USQ Artsworx School Resources

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1 USQ Artsworx School Resources Macbeth teachers` notes Prepared by Justine Nguyen in consultation with Dr Janet McDonald.

2 Contents 1 Macbeth in Queens Park 3 2 Synopsis Class activity Discussion 4 3. Character overview Macbeth Discussion Lady Macbeth Activity The Witches Queen Duncan Banquo Macduff The Porter Hecate Malcolm Donalbain Ross Vampires 8 4 Themes The tragic flaw Fate and free will Class activity Power Activity Gender and sexual inversion Class activity on themes 11 5 Shakespeare: the playwright 12 6 Theatre in Renaissance 13 7 Performance history 14 8 Shakespearean timeline 16 9 Further resources 17

3 1 Macbeth in Queens Park The Shakespeare in Queens Park Festival production of Macbeth will be quite different to what was performed 400 years ago to Renaissance audiences, with many interpretive and aesthetic differences. What you will see is Director, Scott Alderdice's vision of the play. It stays close to the original plot, addressing the ambition, manipulation, greed and a relentless thirst for power that drives the characters to their respective dooms. Taking the Macbeth script and re-interpreting it into something original for a Toowoomba audience in the unconventional setting of Queen's Park has been no easy task. Scott has given Shakespeare's classic a new gothic fantastical edge. The traditional setting of Scotland is transformed into a unique and magical kingdom, inhabited by creatures of the earth, wind and sea. The skeletal scaffolding which forms the backdrop for the play represents the kingdom's castle ruins. Only one thing remains; the power which is up for grabs. The full intensity of Shakespeare's plot has been brought to vivid life using a myriad of modern-day technologies. Along with the spectacular visual aesthetic, Scott and the production team have incorporated audio visual elements, projecting images onto the set, surrounding trees and even the actors' costumes. Although centuries away from Shakespeare's original Globe Theatre, these technological revolutions only change the face of the play and help to emphasise the full genius of Shakespeare's plot for a contemporary audience. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 3

4 2 Synopsis The play opens in a powerful surge of sorcery with the Three Weird Sisters, in which they decide where they shall meet with our tragic hero; Macbeth. Travelling with his trusted friend Banquo, Macbeth receives several surprising prophecies from the witches, most prominently the promise that he shall soon be King. Macbeth is then greeted by a messenger from Queen Duncan (in the original play it is King Duncan) who tells him of his new title, Thane of Cawdor. Upon this news, Macbeth writes to his wife telling her of the events. When she receives this letter, she also receives news that the Queen will be staying the night in Macbeth's castle. Lady Macbeth begins to hatch a plan to murder the queen, and convinces Macbeth that this is the perfect opportunity. In an intense moral struggle, Macbeth does the deed, while Lady Macbeth ensures the guards can be blamed for her husband's crime. When Macduff arrives the next morning and discovers the murder of the Queen, he is immediately suspicious of Macbeth, although when Duncan's sons flee the country in fear; suspicion briefly turns onto them. Upon the flight of the heirs, Macbeth claims the throne, fulfilling the last of the witches several prophecies. An uneasy and disturbed Macbeth returns to the witches for more information and they tell him to beware Macduff, but also that none of woman born can harm him.' Macbeth finds solace in this, and believes he is invincible. But now driven by relentless desire for power, he arranges to murder Macduff's entire family. As Macbeth's feelings of guilt ease, Lady Macbeth slowly becomes insane with grief, and in the play's most famous scene, psychotically scrubs invisible blood from her hands. An invasion is planned by Malcolm, son of Duncan, and Macduff, who announces to Macbeth in the heat of battle that he was ripped from his mother's womb. This is the equivalent to today's caesarean section, which means that technically Macduff was not born of a woman. Does this mean he will be the one to defeat the power hungry tyrant, in accordance with the witches' prophecy? You'll have to come to the show to see how it all end! For a FREE and printable scene by scene breakdown of the play, visit This site also offers a free Study Guide for the play and many other useful resources. 2.1 Class activity Discussion How has changing the setting and interpretation of the play changed the themes? There are many examples of modern productions of Macbeth. Students may choose to use these examples as stimulus for this activity. Try an find as many varied examples of the stage play as you can, for example, the following is the very first production of Macbeth by an all-african-amercian cast (directed by Orson Welles) which opened in Harlem, New York on 14 April Also take a look at the vast number of film versions of the play. Look at the 2006, 2005 and 1971 productions how are they different? University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 4

