market.- Quality of life trends 5.- Work and management 'HOSKLVWXGLHV 6.- Social stratification.- Scientific and technological trends 7.- Social relations.- Stratification and social inequality trends 8.- State and service institutions.- Trends in social exclusion 9.- Mobilising institutions.- Tends in automation and robotics 10.- Institutions of the social forces.- Occupational trends 11.- Ideology.- The house of the future 12.- Domestic resources.- Employment market trends 13.- Life styles 14.- Leisure 15.- General education 16.- Marginalisation 17.- Attitudes and values 6RFLDO5HSRUWV%DVHGRQ6XUYH\V The social indicators movement emphasised the information systems that were essential for collecting data to construct comprehensive indicators of social reality. It defends sample studies as the main source for the necessary social indicators, although it does not reject other more conventional sources. The survey, then, becomes a fundamental instrument for sociological research, supported by new computer tools and statistical data analysis. Among the Social Reports based on surveys we find the Foessa Reports, to which we will repeatedly refer. The fifth and last report published 35 dates from Op. Cit. 15

16 In 1992, the director of the first two reports, Amando de Miguel 36, started a series of studies with a methodological profile that is reminiscent of the first Foessa work, and has published the results of his research every year in five broad range reports. Another study, more limited in scope but which provides an interesting profile of Spanish society based on the results of a survey was directed by Salustiano del Campo 37 in 1993 for the Fundación Independiente. It gathers the opinions of the Spanish population on very varied issues with the idea of providing a view of Spain at a specific moment in time. These three groups of reports have formed the backbone of Social Reports based on surveys in Spain, and are completed with others that have used other methods and sources of information, which we analyse later. 7KH)2(66$)RPHQWRGH(VWXGLRV6RFLDOHV\GH6RFLRORJtD$SOLFDGD5HSRUWV In 1965, the Foessa Foundation was created to contribute to the scientific analysis of Spanish society and develop a system of indicators to REVHUYH DQDO\VH DQG HYDOXDWH VRFLDOIDFWVDQGSKHQRPHQDDQGWKHLUHYROXWLRQZLWKREMHFWLYHDQGXQLIRUPFULWHULDDQG IRU WKLV V\VWHP RI VRFLDO LQGLFDWRUV WR EH ODWHU DSSOLFDEOH WR VRFLDO UHVHDUFK LQ 6SDLQ WR PRQLWRU E\ PHDQV RI IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK WKH HYROXWLRQ RI WKH VLWXDWLRQ WKXV OHDGLQJ WR D EHWWHUNQRZOHGJHRIVRFLDOUHDOLW\LQRXUFRXQWU\ A year later the first report appeared. It was directed by Amando de Miguel 39 at the head of a select group of sociologists, and analysed the data provided in a wide range survey plus information from different secondary sources. The initial idea was to include all the pertinent information in one vast report, emphasising situations that were a reflection of the most serious problems of social inequality or economic and cultural poverty in Spain. The Foessa Reports intended to carry out periodical studies on the social situation in Spain, fundamentally based on primary information provided by surveys and also using statistics that had already been published. They responded to the pressing need to have first hand information to orient the direction in which society was moving and to become aware of the consequences of development. We must not forget that, as some of its authors acknowledge, the idea was to define a social situation with the immediate, practical objective of making the right decisions to relieve some of its tensions or deficiencies 40. Foessa also acknowledges that to do this, it is necessary to establish ³SRLQWVRIUHIHUHQFH WKDWOLNHWKHLQGLFDWRUVWKDWHFRQRPLFVFLHQFHXVHVLQLWVRZQILHOGDOORZXVWRHVWDEOLVK REMHFWLYH FULWHULD IRU WKH REVHUYDWLRQ DQDO\VLV DQG HYDOXDWLRQ RI VRFLDO IDFWV DQG SKHQRPHQDVRWKDWWKH\OHDGWRVFLHQWLILFNQRZOHGJHZLWKDVKLJKDOHYHORIFHUWDLQW\DV SRVVLEOH 36 DE MIGUEL, A.: La sociedad española , Alianza Editorial-UCM, Madrid, DEL CAMPO, S. (1993): Estado actual y perspectivas de la sociedad española, Fundación Independiente, Madrid. 38 MIGUEL, A.; DIEZ NICOLAS, J.; MEDINA, A. (1967): Op. Cit. Page 7 39 Op. Cit. 40 DE MIGUEL, Jesús (1994). Op. Cit. 41 Ibid. 16

