General Disease Finder

Transcription

1 General Disease Finder This overview will help to find neuromuscular disease patterns in the different sections Cushing s disease, steroid myopathy; Addison s disease, general muscle weakness Periodic paralysis Tetanic muscles CN: VII Polyneuropathies: inflammatory, immune mediated, treatment related Myopathies: inflammatory, treatment related Neoplastic: lymphoma (direct invasion) Opportunistic infections: CMV, toxoplasmosis, Cryptococcus, HSV Candida, Varicella, Histoplasma, TBC, Aspergillus CMV polyradiculomyelopathy Herpes zoster radiculitis Syphilitic radiculopathy Treatment related: polyneuropathy/myopathy Ddl, ddc, foscarnet, isoniazid Zidovudine Polyneuropathy (distal, rarely proximal) Mononeuropathy radial nerve (compression) Myopathy Acute necrotizing myopathy and myoglobinuria Chronic proximal weakness Hypokalemic paralysis Myoglobinuria Compartment syndromes (prolonged compression) Familial amyloid polyneuropathies Transthyretin Sensorimotor neuropathy Adrenal dysfunction Aldosteronism AIDS Alcohol Amyloid Neuropathy Autonomic (continued) E.L. Feldman et al., Atlas of Neuromuscular Diseases, DOI / , Springer-Verlag Wien

2 300 Autonomic involvement Apolipoprotein A-1 Polyneuropathy, painful, hearing loss Gelsolin type V, VII, and other CN Mild polyneuropathy Primary amyloidosis (AL) Deposition of immunoglobulin light chains in tissue Adrenal dysfunction Aldosteronism AIDS Alcoholism Amyloid Painful neuropathy Autonomic involvement Carpal tunnel syndrome Muscle amyloid muscle amyloidosis Amyloidoma (trigeminal root) Secondary or reactive amyloidosis (AA) Chronic inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid diseases, osteomyelitis Deposition of acute phase plasma protein, serum amyloid A Painful neuropathy Autonomic involvement Carpal tunnel syndrome Muscle amyloid Amyloidoma (trigeminal root) Secondary or reactive amyloidosis (AA) Chronic inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid diseases, osteomyelitis Deposition of acute phase plasma protein, serum amyloid A: polyneuropathy Not significant Cobalamin deficiency, vitamin B12 polyneuropathy Lead poisoning polyneuropathy Thalassemia: muscle cramps, myalgia, muscle atrophy Pure red cell anemia: autoimmune disease associated with myasthenia gravis Malpositioning Upper extremity (70 %): mononeuropathies of brachial, radial, ulnar, or median nerves Lower extremity (30 %): mononeuropathies of peroneal, sciatic, or femoral nerves Regional: epidural or spinal anesthesia may cause cauda equina lesions Local : drug toxicity, local hematoma, vasoconstriction, needle injury, infection Cardiac bypass operations: nerve stretch, hypothermia, phrenic nerve lesions Tourniquet palsy Neuromuscular transmission disorders induced by muscle relaxants Peripheral: axillary or femoral artery puncture (brachial plexus and femoral nerve) Brachial artery: median nerve Cerebral angiography: femoral nerve lesions Femoral nerve lesion in inguinal arterial puncture or hematoma CIDP Inflammatory myopathies MG Polyneuropathy Local damage; sacral plexus General Disease Finder Primary/secondary Anemia Anesthesia Angiography Bone marrow transplant

3 General Disease Finder Facial nerve lower branch Hypoglossal nerve Vagal recurrent nerve Horner syndrome Cranial nerves (meningeal carcinomatosis, base of the skull metastasis, nerve infiltrations, radiation injury) Mononeuropathies (pressure, toxic, following operations), rarely infiltration, or metastasis Radiculopathies (meningeal carcinomatosis, compression or infiltration of roots, multiple spinal metastasis), cauda equina syndrome Polyneuropathies: treatment related (CIPN), rarely autoimmune, paraneoplastic, rarely infiltrative Myopathies: cachexia, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, necrotizing, neuromyotonia, amyloid deposition sarcopenia, type 2 fiber atrophy Neuromuscular transmission: MG and thymoma, LEMS, and (lung) cancer Antineoplastic treatment-associated polyneuropathy: platinum derivates (cisplatinum carboplatin, oxaliplatin) Acute neurotoxicity, oxaliplatin Taxanes (suramin) Vinca alkaloids Thalidomide Bortezomib Epithelons Steroid myopathy Radiation: cranial nerve, optic nerve Plexopathies (brachial, lumbar, sacral) Aortic disease: left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy; femoral nerve lesion (ruptured aneurysm, aortic surgery); obturator nerve, hematoma in psoas muscle; radiculopathies, compression of L4 and L5 and S1 and S2 by terminal aorta Ischemic monomelic: predominately sensory with causalgia-like pain Cholesterol-lowering drugs: myopathy, cramps (fenofibrate, bezafibrate, clofibrate, gemfibrozil, nicotinic acid lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin) Embolism compartment syndrome Intermittent claudication Ischemic neuropathy, angiopathic neuropathies Muscle hemorrhage, hemophiliacs; anticoagulants, retroperitoneal, buttock, arm, calf Neuropathy by fistula hemodialysis and mononeuropathies Monomelic neuropathy Nerve compression by hematoma (femoral nerve, lumbar plexus, sciatic nerve) Carotid surgery Temporary aortic occlusion (surgery) Venous occlusion phlegmasia cerulea dolens Cranial nerve lesions Critical illness myopathy Critical illness neuropathy Compartment syndromes Mononeuropathies (malpositioning, pressure palsy) Steroid myopathy Thick filament myopathy 301 Carotid surgery Cancer Circulatory disorders Coma (continued)

