The Experimental Method
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- Kristopher Clinton Smith
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1 The Experimental Method # What is an experiment? How is it different from other methods? Purpose: to demonstrate causation, that A ---> B What are the requirements to demonstrate causality? Correlation Order. A must precede B. Control over other variables Extraneous variables and alternative explanations Definitions Examples
2 The Experimental Method How are experiments different from other types of research? Manipulated independent variable Control of organismic variables either by Random assignment of units of analysis to conditions of the independent variable, or by Assignment of each unit to all conditions, with controls on order of presentation Control of other variables by holding them constant What are extraneous variables? Can explain the findings of a study without resorting to the hypothesis. Lead to an alternative explanation of the findings from the one you had. In an airtight experiment, there is only one rival hypothesis: chance.
3 The Experimental Method Strengths and weakneses of experiments Strengths Control Ability to demonstrate causality Weaknesses Artificiality Lack of external validity The field experiment in many ways the best of both worlds. Still lacking in external validity Cannot get at complex interactions
4 The Experimental Method Within vs. Between subject experiments Within has complete control of all organismic variables Possibility of one condition to influence others, possible on stage and demand effects Between has Less chance of subjects catching on Higher error rates Comparing the correlational and experimental methods. example: testing the hypothesis that people with low self-esteem will be more attracted to an accepting other Correlational: measure self-esteem, observe response when other expresses interest Experimental: manipulated self-esteem, then do the same
5 The Experiment Exercise # How do you do a between-subjects experiment? Doob & Gross as example Devise a set-up, including a cover story if needed Construct independent variable and way to assign subjects to categories Figure out how to measure the dependent variable # A student example: the waitress and the mints Set-up Independent variable and random assignment Dependent variable # Walk through instructions for experiment exercise # Further examples of past student experiments
6 Internal Validity # What is internal validity and why do we care? Definition: extent to which one can be confident that the results as reported support the causal hypothesis being tested (Quotes from Campbell & Stanley, 1966) Internal validity is the basic minimum without which any experiment is uninterpretable: Did in fact the experimental treatments maqke a difference in the experimental instance? More generally, are the variables that appear to be causally related REALLY causally related, or is the apparent relationship spurious? Why should we care? Discuss. What s the difference between internal and external validity? External validity asks the question of generalizability: to what populations, settings, treatment variables, and measurement variables can this effect be generalized. Internal and external validity are often at odds. Why?
7 Internal Validity # Campbell and Stanley: types of pre-experiments, experiments, and quasi-experiments Pre-experiments X O Or O X O True experiments: random assignment to conditions X O Or O X O O O O Quasi-experiments same as experiments, except with no random assignment to conditions
8 Internal Validity An example of a quasi-experiment: jobs for at risk youth in Milwaukee Describe study Purpose of study Initial design How it turned out What is the problem? Possible extraneous variables?
9 Internal Validity # Threats to internal validity (from Schutt) Selection bias and differential attrition (mortality) Endogenous change Testing Maturation Regression History/external events Contamination: control/experimental group crosseffects Treatment misidentification Experimenter expectancies / social desirability Placebo effect Hawthorne effect / on stage effect Conceptual --> operational link not effectively made
10 Internal Validity # Using these terms, what are the problems with preexperiments? X O Or O X O # What are the problems with quasi-experiments? X O Or O X O O O O (Without random assignment to conditions) # Why are experiments OK?
11 The Darley and Batson Experiment # Design Sample Is this a between- or a within-subjects experiment? Set-up Measurement Independent variables Dependent variable Findings What is an interaction effect? Threats to internal validity
12 The Goldberg Experiment # Design Sample Is this a between- or a within-subjects experiment? Set-up Measurement Independent variables Dependent variable Findings Threats to internal validity
13 The Goldstein and Arms Study # Design Sample Is this a between- or a within-subjects experiment? Set-up Measurement Independent variables Dependent variable Findings Threats to internal validity Is this an experiment? Why or why not?
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