17 The first two reports, 1966 and 1970, had the unitary character that gave them the same direction and content structure, The work carried out by Amando de Miguel, who won the call for projects launched by Foessa to establish a system of social indicators, marks the references of these two initial studies. Foessa, and the authors of the first two reports, started work convinced that the social indicators model that they proposed would be used for subsequent studies. This would be a way of monitoring Spanish social reality to be able to observe and describe its evolution. In a way, the third report, in 1975, breaks off from this model and is fragmented into subjects based on a common survey. Directed by Juan Díez Nicolas and Luis González Seara, it contains nine different studies by different authors. The change that this approach represented and its complexity is described by Enrique Martín López 42 in the final chapter, (DFK FKDSWHU ZDV DOORFDWHG WR D GLIIHUHQW UHVHDUFK WHDP ZLWK WKH IUHHGRP WR FKRVH WKH DSSURDFK DQG WKH WUHDWPHQW In this third report, the previous editions changed into a group of studies with different approaches and techniques. To overcome the risk of a lack of unity and conceptual integration, the studies are based on a single primary source, with a unified questionnaire and a single team responsible for data collection 43. This main source is completed with the secondary sources, approach and presentation that each research team saw fit. The rupture with the previous reports even affects the name, confirming the variety of approaches that are present in the third report. If the earlier and subsequent editions identify their unitary perspective with the generic title of Sociological report..., the disparity of approaches on this occasion is revealed in the name Sociological studies.... It was inevitable that the emphasis of the fourth report in 1983 would be on the political change that Spain had experienced since 1975, and the main body of the study was based on a complex survey programme initiated in These surveys analysed the transition to democracy and the crystallisation of the political party system up to There was a poll on the 1976 referendum on political reform, a poll after the referendum in 1977, a political poll in 1978, a poll after the 1979 elections and an analysis of the trade union elections of Possibly as a concession to the previous Foessa reports, five independent studies on aspects such as stratification and inequality, education, family, religion and health appear in the second volume on social change in Spain. The 5 th Foessa Report on the social situation in Spain, published in 1994, returns to the original structure of the second report, which was adapted to the new challenges facing Spanish society. With the sub-heading "Society for all in the year 2000", it has the unitary approach based on a general survey with the shared responsibility of different authors who analyse different segments of our society. It includes two new chapters related to information technologies and leisure and lifestyles. In the words of Juan J. Linz, this series of reports has provided a photograph and an x-ray of many aspects of Spanish society, DIIRUGLQJ D FRPSOH[ DQG YHU\ ULFK YLHZ RI 42 MARTIN LOPEZ, E. (1976): $VSHFWRVVRFLDOHV\SROtWLFRVGHOGHVDUUROORHFRQyPLFRHVSDxRO, in FUNDACIÓN FOESSA: Estudios sociológicos sobre la situacións ocial de España, 1975, Eurámérica, Madrid, page FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (1976): Op. Cit, page XVI 44 DE MIGUEL, Jesús M. (1994), Op. Cit. Page

