Explicit Instruction - Effective and Efficient Teaching

Transcription

1 Explicit Instruction - Effective and Efficient Teaching Big Ideas - Part 1 Anita L. Archer, Ph.D. Author Consultant Teacher archerteach@aol.com Archer, A., & Hughes, C. (2011). Explicit Instruction: Effective and Efficient Teaching. NY: Guilford Publications What is Explicit Instruction? Explicit Instruction and Discovery Not an either or - but a when. Explicit instruction is a systematic instructional approach that includes a set of delivery and design procedures derived from effective schools research. Ideas that Work unambiguous and direct approach to teaching that incorporates instruction design and delivery. Archer & Hughes, Explicit Instruction Little or no background knowledge History of difficulty, of failure Discovery A great deal of background knowledge in the domain History of success 4

2 Explicit Instruction Hattie & Yates, 2014 Teacher as Activator d Teacher as facilitator d Teaching students self-verbalization.76 Inductive teaching.33 Teacher clarity.75 Simulation and gaming.32 Reciprocal teaching.74 Inquiry-based teaching.21 Feedback.74 Smaller classes.21 Metacognitive Strategies.67 Individualized instruction.22 Direct Instruction.59 Web-based learning.18 Mastery Learning.57 Problem-based learning.15 Providing worked examples.57 Discovery method in math instruction.11 Providing goals.50 Whole language.06 Frequent effects of testing.46 Student control overlearning.04 Behavioral organizers.41 Average activator.61 Average facilitator.19 Big Ideas Design of Instruction Big Idea #1 Focus on critical content Big Idea #2 Break down complex skills Big Idea #3 Provide systematic instruction Big Idea #4 Provide judicious practice Delivery of Instruction Big Idea #5 Elicit frequent responses Big Idea #6 Carefully monitor responses Big Idea #7 Provide feedback Big Idea #8 Maintain a brisk pace 5 6 Big Idea #1 Focus on Critical Content Focus instruction on critical content. Skills, strategies, vocabulary terms, concepts, and rules that will empower students in the future are taught. Examples Reading Decoding words Reading fluently (accurate, appropriate rate, expression) Understanding vocabulary (General Academic and Domain-Specific) Understanding passages (Comprehension) Vocabulary Unknown Critical to understanding Generalize More difficult 7 Big Idea #1 Focus on Critical Content Focus instruction on critical content. Skills, strategies, vocabulary terms, concepts, and rules that will empower students in the future are taught. Especially for intervention instruction. Teach the stuff and cut the fluff. 8

3 Big Idea #2 Break down complex skills Break down complex skills Complex skills and strategies are broken down into smaller (easy to obtain) instruction units Promotes success Avoids cognitive overload Body of Argument Essay Transcription 1. When given a reason and related facts and details, can write a paragraph with a topic sentence stating the reason. 2. When given a reason and related facts and details, can write a paragraph with a topic sentence stating the reason followed by sentences containing facts and details, connected with transition words and phrases Break down complex skills Body of Argument Essay Planning and Transcription 3. When given a position on a topic, can generate reasons to support that position. 4. When given a topic, can generate a position and reasons to support that position, and details to logically support each reason. 5. When given a topic, can generate a plan for the body of an essay (the claim, the reasons, details to support each reason, counterarguments) and transcribe the plan into coherent paragraphs. Break down complex skills Introduction 6. For previously formulated bodies of argument essays, writes an introduction that: a) states the writer s claim, b) introduces reasons to support the writer s claim, and, if appropriate, c) introduces counterarguments. Conclusion 7. For previously formulated argument essays, writes a short conclusion wraps it up the essay by: a) summarizing the opinion and reasons or b) calling for some action to be taken. Argument Essays 8. When given a topic, can plan, write, revise, and edit an argument essay that includes: a) an effective introduction, b) a well structured body with logically organized reasons and related details, linked with appropriate transition words and phrases, and c) a short conclusion that wraps it up

4 Big Idea #3 - Lessons: 1. Are organized and focused 2. Begin with a statement of goals 3. Provide interactive review of preskills and knowledge 5. Provide guided and supported practice 6. Use clear and concise language 7. Provide scaffolding to increase student success 4. Provide step-by-step demonstrations Example Lesson Strategy for Writing a Summary Sum it up (Write down topic of summary.) 1. List 2. Cross-out 3. Connect 4. Number List - Make a list of important ideas. Penquin s birth Male takes care of egg Female lays egg Female leaves Female spends winter at sea The water is very cold Male puts egg on his feet under belly Male stays on egg for two months Male doesn t eat Egg hatches Male must care for baby 15 16