5 As you can see, directors will often take an exciting new direction with classical plays, just as Scott Alderdice has done with Macbeth. Divide your class up into groups and have them explore the different interpretive possibilities and ask them to form a short proposal for a new interpretation of Macbeth. Have them include rough sketches of costume and setting ideas. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 5

6 3. Character overview 3.1. Macbeth (Thane of Glamis, then Cawdor) Macbeth is an intensely troubled character. He begins the play with a moral conscience that slowly disappears as he gains more power. The play begins with his return from a victorious war where he is a most trusted general in Queen Duncan's army, and ends as a murdering tyrant with an obsession for power. The seed of this obsession is planted by the Three Witches who tell him he will be king, and by his wife who convinces him to kill the Queen. He initially struggles with the thought of killing Queen Duncan, and is deeply upset by the act, but ultimately is given his reward when he is granted power. He experiences feelings of guilt, but slowly these feelings fade as his power grows. It is Macbeth's 'vaulting ambition' that drives the action of this play; everything seems as a consequence of is decision to act upon the prophecies imparted by the Witches. He is at first a hero, and then a villain in this play; his actions have prevented him from being a heroic figure, yet his moral sensitivity sets him apart from other villains in dramatic literature. Villain or not, his actions have upset the natural order of the kingdom and until the order is restored, he must be held responsible. His journey from heroic warrior to a murder is perceived in his dragon-like representation used in our production. His dragon features represent the cold, reptilian nature of this powerful mythological creature which paradoxically breathes fire. Macbeth's rage against his guilt and lust for power grows and becomes more monstrous throughout the play Discussion What makes a person a villain? Compare Macbeth to other villains in Shakespeare's plays: Edmund, Goneril or Regan (King Lear), Titus (Titus Andronicus), Brutus (Julius Ceasar), Claudius (Hamlet), Petruchio (Taming of the Shrew) and many more Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is often seen as the villain, because she convinces her husband to kill Queen Duncan; what he lacks in indeciveness, she makes up for in raw confrontation of the crime. She's frustrated by her lack of power as a woman, and uses this idea of power in sex when she tells her husband the manly' thing to do would be to commit the murder. Take a look at the following sections of text from Act I; she is clear that she feels as though she has more masculine will and energy to commit murder than her General husband. When you durst do it, then you were a man; And, to be more than what you were, you would Be so much more than the man. (Act I, Scene VII) Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts! unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top full Of direst cruelty (Act I, Scene V) University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 6