18 LQIRUPDWLRQLQDOOLWVGLPHQVLRQV,WLVQRWH[DJJHUDWHGWRVD\WKDWWKHVXPRIWKHYROXPHV VSRQVRUHG E\ WKH )RHVVD )RXQGDWLRQ UHSUHVHQWV D PRQXPHQWDO DFKLHYHPHQW WKDW LV XQSDUDOOHOHGLQRWKHU(XURSHDQFRXQWULHV The unitary and supposedly global surveys on which the Foessa reports were based, have adapted their content to the network of the most significant or relevant phenomena of the historic moment in which they were conducted. The social problems and needs in our country in the periods to which they refer have been adequately portrayed. If we compare the content of the first Foessa report with the last to be published, their similarities and differences are both quite surprising. Doubtless the functional objectives of the studies are different, but after all, the directors and authors have followed the tradition of the first reports, with the attention on the existing social structure and the social problems at each moment in time, adjusting content and approaches but remaining faithful to the original idea. A detailed analysis of the content of the Reports and the circumstances to which they had responded since 1966 appeared in the first chapter of the last Foessa report published. This is Jesús Mª de Miguel s 46 own particular tribute to the pioneers who helped to set the foundations for Spanish empirical sociology. Table 2 offers the basic layout of the different reports, plus the study directed by Amando de Miguel to establish a System of Social Indicators. Although this layout is smaller or larger depending on the most significant phenomena at the time the reports were written, and on the sectors in which they were interested, there is a common part that has survived over the years. Subsequent Foessa reports have maintained a similar structure to tackle the great problems of Spanish society. The structural aspects of Spanish society are part of a global analysis that is derived from the study of sectorial aspects, in accordance with the system of social indicators to which we have previously referred. The basic layout of all the Foessa reports has been a structural study based on a combination of demographic and economic factors with an analysis of stratification and social mobility, including the political and religious systems wherever possible. This central analysis is completed with a sectorial study of problems and needs. The first part of the reports is dedicated to the most elementary structural aspect of a society, its population. This is not included in the fourth report which, has we have seen, is particularly interested in the political changes in Spain. An analysis of the social and economic structure, stratification, mobility, inequality, marginalisation and poverty in Spanish society, is present in all the Foessa reports, from different viewpoints. In the third report, in 1965, stratification and class structure is exceptionally treated from a Marxist perspective. Economic development gave rise to many different problems due to the lack of synchronisation in the development of all the different sectors in the country, which in some cases had a negative impact on existing regional differences that had been targeted for elimination. These regional differences were considered in the first Foessa report in the study on Spanish socio-economic structure and have remained in the following reports in a cross-sectional manner. 45 FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (1994): V Informe Sociológico sobre la Situación Social de España, Madrid, page XXVIII 46 DE MIGUEL, J.M. (1994), Op. Cit. 18

19 In the first Foessa there is a notable absence of politics and religion, which are included in following reports with different results. Political and associative life was considered in the second study, but was prevented from being published as part of the complete Report, thwarting somewhat the idea of linking the problems to the structure 47. Health and education are two sectorial aspects of Spanish society that the Foessa reports paid special attention to from the beginning. Work, employment and unemployment have been present in all the reports, except the fourth, which used them in the analysis of stratification and social inequality. The feeding and nutrition of the Spanish population was a permanent concern of the authors of the first reports, which centred their attention on the nutritional level, food potential and eating habits in Spain. Economic development and living conditions changed considerably during the 70 s and this concern is no longer evident after The family structure and the evolution of family models appear in the second Foessa and continue throughout the rest of the series. Housing and town planning are the subject of research in the first, second and fifth. Another aspect that has been recurrently considered, and is a specific concern of the early reports, are attitudes and values. Aspects such as consumption, leisure, social services, equipment and the use of time have also been considered in some of the reports, but have not become a permanent addition to the basic Foessa layout. The last report has a specific section on information technologies, which is fundamental to understand the changes that are taking place in our society, in relation to the new information era and its impact on every aspect of our lives. 47 DE MIGUEL, J.M. (1994, Op. Cit., pag. 8 19

20

21 7DEOH &RQWHQWRIWKH)RHVVD5HSRUWVDQGWKH6\VWHPRI6RFLDO,QGLFDWRUV )RHVVD 6\VWHPRI6RFLDO )RHVVD )RHVVD )RHVVD )RHVVD,QGLFDWRUV $'H0LJXHO Social change Regional differences Leisure and life styles Population Population structure and movements Population Population Population, structure and social inequality Economic structure Socio-economic structure Socio-economic structure Stratification and classes Stratification and social Income policies inequality Social mobility Stratification and social Stratification and mobility Stratification and mobility mobility Poverty Marginalised sectors and situations of poverty Poverty and marginalisation Religious life Religious situation Religion Religion Values Attitudes and values Psychosociology Political and associative Political and associative Politics Political change The political system life life The family Family Family Family Family Food Food Food Health Health Health Health and food Health, social security and Health and health care social services Education Education Education and science Education Education Education Work Work and income distribution Work Work, consumption and leisure Employment and unemployment Housing Town planning and Housing Housing housing Social equipment Equipment Social action and Social Services Information technologies 21

