Order and Discontinuity within Urdu NPs
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1 Order and Discontinuity within Urdu NPs Ghulam Raza, Tafseer Ahmed and Miriam Butt Department of Linguistics, Universität Konstanz, Germany October, 2010 First International Linguistic Conference in Warsaw, Poland 1/26
2 A brief introduction of Urdu Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan and India and together with Hindi is the fourth big language of the world. Case-rich Verb final Free Word Order pro-drop 2/26
3 Outline of the Presentation 1. Well known discontinuities 2. NP-internal discontinuity in Urdu 3. LFG implementation 4. 3/26
4 DP Extraction Quantifier Float Free Topic Warlpiri Example (1) wita-jarra-rlu ka-pala wajili-pi-nyi yalumpu small-du-erg Pres-3DuSubj chase-npast that.abs kurdu-jarra-rlu maliki. child-du-erg dog.abs The two small children are chasing that dog. 4/26
5 DP Extraction Quantifier Float Free Topic Extraction of a PP from a DP (2) a. Er hat viele Bücher über Logik gekauft. He has many books on logic bought He has bought many books about logic. b. Bücher über Logik hat er viele gekauft. c. Über Logik hat er viele Bücher gekauft. (German) 5/26
6 DP Extraction Quantifier Float Free Topic Extraction of a dependent from an NP (3) mantiq=par nidaa=ne ek kitaab logic=loc.on Nida=Erg one book.f.3sg xariid-ii hai. buy-perf be.pres Nida has purchased a book on logic. (Urdu) 6/26
7 DP Extraction Quantifier Float Free Topic Dislocation of quantified expression (4) a. They all have bought a car. b. They have all bought a car. (5) a. alii=ne bahut aam k h aa-e Ali=Erg many mango.pl eat-perf Ali ate many mangoes. b. aam alii=ne bahut k h aa-e mango.pl Ali=Erg many eat-perf Ali ate many mangoes. (Urdu) 7/26
8 DP Extraction Quantifier Float Free Topic Free Topic Structure (6) (7) Say-nun ku-ka nightingale-man a-n-ta. bird-top he-nom nightingale-only know-pres-dec As for birds, he only knows nightingales. (Korean) p h al, alii=ko aam pasañd hai. fruit, Ali=Dat mango like be.pres As for fruit, Ali likes mango. (Urdu) 8/26
9 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Types of constituent-level discontinuities in Urdu 1. NP-internal discontinuity Discontinuous NP Discontinuous AP 2. PP-internal discontinuity Discontinuous complement of P 9/26
10 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity When NP-internal discontinuity occurs in Urdu The NP-internal discontinuity in Urdu can occur when the argument-taking noun is: Modified by argument-taking adjectives Specified by argument-taking nouns 10/26
11 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Argument-taking adjectives in Urdu Nr. Type of Argument Example of Adjective Phrase (i) Dative Marked sadr=ko haasil president=dat possessed possessed by the president (ii) Ablative Marked adliyah=se xaaif courts=abl afraid afraid of courts (iii) Locative Marked buxaar=meñ mubtalaa fever=loc.in suffered suffered with fever (iv) Adpositional sihat=ke liye muzir health=gen for harmful harmful for health 11/26
12 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Simple examples of argument-taking nouns (8) a. istisnaa immunity b. muqaddamaat=se istisnaa court-case.pl=abl immunity immunity from court-cases c. muqaddamaat=se aaiinii istisnaa court-case.pl=abl constitutional immunity constitutional immunity from court-cases 12/26
13 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Simple examples of argument-taking nouns (9) a. bariifiñg briefing b. salaamtii=par bariifiñg security=loc briefing briefing on security c. salaamtii=par tafsiilii bariifiñg security=loc detailed briefing detailed briefing on security 13/26
14 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Simple examples of argument-taking nouns (10) a. mutaalbah demand b. aarmii-ciif=se mutaalbah army-chief=abl demand demand to the army-chief c. aarmii-ciif=se qaanuunii mutaalbah army-chief=abl legal demand legal demand to the army-chief 14/26
15 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Examples of discontinuous NPs (11) a. [ NP [ AP [ KP sadr=ko] haasil] president=dat possessed [ KP muqaddamaat=se] aaiinii istisnaa] court-cases=abl constitutional immunity Constitutional immunity from court-cases, possessed by the president b. muqaddamaat=se 2 sadr=ko 1 haasil 1 aaiinii istisnaa 2 c. sadr=ko 1 muqaddamaat=se 2 haasil 1 aaiinii istisnaa 2 d. *haasil 1 muqaddamaat=se 2 sadr=ko 1 aaiinii istisnaa 2 15/26
16 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Examples of discontinuous NPs (12) a. [ NP [ KP aarmii-ciif=se] [ KP [ NP [ KP army-chief=abl salaamtii=par] bariifiñg]=kaa] mutaalbah] security=loc.on briefing=gen demand The demand to the army chief for briefing on security b. salaamtii=par 1 aarmii-ciif=se 2 bariifiñg 1 =kaa mutaalbah 2 16/26
![bariifiñg]=kaa] mutaalbah] security=loc.](/docs-images/46/21168015/images/page_16.jpg "on briefing=gen demand The demand to the army chief for briefing on security b.")