4 302 General Disease Finder Hip and joint surgery: sciatic and femoral nerve lesions Hypothermia: polyneuropathy Injection into nerves: mononeuropathies Nerve blockade Intramuscular injections Knee surgery: peroneal nerve, ramus infrapatellaris Shoulder surgery Mononeuropathies due to body position: plexus, radial, ulnar, median, peroneal, femoral nerve lesions Muscle: drug-induced myopathy, acute hypokalemic paralysis, necrotizing myopathy, subacute and chronic myopathies, ischemic injury during surgery Neuromuscular transmission: drug-induced MG Neuromuscular blocking agents Postoperatively: GBS, postoperative apnea, malignant hyperthermia Radiation: spinal cord and nerve plexus (brachial, lumbar and sacral plexus) mononeuropathies Spinal anesthesia: nerve roots, epidural hemorrhage, abscess, paraplegia, sensory loss Adhesive arachnoiditis Surgical trauma: neck surgery, mastectomy (thoracodorsal, long thoracic, axillary nerve), median sternotomy, pelvic surgery (sciatic, obturator, femoral, ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric nerve) Tourniquet paralysis Autonomic neuropathy Cranial mononeuropathies Mononeuropathies (carpal tunel syndrome) Muscle infarction Plexopathy (lumbar) Polyneuropathy, several distinct types Thoracic (truncal) radicular lesions Disuse myopathy Muscle atrophy Mononeuropathies: pressure palsies Heroin: nerve compression (coma), trauma from injection, brachial and lumbosacral Plexopathies Compartment syndromes Phenylcyclidine: rhabdomyolysis Cocaine: rhabdomyolysis Hypercalcemia: muscle weakness Hypocalcemia: tetany Hypokalemic paralysis Hypokalemic myopathy Hyperkalemic paralysis Hyperkalemia: potassium-retaining diuretics Hypermagnesemia muscle weakness Hypomagnesemia muscle weakness Hypernatremia: muscle weakness Hyponatremia: muscle weakness Churg-Strauss syndrome Eosinophilic fasciitis Eosinophilic polymyositis Eosinophilia myalgia syndromes (parasitic infections) Acute abdomen: porphyria, lead poisoning polyneuropathy Chronic diarrhea: malabsorption neuropathies, Whipple s disease, celiac disease Celiac disease: myopathy Crohn s disease: polymyositis Whipple s disease: macrophagic myofasciitis Vitamin B 12 deficiency Complications of medical and surgical treatment Diabetes mellitus Immobilization Drugs and addiction Electrolyte disorders Eosinophilic syndromes Gastrointestinal disorders

5 General Disease Finder Compartment syndromes Polyneuropathy Mononeuropathy GBS Primary biliary cirrhosis: myopathy, neuropathy Polymyositis Polyneuropathy (hepatitis B, C) Panarteritis nodosa (hepatitis B) Demyelinating polyneuropathy Sensory polyneuropathy Hemophilia: Nerve compression (femoral nerve, hemorrhage into iliac muscle) Ulnar nerve compression Median nerve, radial nerve, sciatic nerve, peroneal nerve Complications of anticoagulation Brachial plexus lesions: hematomas in peripheral nerves (median nerve, femoral nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve) Polyneuropathy: POEMS syndrome Castleman s syndrome Waldenstrom s Paraproteinemia IgM (MAG) Macroglobulinemia Lymphoma, HIV Median nerve mononeuropathy Polyneuropathy Radiculopathy Polyneuropathies: Amitryptyline Glutethimide Imipramine Li+ carbonate Methaqualone Perazine Phenelzine Thalidomide Influenza, swine flu: GBS Mumps: sensorineural deafness Oral polio: GBS Macrophagic myofasciitis (hepatitis A,B, tetanus) Rabies Serum sickness Toxoids: Diphtheria/tetanus: GBS Haemophilus influenzae: GBS Plasma-derived hepatitis B: GBS Ischemia/peripheral vascular occlusive Hepatic disease Hepatitis Biliary cirrhosis Hematologic diseases Hyperuricemia Hypnotic drugs Immunization 303 (continued)

6 304 Bacterial meningitis: cranial nerve lesions Hepatitis: A: GBS B: GBS, periarteritis nodosa C: Polyneuropathy (vasculitis) Herpes zoster: Cranial nerves: ophthalmic, trigeminal, Ramsay Hunt syndrome Postherpetic neuralgia Leprosy: Leprous neuritis Lepromatous leprosy Skin, superficial nerves Sensory loss (cool areas) Ulnar: proximal to ulnar groove Median: proximal to carpal tunnel Peroneal nerve Lyme disease: Cranial nerves: VII (possibly bilateral) Radiculoneuritis (Garin-Bujadoux-Bannwarth syndrome) Polyneuropathy (unclear) Root involvement Truncal muscle weakness Neurosyphilis: Cranial nerves: pupillary abnormality Tabes dorsalis ( lightning pain ) Posterior nerve root, ataxia, bladder and sexual dysfunction Tuberculosis: Cranial nerves (meningitis): VI, III, IV Retrobulbar with myelitis Tuberculous arachnoiditis: radiculomyelopathy Tuberculomas Typhoid fever: multifocal neuropathy Parasitic infections: Amebic meningoencephalitis: olfactory nerve, smell Angiostrongyliasis: radiculomyeloneuritis Eosinophilic meningitis: cranial neuropathies, paresthesias Onchocerciasis: blindness Paragonimus: optic atrophy Poliomyelitis: Muscle weakness Laryngeal and pharyngeal Facial diplegia Postpolio syndrome Trichinosis: Respiratory, cardiac and skeletal muscles Viral meningitis: Mumps: deafness Viral: Myopathy Herpes Rabies Infections General Disease Finder

7 General Disease Finder 305 Postviral complications: Optic neuritis: measles, rubella, mumps, varicella zoster, infectious hepatitis, mononucleosis, rabies vaccine Cranial nerves: mumps GBS: CMV, enterovirus, Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex, hepatitis B, HIV, influenza A and B, measles, rabies, rubella, smallpox vaccination Deafness and vertigo: mumps, measles, varicella, influenza, HSV Antimicrobial therapy: Emetine-induced myopathy Isoniazid neuropathy Ethambutol neuropathy Nitrofurantoin neuropathy Streptomycin ototoxicity Sulfonamide vasculitis Metronidazole neuropathy Cranial nerves: VI, VII, vagus Mononeuropathies, serum sickness; acute mononeuropathies: long thoracic, radial, suprascapular, musculocutaneous, femoral, sciatic, anterior interosseus, intercostal, and phrenic nerves Polyneuropathy: Migratory recurrent polyneuropathy GBS CIDP Postinfectious and allergic neuropathies Chronic idiopathic neuritis Collagen vascular disease Myopathies: Dermato- and polymyositis Eosinophilic fasciitis Scleroderma Lupus Multiplex neuropathy vasculitis Periarteritis nodosa Rheumatoid arthritis Cryoglobulinemia Miscellaneous: Sarcoid Behcet s disease Lyme disease Alpha 1 lipoprotein deficiency: polyneuropathy A-betalipoproteinemia: polyneuropathy Hyperlipidemia: polyneuropathy Statin neuropathy Statin myopathy Lung cancer: paraneoplastic disease (anti Hu) Sarcoid polyneuropathy Pneumonia: phrenic neuropathy COPD: neuropathy Churg-Strauss syndrome Cranial nerves: trigeminal Mononeuropathies (median, ulnar) Polyneuropathy (sensorimotor) (See rheumatoid disease) Inflammatory and immune diseases Lipid metabolism Lung disease Lupus, SLE (continued)