7 Lady Macbeth wishes she were not a woman so she could kill Duncan herself, and uses this argument manipulates her husband. She is a frighteningly manipulative, ambitious and powerful character whose guilt eventually gets the better of her, as she experiences her downfall into madness. As Macbeth grows more cold and unfeeling, she begins to feel guilt about her part in the murder and in a fit of madness Activity Notice that the journey of these two major characters differs. In the beginning Macbeth has feelings of guilt, which disappear and change into a lust and ambition for power. Lady Macbeth uses her initial lust and ambition for power to manipulate her husband, and then develops feelings of guilt. Use the following activity to have your students experience the development and change of the two characters. Two students start talking or arguing. Have one imitate the how they think Lady Macbeth would express herself through movement, and the other doing the same for Macbeth. Each has their own team of followers' who begin to imitate or create the movement of their respective master. After a few minutes, the two masters initiate their metamorphosis into each other: each master imitates the other, so that each follower will end up imitating the other side. Did it feel as though the person being followed was the most powerful? Or was it the person they were imitating? Why? Repeat the activity with the student expressing either Macbeth or Lady Macbeth as the most dominant Leader. If Lady Macbeth has the strongest actions and movements, how does this affect the student trying to express and imitate Macbeth and vice versa? (This activity was taken from Games for Actors and Non-Actors by Augusto Boal) The Witches Who are these three weird sisters that speak in rhyme and seem to foretell the future; they are central to the play as they begin Macbeth's tragic journey with the prophecy. But the prophecy is full of paradoxes that are interpreted by Macbeth, and ignored by Banquo. Are they real or imaginary? Men or Women? The old English translation for Wyrd (weird) is 'fate', so the sisters represent the fate of the play (Cohen et al. 2560), although it is Macbeth's actions that make manifest the prophecies. In USQ's production, they are Witches that are born of the earth, land and sea. A magnificent aquatic creature, a clawed feathered being, and a man labelled by our production team as 'Stick man'. When these three witches unite there seems to be another force baiting Macbeth's greed for power. They are onstage for a great deal of production, and their presence is definitely a strong one Queen Duncan Queen Duncan's presence literally fills the entire stage in this production to represent the overarching power of the monarch. She is seen as the mother of all things good and pure, and represents life and beauty. This character was originally a King, but was changed in this production for both casting and interpretive purposes. She comes across as somewhat of a Mother Nature figure which is why her slaughter is such a devastating act. It's this evil deed done by Macbeth that disrupts the order of the entire kingdom, and sends everyone into a spectacular frenzy Banquo (Thane of Lochaber) Banquo is a warrior of the earth who is killed early on in the play, and comes back as a ghost to haunt Macbeth. He is with Macbeth when they first meet the three Witches, and they reveal that Banquo will father a line of Kings. Banquo instantly becomes a target for Macbeth's jealousy; consequently his ghost may not be a sprite at all, but a guilty figment of Macbeth's imagination. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 7

8 Banquo is also a representation of the path that Macbeth chose not to take, that is, the path of goodness and virtue. Of course, when Malcolm supposedly inherits the throne by the end of the play, it is Fleance (Banquo's son) whom we wonder about: will he somehow become the heir to that throne and will it also be through devious means? 3.6. Macduff The wolverine-like hero who slays the tyrant Macbeth in our production. He is the first to suspect the Macbeth as having a part in Queen Duncan's murder, and launches an attack on the Kingdom. Macbeth begins to be wary of him when the witches tell him to "beware Macduff", so Macbeth panics and has Macduff's entire family slaughtered. Macbeth's arrogance won't let him fully believe Macduff can really harm him though, because the Witches have told him he can't be harmed by anyone of "not of a woman born", which to Macbeth means anyone alive; this only increases his feelings of invincibility The Porter The porter is the gatekeeper to Macbeth's castle, and is used as comic relief. This was a very popular tool used in Shakespeare's plays to relieve the tension. She appears just after the slaughter of Queen Duncan, and has just come from a night of drinking. She is an eccentric creature whose costume is filled with bits and pieces of trinkets she would have collected over her many years of work where she describes "hell-portering"; an ironic aside to the previous action of Duncan's murder Hecate Queen and ruler of the witches, Hecate is a very powerful supernatural force, and her power and presence is magnified in this production as her apparition is shown on a large Audio visual screen. This helps to enhance the ethereal quality of the character and her presence in the play Malcolm Daughter to Queen Duncan, Malcolm is the rightful heir to the throne. She too represents the same beauty and life as her mother, though she doesn't yet carry as much power and glory in her. This role was also originally a male role Donalbain Donalbain is another warrior, who is also the son of Duncan. When he learns of Queen Duncan's murder he flees to Ireland in fear that he will be targeted next Ross Ross is not a warrior, nor a mythical creature, but a soldier and a Thane who acts as a messenger throughout most of the play Vampires "Witches and Dragons and Vampires, Oh my!", to quote Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz; this show features creatures that are not present in the original Shakespearean text. The Director has taken various roles of Lords, Ladies and Murderers and has made them into mythical creatures who appear on stage throughout the play. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 8

