How To Encrypt Data With Encryption
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1 USING ENCRYPTION TO PROTECT SENSITIVE INFORMATION Commonwealth Office of Technology Security Month Seminars
2 Alternate Title? Boy, am I surprised. The Entrust guy who has mentioned PKI during every Security Month presentation for the past six years is going to talk about encryption! Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
3 Is Encryption Unbreakable? A cryptographic system is said to be computationally secure if The cost of breaking the encryption is greater than the value of the protected information Or The time required to crack the encryption is longer than the life time of the protected data Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 3
4 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 4
5 TALKING ABOUT ENCRYPTION
6 Common Terms Encryption The process of encoding or converting information so that it can only be read after it is decoded (decrypted) Plaintext Ciphertext Plaintext Algorithm Key A step-by-step method for calculating a function. A unique piece of information that is used as one of the inputs of the encryption algorithm Key Length The size (length) of the key expressed in bits Ciphertext = Algorithm(Key)(Plaintext) Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 6
7 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 7
8 Key Management The process for managing the lifecycle of cryptographic keys Key Generation Key Exchange (distribution) Key Storage Key Usage Key Replacement Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Commercial Enterprise Key Management Systems Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 8
9 More Encryption Terms Symmetric Key Algorithms DES Data Encryption Standard (also Triple DES ) AES Advanced Encryption Standard Asymmetric Key Algorithms RSA Rivest, Shamir, & Adleman (1977) DSA Digital Signature Algorithm (FIPS) Elliptic Curve Cryptography Hash Algorithms MD5 Message Digest Algorithm SHA-1 Secure Hash Algorithm SHA-2 (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512) SHA-3 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 9
10 Encryption Quality (Strength) Key length is not the only issue Quality of the key Source? Random number generators aren t perfect Is the key password protected? Password entropy Dictionary attacks Quality of algorithms New is Bad? Anyone who develops a new encryption algorithm is either a genius or a fool Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 10
11 So How Should I Evaluate Encryption Tools? Option A Do your own evaluation? An attacker using a general field number sieve would need to conduct an attack with complexity O(exp(((649+o(1)) n)13(logn)23)) to factor the modulus (and thus break the private key), given a modulus of bit-length n. Option B Trusted Standards & Recommendations NIST Computer Security Division NIST Special Publications (800 Series) IDManagement.gov NASCIO State Identity, Credential, and Access Management Guidance Qualified Security Consultants Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 11
12 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 12
13 Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Encryption Symmetric Encryption Encryption and decryption operations use the same secret key Computationally faster operation Key distribution can cause scalability issues Asymmetric Encryption Also called Public Key Encryption Each entity is issued a key pair A public key which can be freely shared A private key which is kept secret Information encrypted with one key can only be decrypted with the other key from that pair Mathematically impossible to calculate the value of one key using the value of the other key Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 13
14 Digital Certificate DN: cn=bob Smith, o=illinois, c=us Serial #: Start: 01/05/2012 End: 01/05/2014 CRL: cn=crl2, o=illinois, c=us Unique Name of Owner Unique Serial Number Validity Period Revocation Information Public key Name of Issuing CA Issuing CA digitally signs the certificate CA DN: o=illinois, c=us 14Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved.
15 Public Key Encryption Process Message originator encrypts the data using the recipient s public key Recipient uses own private key to decrypt the data Recipient s Public key Blah Xxxxxxxxx blah blah blah! Blah xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx blah blah blah! Yada xxxxxxxxxxxx yada yada yada! Yada xxxxxxxxxxxx yada yada yada! Blah xxxxxxxxxxx blah blah blah! Blah xxxxxxxxxxxx blah blah blah! Yada xxxxxxxxxxxx yada yada yada! Yada xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx yada yada yada! Blah xxxxxxxxxxxxxx blah blah blah! Blah xxxxxxxxxxx blah blah blah! Originator Recipient s Private key Xxxxxxxxx Blah blah blah blah! xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Blah blah blah blah! xxxxxxxxxxxx Yada yada yada yada! xxxxxxxxxxxx Yada yada yada yada! xxxxxxxxxxx Blah blah blah blah! xxxxxxxxxxxx Blah blah blah blah! xxxxxxxxxxxx Yada yada yada yada! xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Yada yada yada yada! xxxxxxxxxxxxxx Blah blah blah blah! xxxxxxxxxxx Blah blah blah blah! Recipient 15 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved.