8 306 See also cancer Nerve infiltration Neurolymphomatosis Immune mediated neuropathies Focal nerve lymphoma Malnutrition-induced myopathy Polyneuropathy Posterolateral cord degeneration Sarcopenia Strachan s syndrome Vitamin B12 deficiency Susceptibility in several diseases: Central core disease Duchenne s dystrophy Myotonia congenita Myotonic dystrophy Muscle weakness in potassium: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia Tetany, hypocalcemia Hypomagnesemia Fabry s: corneal clouding Retinal microaneurysms: diabetes mellitus Beaded retinal vasculature : vasculitis Myotonic dystrophy Retinitis pigmentosa: Refsum s disease, Cockayne syndrome, Bassen-Kornzweig disease Sicca syndrome: Sjögren s syndrome Xerophthalmia: Sjögren s syndrome, LEMS Optic disk edema: POEMS syndrome, CIDP, GBS Myopathy Muscle pain: generalized, myalgia, ischemia, cramps, drugs Neuropathic pain CRPS Phantom pain Neuralgia Erythromelalgia Cranial nerves: paraneoplastic retinal degeneration, cancer-associated retinopathy Numb chin syndrome Polyneuropathy: Distal sensorimotor Sensory, subacute sensory neuronopathy Vasculitic neuropathy Terminal neuropathy Immune mediated Paraproteinemic neuropathies: Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) Anti-MAG IgM POEMS syndrome Amyloid neuropathy Neuromuscular transmission: LEMS MG (thymoma) Neuromyotonia, Isaac s syndrome Myopathy: Dermatomyositis, polymyositis Necrotizing myopathy Type 2 fiber atrophy Cachectic myopathy Lymphoma Malnutrition Malignant hyperpyrexia Mineral and electrolyte disorders Ophthalmologic complications Osteomalacia Pain General Disease Finder Paraneoplastic neuromuscular syndromes (see also cancer )

9 General Disease Finder Myopathy, bulbar and respiratory weakness Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis Polyneuropathy Ocular myopathy In hypoparathyroidism: tetanic muscular reaction Acromegaly: entrapment neuropathies: median and ulnar nerve entrapment Proximal myopathy Polyneuropathy (proximal also respiration can be involved) Ascending polyradiculopathy Drug side effects Optic neuritis Cranial nerves: Bell s palsy Median neuropathy (CTS) Lumbosacral plexus: labor Lumbosacral plexus: fetal head, forceps Mononeuropathies: Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve Obturator nerve Saphenous nerve Sciatic nerve Common peroneal nerve Innervation of sphincter muscle of the pelvic floor Myotonia and myotonic dystrophy, weakness may worsen (uterus contraction, labor) MG (relapse and remission) Arthrogryposis Immunotherapy and pregnancy Polyneuropathy : malnutrition GBS Relapse of CIDP Psoriatic myopathy See lung Polyneuropathy: Distal symmetric, sensory, motor Cramps, myokymia Restless leg syndrome Compressive neuropathies: ischemic myopathy related to shunt Amyloid deposition: nerve and muscle Multiplex mononeuropathies Neuromuscular junction: aminoglycoside toxicity Myopathy (type 2 fiber atrophy) Cachexia, inanition, electrolyte disturbances, rhabdomyolysis Ethanol intoxication Drug induced Electrolyte disturbances General anesthesia Heroin Multiple organ failure Narcotics Secondary entrapment compartment syndromes Some myopathies (e.g., metabolic) 307 Parathyroid disease Pituitary disease Porphyria Pregnancy Psoriasis Pulmonary disease Renal disorders Rhabdomyolysis (continued)

10 308 Raynaud s syndrome Polyneuropathy: Systemic lupus erythematosus Scleroderma (rare) Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome Mixed connective tissue disease ( Sharp syndrome ) Rheumatoid arthritis Sjögren s syndrome with sensory ganglionopathy Relapsing polychondritis Trigeminal neuropathy Muscle: Dermatomyositis Polymyositis RA, scleroderma, penicillamine induced Eosinophilic myositis/fasciitis Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome Bechterew: cauda equina syndrome, thoracal radiculopathies Giant cell arteritis: cranial neuropathies, optic nerve, infarction of tongue, masticatory claudication Polymyalgia rheumatica: muscle pain Wegener s disease: cranial neuropathies, neuropathy, vasculitis Osteopetrosis: anosmia, optic nerve, atrophy, optomotor, trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, otosclerosis Paget s disease: anosmia, optic nerve, trigeminal, deafness, caudal and cranial nerves Therapy induced: Gold therapy: polyneuropathy, myokymia D penicillamine: MG, myositis Corticosteroid: myopathy Chloroquine: myopathy Facial nerve (bilateral) Hypercalcemia Rhabdomyolysis Rheumatoid and connective tissue Myositis: proximal muscle atrophy Polyneuropathy (distal sensorimotor, small fiber, and autonomic) Mononeuropathy Radiculopathy GBS Cachexia Critical care myopathy Critical illness neuropathy Malnutrition and avitaminosis Neuromuscular transmission disorders by anesthetic drugs and aminoglycosides Septic myopathy Thick filament myopathy Therapy induced: steroid myopathy Rheumatoid and connective tissue Sarcoidosis Sepsis General Disease Finder

11 General Disease Finder 309 Angiokeratoma: Fabry s disease Cheilosis/glossitis: vitamin B and folate deficiency Dupuytren s contracture: alcoholic liver disease, diabetes mellitus Hair loss: thallium, alopecia areata (in autoimmune disease, also in MG), hypothyroidism, thallium, lupus Erythema nodosum: leprosy, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease Hyperpigmentation: POEMS syndrome, adrenomyeloneuropathy, adrenoleukodystrophy Hypopigmentation: POEMS syndrome, leprosy (patchy) Hypertrichosis: POEMS syndrome Mechanic s hands: dermatomyositis Skin rash: dermatomyositis Purpura: vasculitis, cryoglobulinemia, amyloidosis Ichthyosis: Refsum s disease Macroglossia: amyloidosis, hypothyroid Mees lines (nails): arsenic, thallium intoxication Photosensitivity: lupus, porphyria Raynaud s syndrome Collagenosis, autoimmune disease Skin thickening: scleroderma, fasciitis Vitiligo: vitamin B deficiency Cachexia Myopathy Sarcopenia Strachan s syndrome Wernicke s disease Chronic myopathy, type two fiber atrophy Acute myopathy in status asthmaticus Critical illness myopathy Hyperthyroidism Basedow s disease Entrapment mononeuropathy (CTS) Graves ophthalmopathy Hyperthyroid periodic paralysis (Asian, Chinese) MG and hyperthyrosis Thyroid myopathy Hypothyroidism Median neuropathy Myopathy (pseudomyotonia Hoffman s sign) Neuropathy Polyneuropathies: acrylamide (monomer), sensory Heavy metals: lead, motor neuropathy (UE > LE) Wrist and finger extensors Arsenic: distal axonopathy (GBS-like) Mercury: cranial nerves II, VIII, sensory Thallium: polyneuropathy, autonomic Tin: papilledema Organic solvents (n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, carbon disulfide) Organophosphates: acetylcholinesterase inhibition fasciculations, weakness, respiration Nicotinic effects: inhibition of neuropathy target esterase distal axonopathy (TOCP) triorthocresyl phosphate Trichlorethylene: cranial neuropathies Skin changes Starvation Steroid therapy Thyroid disease Toxin exposure/working conditions (continued)