9 4 Themes Shakespeare's plays still excite and captivate audiences even 400 years after they were written. Macbeth, like most of his other major plays, is filled with themes that are still relevant to society today. Themes that are thoughtful and powerful, and do not disappear in time. The following list has been chosen to correlate with our specific production needs. There are numerous websites about the themes of Macbeth on the web. One of the best is the Sparknotes website, so take a look to find other themes that are not listed here. 4.1 The tragic flaw This is a notion that is common in many tragic plays. The tragic flaw of a character is that more often than not, the character will let his or her passion override their reason. When this happens, it usually means the plot sets itself on a path to fate and doom, thus upsetting the natural order of things. Order is generally restored when that person dies or is banished. Characters from famous tragedies such as Sophocles Oedipus Rex, Racine's Phaedra, Shakespeare's Hamlet or Miller's Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman are 'accursed' with the decisions they make on their journey to their fate. Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have this tragic flaw also, and their actions show their intense passion and hunger for power overlaps their reason. Order is only restored when both characters meet their downfall. Want to find out what sort villain you are and which Shakespearean play you are most like? Take a look at this unique website where you enter the site only after answering a series of questions. Visit this very cool site at For a bit of fun, visit take a quiz to find out what your Shakespearean Flaw is you'll be amazed by the results! 4.2 Fate and free will One of the most highlighted themes in this play is that of fate versus free will. When the weird sisters predict that Macbeth will be King, it seems as though they are just predicting the future. In retrospect, one wonders whether fate was responsible for Macbeth's downfall, or if he had a choice. When the Witches tell Banquo that his son will be king one day, Banquo does not feel the need to murder Duncan to ensure this. Again, this is when Banquo's course of action separates him from Macbeth. He chooses not to let greed for power control his actions. But did the witches see Macbeth's thirst for power, and give him something to drink? If this is the case, perhaps they can be seen as manipulative as Lady Macbeth. Because of the magical nature of this production it is easy to think of the Witches as sorcerers, and their prophesies as fate; however the notion of fate versus free will has been in plays for centuries and is still unanswered today, even in Macbeth Class activity Students divide into pairs. Student A begins to move their hands and student B must mimic these motions as closely as possible. How much free will do they have when they are to follow exactly what is happening in front of them? For different perspectives and influences on fate and free will, visit these websites: Power A lot of the tension in the play lies in the thirst and greed for power. It is an overarching theme that affects every character in the story. It is the thirst for power that is responsible for both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth's downfall. Lady Macbeth is so frustrated by her lack of power that she manipulates her University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 9

10 husband so that she may gain more. It's this thirst and greed for power that is ultimately the cause of Macbeth's actions, and he can blame no one but himself for the way he has acted. Remember, the tragic flaw is in his passion overriding his reason; after his first taste of power, not only does he kill everyone in his path including the guards, Banquo and Macduff's family, but he also returns to the weird sisters to make sure no one can take this power away. In the end it is all he has left to cling to, but it isn't nearly enough to save him Activity Columbian Hypnosis Student's get into pairs, and decide who will be A and who will be B. Player A must hold his hand with his palm facing player B in the air. Player B must focus on the middle of the palm while Player A slowly moves it side to side, and up and down. Continue this until Player B is concentrating fully, and then allow the movements to grow broader until Player B is hypnotised. Reverse roles. Discuss. How did it feel to be under the control of someone else? How did it feel to hold power over someone else? 4.4 Gender and sexual inversion With the Witches/Weird Sisters played by both men and women in this production, as well as Duncan, the Porter and Malcolm switching genders, the director has truly placed gender as 'out of order' in USQ's production of Macbeth. This serves to highlight the already established disruptions to gender roles presented through Lady Macbeth's domination of Macbeth; on many occasions, she dictates his actions. She wishes to be unsexed' as she calls it, because there is no power in being a woman, so she manipulates her husband, and holds a great deal of power over him while doing so. Remember though that in the Renaissance theatre, all of the female roles were played by men. So although the witches were female, they were played by men. The trio is perceived as violating nature, and despite them being names as 'sisters', their gender is ambiguous. Upon encountering them, Banquo says; You should be women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret That you are so (Act I Sc II) This is most likely a joke about the fact they are played by men, but perhaps these witches with their masculine and feminine features are a symbol for Lady Macbeth, whose gender is female but believes that she has other aspects of a man (Garber 713). Read the essay entitled: Gender Dynamics in Shakespeare's Macbeth, then answer the following questions: How much do you think the changing of gender has affected the themes and nature of the play? What if the gender of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth were swapped? What affect would this have on the themes and outcomes of the play? If Macbeth is more of a man because he can commit murder, does it make him less of a man in the fact that he murdered a woman? (in terms of Duncan being played as female in the USQ production) For more information on Shakespeare and gender visit these websites: University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 10

