Impact of functional microbial diversity on soil ecosystem services and assessment thereof
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1 Impact of functional microbial diversity on soil ecosystem services and assessment thereof, Anders Johansen, Niels Bohse Hendriksen Department of Environmental Science, AU, Roskilde, Denmark UNI VERSITET 1
2 Functions of microorganisms in soil 2
3 Functions of microorganisms in soil turnover of organic matter recycling of nutrients plant growth beneficial microorganisms competition and dilution of microorganisms degradation of organic pollutants food for predators control of plant pests plant pests and more - for this a high diversity is required 3
4 Diversity of microbial communities Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms. includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems 4
5 Determination of microbial diversity not taxonomy not morphology 5
6 Determination of microbial diversity Genetic diversity DNA Structural diversity structural cell constituents e.g Phospholipid fatty acids Functional diversity: what they can do at the given conditions: mrna, growth, respiration, enzyme activities Choice of method?! 6
7 Selecting biological indicators for monitoring soils Ecological relevant biological indicators of soil: 183 candidates reduced to 21 candidates for different trophic groups considering soil functions, environmental interactions, supporting habitats and biodiversity General microbial functions: - activity capability profile of community - enzyme potential activity Method development and standardization required (Ritz et al. 2009) 7
8 Respiration based - CO 2 production, measured by GC Substrate Induced Resiration (SIR) on multitude of substrates - 14 C-CO 2 measured by scintillation counting - CO 2 measured by indicator dye (Biolog, MicroResp) 8
9 Enzyme activities Extracellular enzyme activities general substrates fluorescent substrates in microtiter plates Bacterial enzyme activities separate bacteria from soil 9
10 MicroResp Colorimetric method Indicator gel: The cresol red changes from pink to yellow as the ph decreases. CO 2 (gas) + H 2 O + HCO 3-2CO H + KCl is present to reduce the effect of ionic strength on ph. ( 10
11 11
12 AARHUS 12
13 MicroResp Carbohydrates Amino Acids Alcohols Amides Amines Carboxylic acids Other Total Multi SIR (Degens and Harris 1997) MicroResp (13 references) (number of substrates identical to MultiSIR) 19 (9) 17 (13) 2 (2) 0 (0) 5 (3) 14 (7) 6 (2) 63 (36) 13
14 Extracellular Enzyme Activity 14
15 Extracellular Enzymatic Activity assay fluorescently labelled substrates (a total of ca. 25 different reported used) enzymatic cleavage induce flourescens Microtiter based assay with 96 different substrates/replicates/microbial communities Example: 4-Methylumbelliferyl acetate 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate + H2O 4-methylumbelliferone + acetate (MUF substrates) 15
16 Extracellular Enzyme Activity in rhizosphere 16
17 Cellular enzyme activity in soil (Winding and Hendriksen 2007) 17
18 European Long Term Observatories Sweden The Netherlands Great Britain France Italy, Sardinia Portugal Compare and contrast soils and methods to identify bioindicators and develop standard operating procedures for these. 18
19 What can MicroResp and EEA be used for? track changes (rate/potential) in functions of microbes or functional microbial diversity input to modelling of soil food web bioindicator of soil microbial diversity and soil quality soil quality index assessing functionality of microbes for providing ecosystem services 19
20 Key ecosystem services affected by functional microbial diversity Biomass production cycling of waste and dead organic matter food for predators Nutrient regulation recycling of nutrients Green house gas regulation producers of CO2, CH3, NOx and more consumers of CH3, NOx Carbon sequestration heterotrophic life cycle (mainly) Pest and disease control competition suppressive soils microbial pest control agents 20
21 Thank you Acknowledgement: European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/ 2007 agreement n - FP7 ENV Technician Anne Grethe Holm-Jensen 21
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