12 310 Amyloid deposition autonomic Optic neuropathy Mononeuropathies Polyneuropathy Shunt monomelic neuropathies Color vision changes: sulfonamides, streptomycin, methaqualone, barbiturates, digitalis, thiazide diuretics, antihelminthic drugs, nalidixic acid, troxidone Optic neuropathy: chloramphenicol, isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol, sulfas, dapsone, chlorpropamide, chlorambucil, penicillamine, indomethacin, ibuprofen, morphine, MAO inhibitors, barbiturates Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): polyneuropathy, myopathy Vitamin B6: isoniazid neuropathy, median neuropathy Pyridoxine high dose: sensory neuropathy Vitamin B12 deficiency: polyneuropathy, posterior column degeneration Vitamin D: muscle weakness, osteomalacia Vitamin E: myopathy General Disease Finder Uremia Visual disorders Vitamin deficiency

13 Index A Abdominal wall innervation anterior wall, 148, 149 clinical symptoms, 148 external oblique muscle, 149 fascia, 151 internal oblique muscle, 149 lower cupula, 149 muscular and sensory innervation, 147 muscular components, 150 nerves, 150 posterior abdominal wall, 149, 150 rectus abdominis, 149 rostral cupula, 150 transverse abdominal muscle, 149 upper cupula, 149 Abducens nerve disease, Accessory nerve disease, Acoustic nerve disease, Acute brachial neuritis, 92 Acute disc herniation surgery, 83 Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN), 209 Acute motor axonal neuropathy, Acute paralytic poliomyelitis (APP), AIDP. See Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) Alcohol polyneuropathy, Allograft, 25 ALS. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) AMSAN. See Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) Amyloid neuropathy, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) anatomy and pathophysiology, 283 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 285 epidemiology, 283 fals, 284 features and prognosis of, 284 signs, symptoms, 283 treatment, 285 Ankylosing spondylitis, 75 Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 178, 179 Aortic aneurysm, 104 APP. See Acute paralytic poliomyelitis (APP) Autograft, 25 Autoimmune testing, Autonomic nervous system (ANS) anatomy autonomic CNS structures, 291 enteric nervous system, 292 parasympathetic nervous system, 292 sympathetic nervous system, autonomic testing, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, 296 orthostatic hypotension, PoTS, reflex syncope, 296 sudomotor tests, 294 TLOC, 292 Axillary nerve dysfunction, B Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), Bell s palsy, Benign tumors, BMD. See Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) Botulism, 68, Brachial plexus anatomy, diagnosis, 96, 98 differential diagnosis, lesion types, 89 pathogenesis acute brachial neuritis, 92 Burner syndrome, 96 chronic neuralgic amyotrophy, HNPP, 90 immunotherapy, 92 Lyme disease, multifocal motor neuropathy, neonatal brachial plexopathy, 90 neurofibromas, 94, 96 pancoast tumor, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, 92 radiation fibrosis, 94, 97 rucksack paralysis, 93 prognosis, 98 signs, symptoms, 89 therapy, Bruns-Garland syndrome, 83 Burner syndrome, 96, 108 C Calcaneal nerve dysfunction, 181 Cardiovascular reflex tests, 292 deep breathing, 293 tilt table, Valsalva maneuver, 293 E.L. Feldman et al., Atlas of Neuromuscular Diseases, DOI / , Springer-Verlag Wien

14 312 Index Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 deficiency (CPT2), Carotid sinus syncope (CSS), 296 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 116, 117 Cauda equina symptoms anatomy, diagnosis, 85 differential diagnosis, 85 pathogenesis, 85 signs, 85 symptoms, 85 therapy, 85 Central core disease (CCD), Centronuclear myopathy (CNM), Cervical plexopathy, 87 Cervical plexus anatomy, 87 clinical presentation, 87 diagnosis, 88 differential diagnosis, 88 pathogenesis, symptoms, 87 therapy, 88 Cervical radiculopathy anatomy, 73 C8 radiculopathy, 74 diagnosis, 76 differential diagnosis, 76 meningeal carcinomatosis, 74 pathogenesis, prognosis, 76 signs, 75 symptoms, treatment, 76 Cervical spondylosis, 75 CFD. See Congenital fiber-type disproportion (CFD) Chanarin Dorfman syndrome, 271, 272 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) causes, 221 diagnosis, 221, 222, 225 differential diagnosis, 221, 223 epidemiology, pathophysiology, 221 signs, 221, symptoms, 221, 222 therapy, 221, 223 Chemotherapy-induced neuropathies (CIPN) chemotherapeutic drugs, clinical presentation, 232 pathogenesis, 232 signs, 233 symptoms, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) clinical presentation, 210 diagnosis, 211 differential diagnosis, 211 pathogenesis, 211 prognosis, 212 signs/symptoms, 210 therapy, 211 Chronic neuralgic amyotrophy, CIDP. See Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) CIP. See Critical illness neuropathy (CIP) CIPN. See Chemotherapy-induced neuropathies (CIPN) CMT. See Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) CNM. See Centronuclear myopathy (CNM) Cobalamin neuropathy, 213 Colchicine myopathy, 273 Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 39 Congenital fiber-type disproportion (CFD), 265, 266, 268 Congenital myasthenic syndromes, 241 Congenital myopathies clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 267 pathogenesis, 266 prognosis, 268 therapy, Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) clinical presentation, 252 diagnosis, 253 differential diagnosis, 253 pathogenesis, 252 prognosis, 254 therapy, 253 CPT2. See Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 deficiency (CPT2) Cranial mononeuropathies, 38 Cranial nerves abducens nerve, accessory nerve, acoustic nerve, anatomy, 43 examination in coma, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, hypoglossal nerve, lesions site, oculomotor nerve, olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oral cavity, painful conditions, 67 pupil, 68 trigeminal nerve, trochlear nerve, vagus nerve, vestibular nerve, Critical illness myopathy, 274 Critical illness neuropathy (CIP), CRPS. See Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) CSS. See Carotid sinus syncope (CSS) CTDs. See Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) CTS. See Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Cutaneous forearm nerves, D DAN. See Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) DBM. See Distal desmin body myofibrillar myopathy (DBM) Demyelinating neuropathy, 212 Dermatomyositis (DM) clinical presentation, 248, 249 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 249 pathogenesis, 248 prognosis, 250 therapy, dhmn. See Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dhmn) Diabetic amyotrophy, 101