5 Cross-out - Cross out any unnecessary or weak ideas. Connect - Connect ideas that could go in one sentence. "Penquin s birth " "Male takes care of egg " "Female lays egg " "Female leaves " "Female spends winter at sea " "The water is very cold " "Male puts egg on his feet under belly " "Male stays on egg for two months " "Male doesn t eat " "Egg hatches " " "Male must care for baby Number - Number the ideas in the order that they will appear in the paragraph. "Penquin s birth 3 " Male takes care of egg 1 " Female lays egg 2 " "Female leaves " "Female spends winter at sea " "The water is very cold " "Male puts egg on his feet under belly 4 " "Male stays on egg for two months " 5 Male doesn t eat " "Egg hatches " 6 " "Male must care for baby Write a summary. The birth process of penguins is fascinating and quite different from that of other animals. The female penguin lays an egg. Soon after laying the egg, the female penguin leaves and spends the winter in the sea. Meanwhile the male must take care of the egg. For two months, he places the egg on his feet under his belly. During this time, the male penguin doesn t eat. Even after the baby penguin hatches, the male penguin continues to take care of the infant penguin. Summary - Informational Text Chapter: Topic: In this section of the text, a number of critical points were made about First, the authors pointed out that This was important because Next, the authors mentioned that Furthermore, they indicated This was critical because Finally, the authors suggested that 19 20

6 Summary - Informational Text Chapter: Topic: In this section of the text, a number of critical points were made about the birth and infancy of emperor penguins. First, the authors pointed out that after laying a single egg, female emperor penguins leave and spend the winter at sea. This was important because the role of caretaker of the egg falls to the male member of the family, which is rare in the world of birds. Next, the authors mentioned that the male emperor penguin carefully places the egg on his feet and covers it with his belly, creating a warm home for the egg. Furthermore, they indicated that the emperor male penguin stays in that position for two months without eating. This was critical because it again showed the importance of the male penguin s function in caring for the egg and the chick. Finally, the authors suggested that when the female penguin returns, she brings regurgitated food for the chick. Until the chick becomes more independent, the female and male emperor penguin alternate in their roles of provider (fishing) and caretaker. opening body closing attention review preview review preview Lesson Opening Attention Use a verbal cue such as Listen or We are going to begin. " Follow the verbal cue with silence." Review Review the content of the previous lessons." Review necessary preskills for today s lesson." Review background knowledge needed for today s lesson." Be sure that the review is interactive." Preview State the goal of the lesson." Preview the activities for the period." Lesson Closing Review Review the skills/strategies/concepts/information taught. Be sure that the review is interactive. Preview Preview the content that will be taught in the next lesson. Independent Work Review assignments /quizzes/ projects/ performances due in the future. Have students record all assignments." 23 24

7 Design of Instruction What we teach: 1. Facts and information 2. Skills and Strategies (How to do it) 3. Vocabulary and Concepts (What it is) Explicit Instruction of Facts/Information Attend Intend Rehearse Retrieve (organize) Land Antarctica Land Antarctica Twice the size of Australia ice covers all but 2.4% of land South Pole in Antarctica 90% of ice found on the earth is in Antarctica 27 28

8 Climate Antarctica Climate Antarctica coldest place on earth winter temperature drops below -73 C (100 F) windiest place on earth precipitation driest place on earth desert Antarctica is considered a desert because very little rain or snow. 29 Antarctica - Plants 30 Design of Instruction plants only in ice-free regions Explicit Instruction of Skills/Strategies Model I do it. My turn. Prompt We do it. Let s do this together. Check You do it. Your turn. lichens and moss 31 32

9 Design of Instruction Model (I do it.) My Turn. Show Proceed step-by-step. Exaggerate the steps. Tell Tell students what you are doing. Tell students what you are thinking. Gain Responses What they already know. Repeating what you tell them. 33 Comprehension Strategy " Paragraph Shrinking 1. Name the who or what. (The main person, animal, or thing.) " 2. Tell the most important thing about the who or what. 3. Say the main idea in 10 words or less. (Optional: Record your main idea sentence.) (From the PALS program by Fuchs, Mathes, and Fuchs)" 34 Strategy I do it. Design of Instruction The Coldest Continent " Antarctica is not like any other continent. It is as far south as you can go on earth. The South Pole is found there. Ice covers the whole land. In some places the ice is almost three miles thick. Beneath the ice are mountains and valleys. " Prompt (We do it.) Let s do ---- together. Prompt by doing behavior at the same time. OR Prompt verbally. Guide or lead students through the strategy. Step - do - Step - do - Step - do - Step - do Gradually fade your prompt