22 6SDQLVK6RFLHW\5HSRUWV In 1992 and with the sponsorship of the Complutense Foundation, Amando de Miguel started a series of studies on Spanish society with a view to identifying the basic elements of its social structure and daily life. The author himself acknowledges that this project is indebted to the two Reports that he directed for the Foessa Foundation in the 60 s. The methodology is similar, WU\LQJWRKDUPRQLVHWZRW\SHVRIGDWDDQGVRXUFHVPDWHULDOWKDW KDVDOUHDG\EHHQSXEOLVKHGVWDWLVWLFVWKHUHVXOWVRIGLIIHUHQWVXUYH\VQHZVDQGQHZVSDSHU DUWLFOHV ZLWK WKH SULPDU\ LQIRUPDWLRQ SURYLGHG E\ D ODUJH VXUYH\ FRQGXFWHG IRU WKLV SXUSRVH 48. The survey he designed is based on three population groups or basic strata of the adult population, following the same sampling design as the first two Foessa studies: housewives between 30 and 64 years of age, active population between 30 and 64 and young people between 18 and 29. With this method and the collaboration of a group of social scientists, he has compiled five comprehensive reports on Spanish society, the last of which refers to the 1996/1997 period. The structure of these reports is reminiscent in a way of the Foessa studies. We must not forget that Amando de Miguel was a key figure in directing and writing the 1966 and 1970 reports. However, the selection of and approach to the phenomena considered do not respond to the same criteria. If we observe table II, the sectorial aspects included in the different reports are very varied and only some of them centre the author s interest on more than one occasion. 48 DE MIGUEL, A. (1992): Op. Cit. p.15 22

23 7DEOH &RQWHQWRIWKH5HSRUWVRQ6SDQLVK6RFLHW\'LUHFWHGE\$PDQGRGH0LJXHO 6SDQLVKVRFLHW\ 6SDQLVKVRFLHW\ 6SDQLVKVRFLHW\ 6SDQLVKVRFLHW\ 6SDQLVKVRFLHW\ Spain, a vital and demoralised Spain s position in the world The two keys to Spanish reality society Economy Economic pessimism Population and health Population and health Demography Welfare, food and life styles Welfare, food and lifestyles Health and food Daily life Tastes and pleasures Home, family and marriage Family and social mobility Social stratification Values and beliefs Feelings and values Permissivity and expressivity Civic culture Moral position concerning Religion religion Social problems The elderly Old age (marginalisation, violence and drugs) Education and work Education Political culture Political culture Political culture and opinion Electoral preferences Students at the Universidad Complutense The social structure of the Spanish regions Language and nationalism The media Military service and the army The media Spain and international politics 23

24 6RFLDO5HSRUWV%DVHGRQ6HFRQGDU\'DWD Unitary surveys have helped to provide social reports with a primary source of data that conditions their structure and content to a considerable extent. The different authors contributions primarily stem from the data and information provided by that source, to which they apply their own perspective and personal interpretation, completing their work with data from other sources and adopting an integrating position that allows them to verify what is shown by the survey. The exclusive use of secondary sources, either the secondary analysis of primary sources or the use of data and information already studied for the same or a similar purpose, is quite a different question. Nowadays in Spain we have much more primary statistical information than ever before, collected by independent social researchers or official bodies, and we also have collections of highly valuable statistical data and information made by public and private organisations. As Salustiano del Campo says, PDFURVXUYH\V ZKLFK ZHUH VR SRSXODU LQ WKH VL[WLHV DQG VHYHQWLHV DUH QR ORQJHU HVVHQWLDO 7KHUH DUH PRQRJUDSKVVSHFLDOVXUYH\VFROOHFWLRQVDQGGDWDEDVHVDYDLODEOHIRUVWXGHQWVRI6SDQLVK VRFLHW\WKDWDUHDWWLPHVQRWHYHQWREHIRXQGLQRXUQHLJKERXULQJFRXQWULHV The flexibility that authors obtain from the existing information gives general reports a richness that is lost in the inevitably limited questionnaires used by reports based on surveys. General reports pay attention to aspects of reality that can not be handled in survey-based studies, and are better adapted to the most significant social phenomena of the time. Numerous reports have used this approach. Each of them develops its own perspective to obtain knowledge on the social situation of the country, thus enriching the approach to Spanish social reality from different points of view, and often providing complementary, and occasionally coincident, overviews, depending of which aspects have received most attention. The 60 s saw the deployment of social reports, and the 70 s witnessed their consolidation. The first large study of the decade based on secondary sources of information was performed under the planning umbrella of the final years of the dictatorship. La España de los años represented a gigantic effort to collect the data, statistics and reports previously generated, into a broad analysis of Spanish society made at the beginning of the decade. Directed by Manuel Fraga, Juan Velarde and Salustiano del Campo, it systematised all the information available at that time in an attempt at sociological comprehension applied to different sectors in the life of our country. This work was published in the middle of a process of social change, which had begun some years earlier and which preceded the political changes that were to occur a few years later, and its results are highly significant for an understanding of present Spanish society. The report does not use the same formula as the first FOESSA studies, because it commissioned the most important monographic studies on each sphere from different specialists, and was so successful that FOESSA itself would return to this approach in Vol I was concerned 49 DEL CAMPO, S.(dir) (1993): Tendencias sociales en España, , Fundación BBV, Bilbao, page Op. Cit. 24