15 Index 313 Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN), 195, 206 Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN) clinical presentation, 193 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 192, 194 pathogenesis, 193 prognosis, 195 syndrome/signs, 193, 194 therapy, 194 Diabetic mononeuritis multiplex (DMM), Diabetic polyradiculopathy (DPR), Diabetic truncal neuropathy, Disc herniation, 75 Distal desmin body myofibrillar myopathy (DBM), 264, 265 Distal hereditary motor neuropathies (dhmn), 226, 227 Distal myopathies, Distal posterior interosseus nerve syndrome, 129 Distal symmetric polyneuropathy, DM. See Dermatomyositis (DM) DMD. See Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) DMM. See Diabetic mononeuritis multiplex (DMM) Dorsal scapular nerve dysfunction, 136 DPR. See Diabetic polyradiculopathy (DPR) Drug-induced neuropathy causes, 216, 217 diagnosis, 216, 218 differential diagnosis, 192, 218 epidemiology, 216 pathophysiology, 216 signs/symptoms, 216, 217 therapy, 218 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) clinical presentation, 255 diagnosis, 256 differential diagnosis, 256 pathogenesis, 256 prognosis, 257 therapy, E Edrophonium test, 239 Electrotherapy, point Likert scale, 37 Enteric nervous system (ENS), 292 F FAC. See Functional ambulation category (FAC) Facial nerve disease anatomy, course of, 56 diagnosis, 57 pathogenesis, 57, 58 prognosis, 58 signs, symptoms, 56 therapy, 57 topographical lesions, 56 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) clinical presentation, diagnosis, 264 differential diagnosis, 264 pathogenesis, 264 prognosis, 264 therapy, 264 Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP), 197, 198 Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fals), 284 Fasciculations, 5 Femoral nerve dysfunction anatomy, 159 causes, 160 diagnosis, 160 differential diagnosis, 160 hip, prognosis, 160 signs, symptoms, 159 therapy, 160 Femoral neuropathy, 33 FSHD. See Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) Functional ambulation category (FAC), 28 G Ganglionopathy, 38, 39 Genitofemoral nerve dysfunction, Glossopharyngeal nerve disease, Glycogen storage diseases (GSD) clinical presentation, 269 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 271 pathogenesis, 269 prognosis, 271 therapy, 271 Guillain-Barre syndrome, Gynecomastia, 285, 286 H Hand, digital nerve dysfunction, Hemorrhagic compartment syndrome, 103, 104 Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) causes, 221 diagnosis, 221, 222, 225 differential diagnosis, 221, 223 epidemiology, pathophysiology, 221 signs, 221, symptoms, 221, 222 therapy, 221, 223 Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA), 226 Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) causes, 226 diagnosis, 226 differential diagnosis, epidemiology, 225 pathophysiology, 225 signs, 226 symptoms, therapy, 227 Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), Herpes zoster neuropathy, 75, 78, 204 Hip arthroplasty, 158 Hip arthroscopy, 159 Hip trauma, 159 HMSN. See Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) HNA. See Hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy (HNA) HNPP. See Neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) HoPP. See Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HoPP) Horner s syndrome, 68

16 314 Index HSAN. See Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN) Human immunodeficiency virus-1 neuropathy, Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP), 278 Hypoglossal nerve disease, Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HoPP), 279 Hypothyroidism, HyPP. See Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HyPP) I IBM. See Inclusion body myositis (IBM) Ice cream headache, 9 Ice test, 239 Iliohypogastric nerve dysfunction, 151 Ilioinguinal nerve dysfunction, Iliopsoas abscess, 101 Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM), Immune polyneuropathies, 15 Inclusion body myositis (IBM), Intercostal nerve dysfunction, Intercostal neuralgia, 79 Intercostobrachial nerve dysfunction, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), 27 Isaacs syndrome, Ischemic plexopathy, 102 J Joplin s neuroma, 180 K Kearns Sayre syndrome (KSS), 268 Kennedy syndrome, Kiloh-Nevin syndrome, 113 L Laing distal myopathy (LDM), 264 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) causes, 242 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 243 electrophysiology, 242 epidemiology, 241 pathophysiology, 241 prognosis, 243 signs, 242 symptoms, 242 therapy, 243 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve dysfunction, LDM. See Laing distal myopathy (LDM) Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and sign pain scale (LANSS), 38 LEMS. See Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) Leprosy, Lesser occipital nerve, 87 LGMD. See Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) Likert scale, 28 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 261 pathogenesis, 260 prognosis, 261 therapy, 261 Local pain syndromes, 159 Long thoracic nerve dysfunction, Lumbar and sacral radiculopathy acute disc herniation surgery, 83 anatomy, 80 conservative treatment, 84 diagnosis, 83 differential diagnosis, 83, 84 myotomal distribution, 81 pathogenesis, prognosis, 84 radicular sensory findings, 81 signs, 81 surgical techniques, 84 symptoms, Lumbar fusion, 83 Lumbar stenosis, Lumbosacral plexus anatomy, diagnosis, 104 differential diagnosis, 104 pathogenesis aortic aneurysms, 104 cancer, 101 diabetic amyotrophy, 101 episodic weakness, 101 hemorrhagic compartment syndromes, 103, 104 iliopsoas abscess, 101 ischemic plexopathy, 102, 103 malignant psoas syndrome, 102 maternal lumbosacral plexopathy, 102 postoperative lumbosacral plexopathy, 102 radiation plexus lesion, 102 retroperitoneal hematoma, 102, 104 prognosis, 104 symptom/sign, 101 therapy, 104 Lumbosacral spinal stenosis syndrome, Lumbosacral spondylosis, 82 Lyme disease brachial plexus, neuroborreliosis, Lymphatic drainage, 32 M MADD. See Multiple acyl-coa dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD) Malignant peripheral nerve tumors, Malignant psoas syndrome, 102 Markesbery distal myopathy (MDM), 264, 265 Martin Gruber anastomosis, 113 Maternal lumbosacral plexopathy, 102 MCD. See Multi/minicore disease (MCD) MCTD. See Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) MDM. See Markesbery distal myopathy (MDM) Medial plantar proper digital nerve syndrome, 180 Median nerve dysfunction anatomy, causes, clinical syndrome, 113, 116 diagnosis, 117, 120 differential diagnosis, 117 distal nerve bifurcation, 113