16 Encryption vs. Hashing A hashing function maps variable length data to a fixed-length value One-way (cannot determine the plaintext from the hash value) Salt & Pepper and Slow! Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 16
17 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 17
18 How Digital Signatures Work Signing Verification Calculate hash Calculate a new hash Signed Signed Encrypt hash with private key Decrypt original hash with public key Signed Attach signature = Compare original hash with new hash 18Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved.
19 Self-Signed Certificates vs. Certification Authority Numerous utilities to create self-signed digital certificates Microsoft Office, Adobe, OpenSSL, others Can be useful for point solutions Scaling problems similar to symmetric encryption No verifiable authentication or issuance policies A Certification Authority should provide: Centralized certificate management Verifiable certificate status Reviewable policies Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 19
20 Public vs. Private Trust Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 20
21 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 21
22 USING ENCRYPTION TO PROTECT DATA
23 SSL & TLS Protocols to provide bidirectional authentication, privacy & message integrity over reliable communications protocols (TCP) HTTPS is actually HTTP data exchanged over a previously established SSL or TLS connection (HTTP over SSL over TCP) The application establishes an SSL connection Client (browser) requests a secure page Server (web site) sends digital certificate Client verifies that certificate is trusted Client uses public key to encrypt session (symmetric) key Both Client & Server use session key to exchange data Both Client & Server discard the session key when connection is terminated Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 23
24 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 24
25 VPN Virtual Private Network A secure network segment that is logically isolated from the network as a whole isolated through encryption rather than through physical or logical switching Generally requires configuration of the device more intrusive than TLS but also more comprehensive security VPN operates at the operating system level. Securely connects the device so individual applications do not need to be security aware. Enable mutual authentication by issuing a certificate to both the VPN device and the client device Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 25
26 Wi-Fi Encryption (and Authentication!) WEP In this case Old is Bad! At home WPA2-PSK (sometimes labeled WPA2 Personal) PSK = Pre-Shared Key For personal use a passphrase of maximum allowed length For more secure uses generate a random character string In the Enterprise WPA-Enterprise enables authentication using a Radius server Other 802.1x authentication methods Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 26
27 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 27
28 Full Disk Encryption Hard Drives Typically used to encrypt the contents of a laptop hard drive Solution should also encrypt swap files and temp files Security depends on strong user credentials to the device Protects against coincidental breaches of information Smart Phones Also probably not hacker proof But makes it really hard for the guy who finds your phone in a taxi to dial your daughter s phone number or find your mother s home address! Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 28
29 File & Folder Encryption May require a separate application or be installed as a function of the operating system Encryption may use public key (digital certificate) or a passphrase as the encryption key Encrypt sensitive files that will be: Sent to another person by Transported on portable media (CD s, USB Drives, etc.) Including backup files! Stored in cloud services (Dropbox, Box, Google Drive) Uploaded over an unsecured connection Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 29
30 Protecting Information in S/MIME Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Encrypts the message body and attachments Designed for end-to-end protection Requires clients that are S/MIME capable Encrypted File Attachments Message body is sent as plaintext No client requirements TLS over SMTP Encryption only takes place between SMTP relays Does not prevent the use of S/MIME or encrypted attachments Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 30
31 Not Just For Work! Personal uses for encryption Secure storage on a shared computer attachments Cloud storage No-Cost Personal Encryption Solutions TrueCrypt Create an encrypted virtual disk on a drive AxCrypt Encrypt individual files OpenPGP or GnuPG File & folder encryption message encryption* Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 31
32 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 32
33 Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 33
34 Thank You! Brent Crossland Entrust, Inc. State Government Initiatives o: (217) m: (217) Entrust, Inc. All rights reserved. 34
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