Safeguarding Data Using Encryption. Matthew Scholl & Andrew Regenscheid Computer Security Division, ITL, NIST
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1 Safeguarding Data Using Encryption Matthew Scholl & Andrew Regenscheid Computer Security Division, ITL, NIST
2 What is Cryptography? Cryptography: The discipline that embodies principles, means, and methods for providing information security, including confidentiality, data integrity, non-repudiation, and authenticity. NIST SP Covers a broad set of mathematical techniques to achieve different properties Encryption is to provide confidentiality Typically, techniques are used together Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 2
3 Why Use Crypto? HIPAA Security Rule Technical Safeguards: Access Control Audit Controls Integrity Person or Entity Authentication Transmission Security Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 3
4 Why Use Crypto? HIPAA Security Rule Technical Safeguards: Access Control Audit Controls Integrity Person or Entity Authentication Transmission Security Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 4
5 Health Information Breaches More than 1100 data breaches involving >500 individuals reported since HITECH Act 55.9% involved theft 9.75% involved loss Unsecured, unprotected health information Crypto Can Help! Other Unknown Improper Disposal Hacking/IT Incident Loss Unauthorized Theft Data Breach Types (1118 total events) 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Occurrence Rate of Each Type Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 5
6 Access Control Access Control Standard Implement technical policies and procedures for electronic information systems that maintain electronic protected health information to allow access only to those persons or software programs that have been granted access rights as specified in (a)(4)[Information Access Management]. Implementation Specification: Encryption and Decryption Implement a mechanism to encrypt and decrypt electronic protected health information. Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 6
![granted access rights as specified in 164.308(a)(4)[Information Access Management].](/docs-images/43/7105334/images/page_6.jpg "Implementation Specification: Encryption and Decryption Implement a mechanism to encrypt and decrypt electronic protected")
7 Encryption Encryption (algorithm) Set of mathematically expressed rules for rendering data unintelligible by executing a series of conversions controlled by a key. CNSSI Key (secret) Message (Plaintext) Encryption Algorithm Ciphertext Security based on the key secret, not the algorithm secret Examples: AES, Triple-DES Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 7
8 Integrity Integrity Standard Implement policies and procedures to protect electronic protected health information from improper alteration or destruction. Implementation Specification: Mechanism to authenticate electronic protected health information Implement electronic mechanisms to corroborate that electronic protected health information has not been altered or destroy Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 8
9 Hashing and MACs Hash Functions Create a short digital fingerprint of file or message Highly-versatile, but often used to verify integrity Message Hash Function Hash or Message Digest Examples: SHA-1, SHA-2 Message Authentication Codes (MAC) Provides integrity and authenticity Message Key (secret) MAC Algorithm MAC or MAC Tag Examples: HMAC (w/ hash algorithm), CMAC w/ block cipher) Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 9
10 Person or Entity Authentication Person or Entity Authentication Standard Implement procedures to verify that a person or entity seeking access to electronic protected health information is the one claimed. Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 10
11 Digital Signatures Digital Signatures provide integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation using a digital signature algorithm and a hash function Only the holder of a (private) key can generate a signature Anyone can verify using a public key Applications Device/user/entity authentication Document/ signing Examples: DSA, ECDSA, RSA Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 11
12 Transmission Security Transmission Security Standard Implement technical security measures to guard against unauthorized access to electronic protected health information that is being transmitted over an electronic communications network. Implementation Specification: Integrity controls Implement security measures to ensure that electronically transmitted electronic protected health information is not improperly modified without detection until disposed of. Implementation Specification: Encryption Implement a mechanism to encrypt electronic protected health information whenever deemed appropriate. Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 12
13 Key Establishment Basic Cryptographic Tools Encryption provides confidentiality MAC algorithms provide integrity But, these need cryptographic keys What if you haven t distributed keys? Public Key Cryptography Facilitates secure communication between parties who have never met Examples: RSA, Diffie-Hellman Private Key B B B Key1 Key4 Key5 A D Key6 Private Key A A Public Key A Public Key B Public Key D D Symmetric Crypto Public Key C Key2 Key3 C Public Key Crypto C Private Key C Private Key D Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 13
14 HIPAA and Crypto- Summary Integrity Technical Safeguard E Access Control Integrity Person or Entity Authentication Supporting Cryptographic Tools Encryption Hash functions, MACs, Digital Signatures Digital Signatures Transmission Security Encryption, Hash functions, MACs, Digital Signatures Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 14
15 NIST Crypto Program Algorithm specifications: FIPS and Special Publications specify a number of approved cryptographic algorithms General guidance on the use of cryptography: Covering selection, implementation, deployment and use of cryptography. Guidelines in application-specific areas: Covers areas of particular need for the USG (e.g., PIV, TLS). Testing: Providing assurance that crypto is implemented properly (e.g., FIPS 140 and CMVP) Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 15
16 When Should I Use Crypto? Consider use of cryptography to protect any sensitive data Whenever data needs to be kept confidential Whenever data must be protected from modification Whenever you need to verify the source of data When implemented properly, crypto should be nearly transparent to users Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 16
17 Data Encryption Provides Data-At-Rest Protection Full Disk Encryption (FDE) Volume Encryption File/Folder Encryption Commonly used in laptops, mobile devices, and portable storage devices Many platforms provide native FDE capabilities Reference: NIST SP Guide to Storage Encryption Technologies for End User Devices Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 17
18 Transport Layer Security Widely deployed on the Web Provides confidentiality and authenticity of communications TLS configuration can be complicated Version: NIST recommends version1.2 Cipher Suites: NIST-approved cipher suites available Extensions: Many, many options Reference: NIST SP rev1: Guidelines for the Selection, Configuration, and Use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) Implementations Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 18
19 What is Good Crypto? You need confidence in: Cryptographic Algorithms Cryptographic Keys Implementations Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 19
20 Selecting Crypto Algorithms First identity security goals Primary considerations for algorithms: Security Interoperability Efficiency Choose from well-vetted, standardized algorithms supported by applications and users NIST Cryptographic Toolkit Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 20
21 Key Management Generate/establish cryptographic keys properly Protect the key Keep it secret Protect it from modification Transport it securely Know the importance of the key length Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 21
22 Security Strengths Security strengths based on the algorithm and key length See NIST SP A, Transitions: Recommendation for Transition the Use of Algorithms and Key Lengths Strength Encryption Key Est./Digital Signatures Hashing (w/ Signatures) Hashing- Other 80 (disallowed 2013) RSA-1024 ECC w/ 160 bit keys SHA1 112 Triple-DES (3 key) RSA-2048 ECC w/ 224 bit keys 128 AES-128 RSA-4096 ECC w/ 256 bit keys 256 AES-256 RSA ECC w/ 512 bit keys SHA2-224 SHA2-256 SHA2-512 SHA1 (160 bits) SHA2-256 Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 22
23 FIPS 140 and CMVP FIPS 140: requirements in 11 areas to the design and implementation of a cryptographic module Cryptographic Module Validation Program: NIST/CSEC program to test modules Vendors submit modules Testing conducted by accredited test laboratories References: CMVP: FIPS 140 Validated Modules: Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 23
24 Summary Cryptography is not a silver bullet But, cryptography can provide many important security properties Confidentiality, Integrity, Authenticity To be effective, cryptographic mechanisms must be implemented properly Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 24
25 More Information NIST standards and guidelines available at: Contact Information Andrew Regenscheid Safeguarding Data Using Encryption 25
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