17 Index 315 Martin Gruber anastomosis, 113 therapy, 118, 120 ulnar-median anastomosis, 113 Median neuropathy, 32 Medical Research Council (MRC) scale, 27, 28 Metabolic diseases diabetic autonomic neuropathy, 195 diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy clinical presentation, 193 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 192, 194 pathogenesis, 193 prognosis, 195 syndrome/signs, 193, 194 therapy, 194 distal symmetric polyneuropathy, renal disease clinical presentation, 196 diagnosis, 197 differential diagnosis, 197 pathogenesis, 196 prognosis, 197 signs/symptoms, 196 therapy, 197 DMM/DPR, MGUS. See Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) MIDM. See Miyoshi distal myopathy (MIDM) Miller Fisher syndrome, Minnesota neuropathic symptoms index (MNSI), 38 Mitochondrial myopathies, 268 Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), 252, 253 Miyoshi distal myopathy (MIDM), 264, 265 MMN. See Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) MNSI. See Minnesota neuropathic symptoms index (MNSI) Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), 199 Mononeuropathies, lower extremities anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, 178, 179 calcaneal nerves, 181 femoral nerve, hip, interdigital neuroma and neuritis, Joplin s neuroma/medial plantar proper digital nerve syndrome, 180 knee, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, obturator nerve, peripheral nerve tumors, peroneal nerve, plantar nerves, posterior cutaneous femoral nerve, posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, saphenous nerve, 161 sciatic nerve, sural nerve, tibial nerve, truncal mononeuropathies abdominal wall innervation, breast, 147 dorsal scapular nerve, 136 genitofemoral nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, 151 ilioinguinal nerve, intercostal nerves, intercostobrachial nerve, 146, 147 long thoracic nerve, pectoral nerve, 143, 145 phrenic nerve, pudendal nerve, shoulder innervation, subscapular nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves, suprascapular nerve, thoracic spinal nerves, 145 thoracodorsal nerve, upper extremities axillary nerve, forearm posterior cutaneous nerve, 131, 132 hand, digital nerves, median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, nerves around elbow, 111, 112 nervus cutaneus antebrachii lateralis, 130, 131 nervus cutaneus antebrachii medialis, 131 radial nerve, ulnar nerve, Morton s neuroma, Motor neuron diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, poliomyelitis/post-polio syndrome (see Post-polio syndrome (PPS)) spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, spinal muscular atrophies, Motor neuron disease syndrome, 230 Motricity index, 27 MRC scale. See Medical Research Council (MRC) scale Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), 92 93, Multi/minicore disease (MCD), 265, 266, 268 Multiple acyl-coa dehydrogenation deficiency (MADD), Multiple myeloma neuropathy, Muscle and myotonic diseases Becker muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathies, connective tissue diseases, critical illness myopathy, 274 dermatomyositis, distal myopathies, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, electrophysiology, 247 facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, fatty acid metabolism, gene defects, 248 glycogen storage diseases, histology, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 278 hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 279 hypothyroidism, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, immunohistochemistry, inclusion body myositis, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, mitochondrial myopathies, 268 myotonia congenita, myotonic dystrophy, paramyotonia congenita, polymyositis, toxic myopathy, viral myopathy, Muscle cramps, 7 Musculocutaneous nerve dysfunction,

18 316 Index Myasthenia gravis causes, 235, 237 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 239 electrophysiology, 238 epidemiology, 235 medication, 239 myasthenic crisis, 235 pathophysiology, 235 pregnancy, prognosis, 241 signs, 235, 237, 238 symptoms, 235, 236 therapy, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI), 254 Myoedema, 6 Myokymia, 5 6 Myotonia congenita, 7 clinical presentation, diagnosis, 276 differential diagnosis, 276 pathogenesis, 276 prognosis, 277 therapy, Myotonic dystrophy (DM), N NDM. See Nonaka distal myopathy (NDM) Neck-tongue syndrome, 87 Nemaline myopathy (NM), Neoplastic neuropathy, Nerve and muscle rehabilitation autonomic symptoms treatment, 32 electrotherapy, endurance training, 30 exercise therapy, femoral neuropathy, 33 lymphatic drainage, 32 massage techniques, 32 median neuropathy, 32 myopathies, 34 neural plasticity, 27, occupational therapy, 30 orthoses, 30 outcome measurements, peroneal neuropathy, 33 plexopathies, 33 polyneuropathies, primary nerve surgery, 31 strength training, symptoms and treatment goals, 27, 28 thermotherapy, 32 tibial neuropathy, 33 ulnar neuropathy, ultrasound, 32 wrist cock-up splint, 30 Nerve biopsy, 194 Nerve entrapment syndrome, 141 Nerve grafting, 25 Nervus auricularis magnus, 87 Neuralgic amyotrophy, 90, 92 Neural plasticity, 27, Neuroborreliosis causes, 205 diagnosis, 205 differential diagnosis, 206 epidemiology, 204 pathophysiology, 205 signs/symptoms, 205 therapy, 206 Neurolysis, 26 Neuromuscular disease clinical methodology, 1 3 clinical phenomenology fasciculations, 5 motor function, 4 8 muscle cramps, 7 muscle tone, 8 myoedema, 6 myokymia, 5 6 myotonia, 7 neuromyotonia, 6 neuropathic tremor, 7 painful legs and moving toes, 7 pseudoathetosis, 7 reflex testing, 7 8 rippling muscle, 6 7 sensory symptoms, 8 11 EMG techniques, 14 evidence based medicine, 1 genetic testing, 16 laboratory tests, motor NCV studies, 12 MRI, 1, muscle biopsy, 19 nerve biopsy, 19, 20 patient evaluation, 2 3 peripheral nerve, 2 physical examination, 3 5 regional anesthetic procedures, Schwann cell cytoplasm, 2 sensory information, 3 sensory NCV studies, sensory qualities, 11 autonomic function, clinical pitfalls, 11 gait, 11 ice cream headache, 9 Kehr s sign, 9 myalgia, 9 10 negative symptoms, 8 neuropathic pain, 10 positive symptoms, 8 radicular/peripheral nerve distribution, 9 Raynaud s phenomenon, 9 small fiber neuropathy, 9 Tinel-Hoffmann sign, 9 ultrasound imaging, 1, Neuromuscular transmission (NMT) disorder botulism, congenital myasthenic syndromes, 241 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis (see Myasthenia gravis) neuromyotonia, Neuromyotonia, 6, Neuronopathy, 38, 39 Neuropathic pain, 10 ablation, 41 augmentative neurostimulation, 41 cranial mononeuropathies, 38 CRPS, 39