10 Strategy We do it. The weather in Antarctica is harsh. It is the coldest place on Earth. The temperature does not get above freezing. It is also one of the windiest places in the world." " Design of Instruction Check for understanding. (You do it.) Verify students understanding before independent work is given. Carefully monitor students responses. Continue until students are consistently accurate Strategy You do it. Not many living things are found in Antarctica. People go there to study for only a short time. Very few animals can live there. Yet many animals live on nearby islands. Seals and penguins swim in the ocean waters. They build nests on the land. Some birds spend their summers in Antarctica. But most of the continent is just ice, snow, and cold air. Provide Explicit Instruction Design of Instruction Explicit Instruction of Concepts(Vocabulary) 1. Introduce the word. 2. Provide a student-friendly explanation. 3. Illustrate with examples. 4. Check understanding

11 Video - Vocabulary Instruction Best Practices Step 1. Introduce the word. a) Display the word on the screen. b) Read the word and have the students repeat the word. If the word is difficult to pronounce or unfamiliar have the students repeat the word a number of times or say the parts of the word. Introduce the word with me. This word is protect. What word? protect" Tap and say the parts of the word? pro tect" Again. pro tect Step 2. Present a student-friendly explanation. a) Tell students the explanation. OR b) Have them read the explanation with you. Present the definition with me. To protect someone or something means to prevent them from being harmed or damaged. Step 3. Illustrate the word with examples. a. Concrete examples b. Visual examples c. Verbal examples 43 44

12 This father penguin will protect his chick from harm. This special car seat will protect the baby. If there is an accident, he is less likely to be hurt Step 3. Illustrate the word with examples a) Concrete examples b) Visual examples c) Verbal examples Present the verbal examples with me. The father penguin takes care of the egg after it is laid. He protects the egg. Human parents try to protect their children. 47 Step 4. Check students understanding. Option #1. Ask deep processing questions. Check students understanding with me. What are some ways that human parents can protect toddlers at an amusement park? Begin by saying: At an amusement park, parents can protect toddlers by 48

13 Step 4. Check students understanding. Option #2. Have students discern between examples and non-examples. Check students understanding with me. Tell me protect or not protect. A parent carefully watches his toddler at the park. protect A parent reads a book as his toddler plays in the park. Looking up occasionally. not protect Step 4. Check students understanding. Option #3. Have students generate their own examples. Check students understanding with me. Make a list of ways that a human parent might protect a toddler protect protecting protection protector This mother must protect her child. She is protecting her frightened child. Her child feels safe during the storm because of her mother s protection. Her mother is a great protector. 51 Big Idea #4 Provide Judicious Practice Practice Practice Practice Tier 3 students may require 10 to 30 times as many practice opportunities as peers. 52

14 Provide Judicious Practice Practice a) Deliberate Practice b) Retrieval Practice c) Spaced Practice (Distributed) d) Mixed Practice (Interleaving) Provide Judicious Practice Initial Practice Occurs under watchful eye of the teacher Provide numerous practice opportunities within the teacher-directed lesson to build accuracy. Provide immediate feedback after each item Provide Judicious Practice Distributed Practice Provide Judicious Practice Cumulative Review Studying or practicing a skill in short sessions overtime. Distributing practice overtime (versus massing practice in one session) aids retention in a variety of academic areas. Provide intentional review of previously taught skills/strategies/concepts /vocabulary/ knowledge. Goal is to increase long-term retention

15 Example Spaced Practice Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Introduction of vocabulary for Passage A Introduction of vocabulary for Passage B Introduction of vocabulary for Passage C Quick retrieval practice Quick retrieval practice Quick retrieval practice Quick review and expansion of difficult words Quick review and expansion of difficult words Quick review and expansion of difficult words Game - Mixed practice of difficult words A and B Game - Mixed practice of difficult words A, B, and C Provide Judicious Practice It is not: Drill and Kill It is: Drill and Skill Perhaps: Drill and Thrill Let us remember: How well we teach = How well they learn Teach with Passion Manage with Compassion 59