11 n(essaycontest'05win).htm Class activity on themes Many of these themes are relevant to contemporary society. For example, gender equality in the workplace, the power struggle operating in overseas countries, and tyrant leaders. Have things changed much since Renaissance times? Are these themes still relevant? Have your students imagine they are William Shakespeare in the 21st century, as he is trying to pitch his idea for the play Macbeth to producers and theatres. What themes would he highlight and why? Have them write and present a 1-2 minute monologue about which of these themes relates to society. They might even like to take a step further and discuss how these themes relate to someone in their position, ie a high school student. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 11

12 5 Shakespeare: the playwright So who was the man responsible for some 37 plays and over 160 sonnets? The name Shakespeare commands respect and demands attention. William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer and dramatist of the English Language and it is no great feat to see why. Shakespeare's works have become universal and his tantalising poetry an everyday part of our everyday language. Not only was Shakespeare a gifted writer, he frequently appeared as minor characters in his plays, gracing the stage with his presence in many of the various roles in his work. There is much speculation around Shakespeare's birth date, as the only thing that is certain is the date of his christening - 26 April 1654, and the date of his death - 23 April Because a baby was christened very soon after birth, scholars speculate that he was born on the 23 April, and many refer to that date as both his birth day and death. So what do we know about the man of the hour? He was an actor as well as a poet and playwright, and is responsible for the addition of thousands of new words to the English language. Most of these were new grammatical uses for existing words - ie nouns made into verbs. We also know that his father was mayor of the town he grew up in, which may mean he was given more opportunities to be involved in town events than most children and perhaps meant he was exposed to things like theatre and literature at an early age. This can of course only be assumed by scholars. His great works include tragedies, comedies and history plays, as well as numerous sonnets. Macbeth is known as the shortest of the tragedies. There is also a curse that is said to have been put upon Macbeth centuries ago, but upon his death; William Shakespeare placed a curse upon his gravestone. The curse reads: Good friend for Jesus' sake forbear, To dig the dust enclosed here: Blest be the man that spares these stones, and curst be he that moves my bones. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 12

13 6 Theatre in Renaissance An important thing to be aware of, is that the experience of watching Macbeth today will be an entirely different one to that of the Renaissance times. The Globe Theatre where many of Shakespeare's work was performed, usually presented the plays in the afternoon, in natural light. Therefore plays set in darkness were played in full light, and had to use props and language to invoke the atmosphere of night time. Many things had to be left to the imagination, as women were played by men and kings by commoners. The Globe Theatre catered for just about everyone, with varying fees and seats so that not only could noblemen and women attend the theatre, but it was also accessible to the general public. There is a general theatre etiquette today, which includes being silent throughout the production, however theatre goers at the Globe would not only have talked, laughed and shouted throughout the play, but would have also eaten and drunk through performances. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 13