19 Index 317 diagnosis, ganglionopathy/neuronopathy, 38, 39 molecular mechanisms, 37 peripheral mononeuropathies, pharmacological treatment options anticonvulsants, 40 capsaicin, 40 corticosteroid injection, 40 dosage and titration schedule, 40 intrathecal delivery, 41 lidocaine, 40 local anesthetics, 40, 41 mexiletine, 40 opioids, 40 serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 40 tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressant medications, 40 plexopathies, 39 radiculopathy, 39 Neuropathic tremor, 7 Neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP), 90 Neutral lipid storage disease and myopathy (NLSDM), 271, 272 Neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis (NLSDI), 271, hole peg test, 28 NM. See Nemaline myopathy (NM) NMT disorder. See Neuromuscular transmission (NMT) disorder Nonaka distal myopathy (NDM), 264, 265 Notalgia paresthetica, 79 Nutritional neuropathy cobalamin neuropathy, 213 post-gastroplasty neuropathy, 213 pyridoxine neuropathy, 192, 214 Strachan s syndrome, 214 thiamine neuropathy, tocopherol neuropathy, 192, 215 O Obturator nerve dysfunction, Occipital neuralgia, 87 Occupational therapy, 30 Oculomotor nerve disease anatomy, 45, 46 cavernous sinus, 46 clivus and plica petroclinoidea, 46 diagnosis, 47 differential diagnosis, 47 extracranial pathway/orbit, 46 fascicular lesions, 46 intracranial pathway, 46 nuclear lesions, 46 orbital lesion, 46, 47 paresis, 45 pathogenesis, prognosis, 47 signs, 46 symptoms, 46 therapy, 47 transtentorial herniation, 46 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD), OH. See Orthostatic hypotension (OH) Olfactory nerve disease, Oligoneuropathies, OPMD. See Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) Optic nerve disease, Orthostatic hypotension (OH), Osteosclerotic myeloma, Overlap myositis (OM), 253 P Panplexopathy, 89 Paramyotonia congenita, Paraneoplastic neuropathy clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 230 pathogenesis, 229 signs, 229 symptoms, therapy, 230 Paraproteinemias critical illness neuropathy, MGUS, 199 multiple myeloma neuropathy, POEMS syndrome, vasculitis neuropathy, Waldenström s macroglobulinemia, 199 Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), 292 Parosmia and anosmia, 43, 44 Parsonage-Turner syndrome, 92 PBS. See Phantom breast syndrome (PBS) PCD. See Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD) Pectoral nerve dysfunction, 143, 145 Peripheral mononeuropathies, Peripheral nerve amyloidosis, 197, 198 Peripheral nerve surgery clinical presentation, 23 end-to-end coaptation, end-to-side coaptation, 25 nerve grafting, 25 nerve transfer, 26 neurolysis, 26 timing, 23, 24 Peripheral nerve tumors, 182, 183 benign tumors, malignant peripheral nerve tumors, tumor-like disorders, 184 Peroneal nerve dysfunction anatomy, 169 causes, diagnosis, 171 differential diagnosis, 171 prognosis, 171, 172 signs, 169, 170 symptoms, 169 therapy, 171 Peroneal neuropathy, 33 Phantom breast syndrome (PBS), 147 Phrenic nerve dysfunction anatomy, 133 causes, 133 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 135 lesion, frequent sites, 133 symptoms, 133 therapy, 135 PIN. See Posterior interosseus nerve (PIN) Plantar nerve dysfunction,

20 318 Index Plexopathies, 33, 39 brachial plexus (see Brachial plexus) cervical plexus/cervical spinal nerves anatomy, 87 clinical presentation, 87 diagnosis, 88 differential diagnosis, 88 pathogenesis, symptoms, 87 therapy, 88 lumbosacral plexus (see Lumbosacral plexus) thoracic outlet syndromes arterial, disputed neurogenic, 99 traumatic, 99 true neurogenic, 98 venous, 99 PMS. See Postmastectomy syndrome (PMS) POEMS syndrome, Poliomyelitis, Polymyositis (PM) clinical presentation, 248, 249 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 249 pathogenesis, 248 prognosis, 250 therapy, Polyneuropathies, 33 34, 38 alcohol polyneuropathy, amyloid neuropathy, cancer chemotherapy-induced neuropathies, lymphoma/leukemia, motor neuron disease syndrome, 230 neoplastic neuropathy, paraneoplastic neuropathy, terminal neuropathy, 230 classic stocking-glove distribution, 191, 193 clinical presentation, 191, 192 differential diagnosis, 191, 192 drug-induced neuropathy, hereditary neuropathy dhmn, 226, 227 HMSN (see Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)) HNA, 226 HNPP, HSAN, porphyria, 227 infectious neuropathy herpes zoster neuropathy, 204 human immunodeficiency virus-1 neuropathy, leprosy, neuroborreliosis, inflammatory neuropathy acute motor axonal neuropathy, AIDP, AMSAN, 209 CIDP, demyelinating neuropathy, 212 Miller Fisher syndrome, multifocal motor neuropathy, metabolic diseases diabetic autonomic neuropathy, 195 distal symmetric polyneuropathy, DMM/DPR, DPN (see Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DPN)) nutritional neuropathy cobalamin neuropathy, 213 post-gastroplasty neuropathy, 213 pyridoxine neuropathy, 192, 214 Strachan s syndrome, 214 thiamine neuropathy, tocopherol neuropathy, 192, 215 paraproteinemias critical illness neuropathy, MGUS, 199 multiple myeloma neuropathy, POEMS syndrome, vasculitis neuropathy, Waldenström s macroglobulinemia, 199 proximal symmetric polyneuropathy, 191 toxic neuropathy industrial agents, 192, 216, metals, Porphyria, 227 Posterior cutaneous femoral nerve dysfunction, Posterior interosseus nerve (PIN), 129 Posterior tarsal tunnel syndrome, Post-gastroplasty neuropathy, 213 Postmastectomy syndrome (PMS), 147 Postoperative lumbosacral plexopathy, 102 Post-polio syndrome (PPS), 287 anatomy and pathophysiology, 288 causes, 289 diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 290 epidemiology, 288 signs, symptoms, 288 therapy, 290 Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (PoTS), PPS. See Post-polio syndrome (PPS) Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), 271, 272 Pronator teres syndrome, Pseudoathetosis, 7 Pseudoradicular symptoms, 82 PSNS. See Parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) Psoas/iliacus syndrome, 103 Pudendal nerve dysfunction, 155, 158 Pyridoxine neuropathy, 192, 214 Q Quadrilateral space syndrome, 108, 141 Quantitative sensory testing (QST), 28 Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), 294, 295 R Radial nerve dysfunction anatomy, 126 clinical syndrome, diagnosis, 130 differential diagnosis, 130 therapy and management, 130 Radial tunnel syndrome, 129 Radiculomyelitis, 75 Radiculomyeloneuropathy, Radiculopathy, 39 cauda equina symptoms anatomy, diagnosis, 85