25 with Society, and directed by Salustiano del Campo. Vol II, under the direction of Juan Velarde, was a look at the economy, and Vol III, in two tomes, examined the administration and politics under the editorship of Manuel Fraga. The work was carried out by an excellent group of highly qualified collaborators 51, who researched new sectors of interest and others that had already been the subject of previous Reports. Among the first, we should mention an analysis of rural society, the cultural areas of Spain, the mass media and the creation of public opinion. This last issue would not be included in a report again until much later. It also paid special attention to deviant behaviour in Spain. For the first time, this section considered the phenomenon of drug consumption as a fatalist form of conduct. In a way, it predicted the importance of this consumption in the 80 s in what was known as the heroin epidemic. It also covered, with a different perspective and in separate sections, an analysis of the economic élite, the working class and occupational relations, together with the town planning process in Spain. Sociological reflections on Spanish society as a whole in the context of this type of report would not be appearing again until the 80 s. The studies directed by Juan José Linz 52 in 1984 and Salvador Giner 53 in 1989, follow the pattern of Vol I of La España de los años 70. In the 90 s, others use similar approaches, such as the report directed by Alonso Zaldivar and Manuel Castells 54 in 1992 and the two-volume report edited by José Vidal Beneyto 55 in The volume directed by Salvador Giner on society and politics in Spain, was part of a collection on Spain in which subsequent texts were concerned with economic, scientific, territorial, cultural and other considerations. According to Giner himself, the studies published in this volume were written as substantial and independent studies on many aspects of Spanish social reality,,kdyhwulhgwrjdwkhudexqfkrifulwlfdov\qwkhvhvrirxu SUHVHQWUHDOLW\DQGWRSURMHFWWKHPLQWRWKHIRUHVHHDEOHIXWXUHVRWKDWWKHUHDGHULVDEOHWR JHW DQ LGHD RI WKH SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG SUREOHPV WKDW IDFH WKH 6SDQLVK SRSXODWLRQ RQ WKH WKUHVKROGRIWKHWKLUGPLOOHQQLXP 56 Professor Giner starts his study with a summary entitled "España en la encrucijada", which offers an overview of the contributions of the partial studies that make up the volume. He sees the work as DJHQHUDOYLHZRIRXUUHFHQWDQGSUHVHQWHYROXWLRQ>@WKHQDWXUHDQG WUHQGVRI6SDQLVKVRFLHW\LQLWVSUREOHPDWLFHQWLUHW\ It includes contributions from a numerous group of authors, including some that had previously been associated to similar joint efforts. The subjects that attract their interest are very similar to those tackled in the previous Reports, with the exception of the work by 51 The authors responsible for the different chapters were Luis González Seara, Juan Diez Nicolas, Carlos Moya, Carmelo Lisón Tolosana, José Ramón Torregrosa, Jose A. Garmendía, Roberto Sancho, Juan José Caballero, Manuel Navarro, Santiago Gubern and Juan del Pino 52 LINZ, J.J. (1984) : España: un presente para el futuro. Vol I: La sociedad, Instituto de Estudios Económicos, Madrid 53 GINER, S.(Dir.) (1990): España: sociedad y política Espasa-Calpe, Madrid 54 ALONSO ZALDIVAR, C.A.; CASTELLS, M. (1992): España fin de siglo, Alianza Editorial, Madrid. 55 VIDAL-BENEYTO, J. (Ed.) (1991): España a debate. Vol I: La política. Vol II: La sociedad Tecnos, Madrid. 56 Op. Cit., page Ibid 25