14 7 Performance history Macbeth was first published in the First Folio of 1623, and is known as Shakespeare's shortest tragedy. Your students will notice that the Director of the USQ production has taken a fantastical approach in the interpretation of this play, and does not include the usual references to the Scottish background. No matter what this particular director has decided to omit or interpret for aesthetic purposes, the play is famously known as 'The Scottish Play', as it was influenced by a historical event, where a tyrant named Macbeth killed the King of Scotland. But it's more often referred to as 'The Scottish Play' out of superstition rather than its historical background. Legend has it, that because Macbeth used notions of sorcery and witch craft, the witches of the Renaissance became angry and cursed the play ( Since the play was first performed, accidents have befallen many casts and productions with real murders onstage, fires and accidental deaths. Whether this is purely a coincidence or not, the curse has puzzled actors and theatre goers for generations. However many are still wary not to utter the name 'Macbeth' within theatre walls, for fear it will bring bad luck on the production. This is why theatre professionals to this day, continue to referred to Macbeth as 'The Scottish Play'. USQ's production team has been referring to the play as 'The Big Macca' for similar reasons. Should an actor accidentally say this forbidden word, they can only reverse the curse by running outside the theatre and spinning three times while shouting the most profound word they can think of, before asking for permission to re-enter. Curse or no curse, Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most popular tragedies and has been produced both on stage and film numerous times through the centuries. We can't state for certain the exact date Macbeth was written, though it is thought to have been written in Three years prior to this, Shakespeare's company of actors known as Lord Chamberlains Men' were officially renamed the Kings Men' in honour of their new royal master King James, whose lineage can be traced back to Banquo, a noble Scottish Thane whose murder Macbeth orders. This is only one of the many ties to James I history and political beliefs that can be seen in Macbeth, which is thought to have been written to please the King (Garber 25). Even though play is now over 400 years old, it is important that we still notice the references to the culture and politics of the time in order to gain a greater understanding of the play and its history. For instance, it's interesting to note the witches' role in the play. Why did Shakespeare add witches and sorcery to his play? James I believed that a King was a sacred figure, and that regicide was the ultimate crime; so horrible that he believed that any attack against a king must have witchcraft and devilry behind it. (Garber 24). He was an expert on witchcraft and had written a book on demonology. So it can be assumed that as Shakespeare was writing about such a delicate topic for the King, James' political beliefs influenced the play. Not only was the play in tune with the King's beliefs, it was also full of references to contemporary issues which the Renaissance audiences would have understood and most likely found amusing. Today's audience will find the scene with the drunken porter comical for the porter is fairly intoxicated while he recites his monologue. However the Renaissance audience in 1606 would have seen a comic reference to Henry Garnet who had been recently executed after the investigation of the Gunpowder plot. When the porter pretends he is the gatekeeper to hell, and opens the door to the arrival of a new sinner "that could swear in both scales against either scale; who committed treason enough for God's sake yet could not equivocate to heaven" (Act II Scene II) it is an illusion to the very recently executed Jesuit (Cohen 2556). At the end of the play the audience learns that Macbeth can indeed be killed by Macduff as he is not actually of woman born'. Today's audience will understand that this is in reference to the caesarian section, and that technically Macduff was not born naturally by a woman. The Renaissance audience would have seen a joke in this however, as they were aware that caesarian sections were University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 14

15 only performed by doctors, and in their society only males could be doctors. Therefore the joke within it is that Macduff was not born by a woman, but a man. These are just a couple of examples where the play has what would have been contemporary jokes and references. These are important to know and understand, to appreciate the further depth and history of Shakespeare's work. University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 15

16 8 Shakespearean timeline 1564 William Shakespeare born at Stratford-upon-Avon to John and Mary Shakespeare 1567 John Shakespeare is named Mayor/Bailiff of Stratford 1582 c William Shakespeare marries Anne Hathaway Titus Andronicus, A Comedy of Errors, Taming of the Shrew Globe theatre is built, with Shakespeare as a shareholder Hamlet Shakespeare's father dies 1603 Shakespeare's company the Lord Chamberlains Men become the Kings Men 1605 Othello, King Lear Macbeth Shakespeare's mother dies 1613 The Globe theatre burns down during a performance of Henry VIII 1614 Globe theatre rebuilt, Shakespeare retires from London to Stratford 1616 Shakespeare dies at Stratford and is buried at Holy Trinity Church 1623 Publication of First Folio, the first collection of Shakespeare's work 1642 Globe theatre closes down University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 16

17 9 Further resources Macbeth study questions - History of Macbeth, the man - Birnam Wood: curriculum related activity - Glamis castle - Other works consulted through these Notes Boal, A. Games for Actors and Non Actors, Routledge New York, Cohen, W. Howard, J. & Maus, K.E. Norton Shakespeare, W W Norton & Co Ltd, Coursen, H.R. Macbeth A Guide to the play. Greenwood Press, USA, Dutton, R. William Shakespeare, Macmillan Press, London, Garber, M. Shakespeare After All. New York: Pantheon Book, Muir, K. The Arden Shakespeare Macbeth, Methuen and Co LTD, London. Worthen, W.B. The Wadsworth Anthology of Drama. 4th Ed. Thomas Wadsworth, Boston, Websites University of Southern Queensland USQ Artsworx Website Redevelopment 17