17 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Examples of discontinuous NPs (13) [ NP [ KP aarmii-ciif=se] [ KP [ NP [ KP mulkii salaamtii=par] army-chief=abl of-country security=loc.on tafsiilii bariifiñg]=kaa] qaanuunii mutaalbah] detailed briefing=gen legal demand The legal demand to the army chief for a detailed briefing on security of the country 17/26
18 NP-internal discontinuity PP-internal discontinuity Examples of discontinuous NPs in PPs (14) a. zardaarii=kii zer-e sadaarat Zardari=Gen under-ezafe chair under the chair of Zardari b. nidaa=ke bah qaol Nida=Gen to saying to the saying of Nida 18/26
19 Implementation Issues LFG tools Grammar Rules C-structure F-structure Flat structure proposed for Urdu NPs Scrambling of elements in oval possible with some constraints NP KP/PP A+ A N Spec(N)/Arg(N/A) Arg-taking-adj Arg-less-adj Head-noun Figure: Word Order in Noun Phrases of Urdu 19/26
20 Implementation Issues LFG tools Grammar Rules C-structure F-structure What aspects to accommodate Free word order in an NP Relating arguments with corresponding heads Head last constraint 20/26
21 Implementation Issues LFG tools Grammar Rules C-structure F-structure LFG instruments used Shuffle operator (, ): To accommodate free word order of different elements in the noun phrases. Non-deterministic operator ( $ ): Relating the corresponding arguments to the corresponding heads. Head Precedence Operator ( <h ): To make it sure that the head must not precede its arguments in the noun phrases. 21/26
22 Implementation Issues LFG tools Grammar Rules C-structure F-structure An excerpt from Grammar Rules NP KP*: { (^ ADJUNCT $ OBL)=! (^ ADJUNCT $ OBJ- GO)=! (^ OBL) =! (^ OBJ-GO) =! }, for scrambling AP:! $ (^ ADJUNCT ) N : ^ =! KP*: { (^ ADJUNCT $ OBL)=! (^ ADJUNCT) <h (^ ADJUNCT $ OBL)... }... Figure: Grammar Rules 22/26
23 Implementation Issues LFG tools Grammar Rules C-structure F-structure C-structure for a discontinuous NP CS 1: NP KP KP AP AP N NP K NP K A A istisnaa N ko N se haasil aaiinii sadr muqaddamaat Figure: C-structure 23/26
24 Implementation Issues LFG tools Grammar Rules C-structure F-structure F-structure for a discontinuous NP "sadr ko muqaddamaat se haasil aaiinii istisnaa" PRED 'istisnaa<[33:muqaddama]>' PRED 'muqaddama' OBL CHECK _NMORPH obl 33 CASE inst, GEND masc, NUM pl PRED 'haasil<[1:sadr]>' PRED 'sadr' CHECK _NMORPH obl OBJ-GO NTYPE NSEM COMMON count NSYN common 1 CASE dat, GEND masc, NUM sg, PERS 3 ADJUNCT CHECK _RESTRICTED- LEX-SEM GOAL + 38 ATYPE attributive, GEND masc, NUM sg PRED 'aaiini' ATYPE attributive, GEND masc, NUM sg 40 <s [38:haasil] NTYPE NSEM COMMON count NSYN common 42 GEND masc, NUM sg Figure: F-structure 24/26
25 Summary Urdu is a typical language in which discontinuous NPs are found both at: Clause-level Constituent-level Constituent-level discontinuity in Urdu can be implemented in LFG framework by making use of: Shuffle operator (, ) Head-precedence operator ( <h ) Non-deterministic operator ( $ ) 25/26
26 That is all Thanks! 26/26
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