26 Fernando Reinares on terrorism and by Domingo Comas on drugs and their evolution in Spanish society. José Vidal-Beneyto undertook to edit a similar project which, in two volumes with different co-ordinators and under the common title of España a debate 58, is a consideration of Spanish politics and society at the start of the 90 s. The editor himself describes the way the work is approached in the introductory text, when he says that 59 XQOLNHRWKHUVLPLODU SURMHFWVWKHDQDO\VLVRI6SDQLVKUHDOLW\E\DVHULHVRIH[SHUWVIURPGLIIHUHQWVSKHUHVLQ WKLVFDVHWKHUHKDVQRWEHHQDSULRUFRQVHQVXVRQREMHFWLYHVDQGPRGDOLWLHVWRHVWDEOLVK SUHGRPLQDQWWHQGHQFLHVDQGDFRPPRQIUDPHZRUNIRUWKHFRQWULEXWLRQV1HLWKHUKDVWKHLU EHHQDMRLQWVWXG\DSRVWHULRULWRHYDOXDWHWKHUHVXOWVDQGFRUUHFWDQ\SDWHQWDQGGLVWXUELQJ GHYLDWLRQV The first of the volumes deals with politics and covers a good number of totally up-to-date issues. The second is concerned with the social situation, and provides a detailed analysis of several aspects of Spanish social reality. In the words of the editor, the texts included in this work were intended to be 60, ³DFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHGHEDWHRQ6SDQLVKUHDOLW\EDODQFH DQGIXWXUHSURVSHFWVWKDWWKH362( V3URJUDPPHLQYLWHGDOOWKHSURJUHVVLYHVHFWRUV RI RXU VRFLHW\ WR MRLQ. It is, then, indebted to the party, in as much as it is a complementary analysis that forms part of the socialist project, even though many of the authors show no trace of a party position. In this respect, Vidal-Beneyto responds that the authors 61 ³DUH D JURXS RI 6SDQLVK VRFLDO VFLHQWLVWV ZHOO NQRZQ SROLWLFDO DQG VRFLDO DQDO\VWVWRWDOO\FRPPLWWHGLQGLIIHUHQWZD\VDQGRQGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVWRSXEOLF DOWKRXJK QRWVWULFWO\SROLWLFDOVHUYLFHWRWKHFRXQWU\7KH\KDYHQRWRQO\DFFHSWHGWKHSULQFLSOHRI SOXUDOLW\ EXW DOVR WKH SOXUDOLVP RI WKHLU DXWKRUVKLS The project was financed by the Friedrich Naumann Foundation saw the appearance of the first annual Report on Spanish society sponsored by the Fundación Encuentro 62. Compiled by a large team of collaborators, it faces the yearly challenge of reflecting the most significant phenomena in Spanish society based on a common framework of interpretation. The issues it covers vary from year to year. In the seven that have so far been published, we can find a general view of the most significant trends and processes related to the social changes that have occurred in Spain. Each one pays special attention to one particular subject. The latest report deals specifically with the mobile phone phenomenon and new communication technologies. The interpretative background that the different authors use responds to the need for a global analysis and explanation of the main phenomena covered by the annual Report. They are all based on a series of interpretative theses, which are applied to a description of the most significant social phenomena in Spain, and completed with indicators and relevant data on the issue concerned. The framework for the different sectors of Spanish society includes growth and development, production and competitiveness, social welfare, education and social cohesion, territory, etc. 58 Op. Cit.. 59 Op. Cit, page XXXIX 60 Op. Cit, page XI 61 Ibid 62 FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO (1994): España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid. 26