21 Index 319 differential diagnosis, 85 pathogenesis, 85 signs, 85 symptoms, 85 therapy, 85 cervical radiculopathy anatomy, 73 diagnosis, 76 differential diagnosis, 76 pathogenesis, prognosis, 76 signs, 75 symptoms, treatment, 76 lumbar and sacral radiculopathy acute disc herniation surgery, 83 anatomy, 80 conservative treatment, 84 diagnosis, 83 differential diagnosis, 83 myotomal distribution, 81 pathogenesis, prognosis, 84 radicular sensory findings, 81 signs, 81 surgical techniques, 84 symptoms, thoracic radicular nerves anatomy, diagnosis, 79 differential diagnosis, 79 pathogenesis, prognosis, 79 signs, 78 symptoms, 78 therapy, 79 Ramsey Hunt syndrome, 57, 58 Raynaud s phenomenon, 9 Refl ex syncope, 296 Retroperitoneal hematoma, 102, 104 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 252 Rippling muscle, 6 7 Rivermead motor assessment, 28 Rucksack paralysis, 93 S Saphenous nerve dysfunction, 161 SBMA. See Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) Sciatic nerve dysfunction anatomy, 164 causes, diagnosis, 165 differential diagnosis, 168 signs, 165 symptoms, therapy and prognosis, 168 Sensory neuronopathy (SSN), SF-12 health survey, 28 SF-36 health survey, 28 Shoulder impingement syndrome, 142 Shoulder innervation, 144 complex structure and function, 140 muscles, 141 nerve entrapment syndrome, 141 neuronal structures, 140 quadrilateral space syndrome, 141 rotator cuff tears, scapular winging, 142, 143 sensory innervation, 141 shoulder impingement syndrome, minute walk test (6MWT), 28 Sjögren s syndrome, 15, 252 SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) SMA. See Spinal muscular atrophies (SMA ) SNS. See Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) anatomy and pathophysiology, 285 caused by, 285 diagnosis, 286 differential diagnosis, 286 epidemiology, 285 signs and symptoms, 285 therapy, 286 Spinal atrophy, 286, 288 Spinal muscular atrophies (SMA ) anatomy and pathophysiology, 286 causes, diagnosis, 287 differential diagnosis, 287 epidemiology, 286 signs, symptoms, 286, 287 therapy, 287 Spondylolisthesis, 83 Sprengel syndrome, 139 SSc. See Systemic sclerosis (SSc) SSN. See Sensory neuronopathy (SSN) SSRT. See Sympathetic skin response test (SSRT) Strachan s syndrome, 214 Subscapular nerve dysfunction, Sudomotor tests, 294 Superior and inferior gluteal nerve dysfunction, 154, 155 Supinator syndrome, 129 Suprascapular nerve dysfunction, Sural nerve dysfunction, Sympathetic nervous system (SNS), Sympathetic skin response test (SSRT), 294 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 252 Systemic sclerosis (SSc), 252 T Table tilt test, 295 Tennis elbow pain, 112, 128 Thermotherapy, 32 Thiamine neuropathy, Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS) arterial, disputed neurogenic, 99 traumatic, 99 true neurogenic, 98 venous, 99 Thoracic radicular nerve disease abdominal muscle weakness, 77 anatomy, diagnosis, 79 differential diagnosis, 79 herpes zoster, 78 pathogenesis, prognosis, 79 signs, 78 symptoms, 78 therapy, 79

22 320 Index Thoracic spinal nerves, 145 Thoracodorsal nerve dysfunction, Tibial nerve dysfunction anatomy, 172, 173 causes, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, 175 prognosis, 176 signs, 173 symptoms, therapy, 175 Tibial neuropathy, 33 Timed get up and go test (TUG), 28 TLOC. See Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) Tocopherol neuropathy, 192, 215 Tongue atrophy, 235, 238, 283, 285, 286 TOS. See Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS) Toxic myopathies clinical presentation, diagnosis, 273 differential diagnosis, 273 pathogenesis, 273 prognosis, 274 therapy, 273 Toxic neuropathy industrial agents, 192, 216, metals, Toxic optic neuropathy, 45 Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC), 292 Trigeminal nerve disease anatomy, diagnosis, 53 features, 51, 53 metastasis with lesions, 51 neurologic examination, 51 pathogenesis, signs, 50 symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia, 51, 53 symptoms, 50 therapy, 53 tic douloureux, 51 Trochlear nerve disease, Truncal mononeuropathies abdominal wall innervation, breast, 147 dorsal scapular nerve, 136 genitofemoral nerve, iliohypogastric nerve, 151 ilioinguinal nerve, intercostal nerves, intercostobrachial nerve, long thoracic nerve, pectoral nerve, 143, 145 phrenic nerve, pudendal nerve, shoulder innervation, subscapular nerve, superior and inferior gluteal nerves, 154, 155 suprascapular nerve, thoracic spinal nerves, 145 thoracodorsal nerve, TUG. See Timed get up and go test (TUG) U Ulnar nerve dysfunction anatomy, causes, 122, 124, 125 conservative therapy, 125 diagnosis, 122, 124 differential diagnosis, prognosis, 126 signs, surgery, symptoms, 121 Ulnar neuropathy, V VACD. See Very-long-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (VACD) Vagus nerve disease, VAS. See Visual analog scale (VAS) Vasculitic neuropathy, Very-long-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency (VACD), Vestibular nerve disease, Viral myopathy, Visual analog scale (VAS), 28 W Waldenström s macroglobulinemia, 199 Wegner s granulomatosis, 201, 202 Welander distal myopathy (WDM), 260, 261