27 They each develop several specific aspects that are updated yearly depending on the situation. This table shows the issues covered in the first and the last of the reports published by this Foundation. 7DEOH )XQGDFLyQ(QFXHQWUR5HSRUWV 6WUXFWXUH 6SDLQ 6SDLQ Production and competitiveness The Reform of labour relations in Spain. Crisis of the Welfare State Social welfare Health and the health care system The protection of infancy Territory Growth and development Education and social cohesion Territorial distribution of political power as a means of State integration and democratisation Professional training: an occupational challenge Lower education reforms Citizens involvement in local politics The challenge of competitiveness and quality: the building industry Employment and training in the building industry Spanish university students are changing Citizenship and the disabled 6XUYH\'DWDEDVHV 7KH'DWDEDVHRI&,6&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV6RFLROyJLFDV The Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) is the main public institution that is dedicated to the scientific knowledge of Spanish society. It is an independent body, under the Ministry of the Presidency. Its present structure and name date from 1977, although its predecessor, the Instituto de la Opinión Pública (IOP Institute for Public Opinion), was founded in 1963 and their surveys keept since them. Since it was created, the CIS has been a privileged witness of the great transformations experienced by Spain and has contributed, by conducting over 1,200 public opinion polls, to a better knowledge of social and political reality in this last quarter of a century. The CIS collection of surveys has been treated and made accessible to scholars and researchers. To the surveys conducted by the CIS itself, we must add qualitative studies and investigations carried out by other institutions, such as the CIRES, or international studies such as the European survey on values. The CIS data bank contains the more than 1,600 studies that are described in a detailed catalogue of their 27

28 characteristics and the related products to which access is provided. These include the marginal notes of the surveys, and the raw data files, which can be then analysed in accordance with particular needs. It is also possible to request tables or specific data analyses. This collection of data is completed with time series of indicators and indices, and specific studies available on CD-ROM with all the information from the different surveys available. 7KH 'DWDEDVHV RI &,5(6 &HQWUR SDUD OD,QYHVWLJDFLyQ GH OD 5HDOLGDG 6RFLDO (VSDxROD A quarter of a century after Foessa s call for projects to establish a system of social indicators, Juan Diez Nicolás, the author of one of the finalist projects, started an ambitious study to offer systematic information on Spanish society, based on monthly monographic surveys, to scholars, researchers, social scientists and all who are interested in a database on our society. The attention of these surveys was on specific spheres of Spanish society, but with the particularity that they all included one common part. This was the CIRES (Centro para la Investigación de la Realidad Social Española Centre for Research on Spanish Social Reality) project, which conducted 47 surveys from 1990 on, which gave rise to five large annual reports that included the most significant findings and a basically descriptive analysis of the results. Although this is not a unitary social report, like those published by FOESSA, The amount of information provided and the attempt to study broad time series from a common set of indicators, represents a highly significant contribution to sociological knowledge. The CIRES studies deal more with social problems that specific sectors (drugs, supranational identification, attitudes towards immigrants, the elderly, among others). Besides the descriptive analysis of the data performed by the CIRES itself in its annual volumes 63, by subscription one could access the raw data files and the definition of variables for later use. Spanish researchers and social scientists thus had, totally free of cost, a primary source of data on different spheres of Spanish reality to perform specific analyses in accordance with their needs. This database, then, is a relevant source of information on Spanish society during the period in which it was established and has been the origin of a large variety of studies and Ph. D. The sis. This data, and the surveys from which they are taken, are now available through the international survey and social studies archive, ARCES, on the Web page of the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas. But in addition to the singularity of this contribution, the CIRES project established a system of indicators that was common to all the surveys, which permitted detailed monitoring of the evolution of our society, with the possibility of aggregating the individual interviews in a sample of 12,000 questionnaires a year. The set of variables, indicators and indexes that the CIRES project covered referred to up to 50 variables related to the home, the interviewee, indicators and attitude indexes. It is a good example of the application of a homogenous system of indicators with a view to a global explanation of Spanish society. The following table shows some of the indexes used during five years of research. 63 CIRES (1992): La realidad social en España, , Fundación BBV-Bilbao Bizcaia Kutxa-Caja de Madrid, Bilbao 28

29 &,5(6,1'(;(6 Socio-economic family status Social position Geographic mobility Personal concerns Satisfaction with life Personal state of mind Personal optimism Social optimism World optimism Spatial identification Time orientation Happiness Idealism Dogmatism Intolerance Authoritarianism Transcendentalism Traditionalism Moralism Uncertainty about the future Political alienation Fatalism Postmaterialism Social relations 29

30 /LVWRI6RFLDO5HSRUWV 1. ALONSO ZALDIVAR, C.A.; CASTELLS, M.: España fin de siglo, Alianza Editorial, Madrid CARITAS ESPAÑOLA: Plan CCB: Plan de promoción social, asistencia social y beneficiencia de la Iglesia española (tres volúmenes), Euramérica, Madrid, CIRES: La realidad social en España, , Fundación BBV-Bilbao Bizcaia Kutxa- Caja de Madrid, Ediciones B, Barcelona CIRES: La realidad social en España, , Fundación BBV-Bilbao Bizcaia Kutxa- Caja de Madrid, Ediciones B, Barcelona CIRES: La realidad social en España, , Fundación BBV-Bilbao Bizcaia Kutxa- Caja de Madrid, Bilbao CIRES: La realidad social en España, , Fundación BBV-Bilbao Bizcaia Kutxa- Caja de Madrid, Bilbao CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL: España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid, CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL: España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid, CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL: España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid, CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL: España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid, CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL: España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid, CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL: España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid, CONSEJO ECONÓMICO Y SOCIAL: España Economía, trabajo y sociedad. Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral, Madrid, (En preparación). 14. DEL CAMPO, S. (Dir).: Estado actual y perspectivas de la sociedad española, Fundación Independiente, Madrid, DEL CAMPO, S. (Dir.): Tendencias sociales en España, , (tres volúmenes) Fundación BBV, Madrid,

31 16. DE MIGUEL, A.: La sociedad española , Alianza Editorial-UCM, Madrid, DE MIGUEL, A.: La sociedad española , Alianza Editorial-UCM, Madrid, DE MIGUEL, A.: La sociedad española , Alianza Editorial-UCM, Madrid, DE MIGUEL, A.: La sociedad española , Alianza Editorial-UCM, Madrid, DE MIGUEL, A.: La sociedad española , Alianza Editorial-UCM, Madrid, FRAGA, M.; DEL CAMPO, S.; VELARDE, J.: La España de los años 70. Vol. I: La Sociedad; Vol. II: La economía; Vol III: El Estado y la Política, Edit. Moneda y Crédito, Madrid FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO: España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO: España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO: España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO: España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO: España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO: España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN ENCUENTRO: España Una interpretación de su realidad social, Madrid FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (DE MIGUEL, A.; GOMEZ-REINO, M.; ORIZO, F.A.): Informe sociológico sobre la situación social de España, Euramérica, Madrid FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (DE MIGUEL, A.): Informe sociológico sobre la situación social de España, Euramérica, Madrid FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (Varios autores): Estudios sociológicos sobre la situación social de España 1975, Euramérica, Madrid

32 32. FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (Varios autores): Informe sociológico sobre el cambio social de España , Euramérica, Madrid FUNDACIÓN FOESSA (JUAREZ, M. (Dir.)): V Informe sociológico sobre la situación social de España. Sociedad para todos en el año 2.000, Madrid GINER, S.(Dir.): España: sociedad y política Espasa-Calpe, Madrid, INE: Panorámica social, Madrid INE: Panorámica social de España, Madrid INE: Indicadores Sociales Madrid, INE: Indicadores Sociales de España Madrid, LINZ, J.J.; GARCIA DE ENTERRIA, E. (dirs) : España: un presente para el futuro. Vol I: La sociedad; Vol II: Las instituciones, Instituto de Estudios Económicos, Madrid TEZANOS, J.F.; MONTERO, J.M.; DÍAZ, J.A. (eds.): Tendencias de futuro en la sociedad española. Primer Foro sobre Tendencias Sociales, Edit. Sistema, Madrid, TEZANOS, J.F: Escenarios del nuevo siglo. Cuarto Foro sobre Tendencias Sociales, Edit. Sistema, Madrid, VIDAL-BENEYTO, J. (Ed.): España a debate. Vol I: La política. Vol II: La sociedad Tecnos, Madrid