Report. Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity. Nigeria. Prepared by D.A. Aba

Transcription

1 Report Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria Prepared by D.A. Aba Zaria, February 009

2 Table of contents Acronyms. Introduction 3. National Agricultural Research System 3 3. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Northern Nigeria 4 Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, SamaruZaria 4 Ahmadu Bello University, Centre For Biotechnology, Research And Training 8 National Cereals Research Institute, Baddegi 9 Lake Chad Research Institute Jigawa State Research Institute 3 Premier Seed Nigeria Limited 4 Alheri Seeds Nigeria Limited 6 Nagari Seeds Nigeria Limited 8 Savanna Seeds Nigeria Limited 0 4. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Southern Nigeria Regional Centre For Bioresources and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike Umuahia, Asia State, Nigeria 3 South East Zonal Biotechnology Center, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka 4 Department Of Crop Science, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka 6 5. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Southwest Nigeria 7 Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State 7 Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State 8 Federal University of Technology, Akure 9 Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State 3 Lagos State University, Lagos 3 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State 34 National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State 35 Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Osun State 36 Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State 37

3 University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State 39 University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 40 University of AdoEkiti, Ekiti State 4 6. Summary Conclusion and recommendations References 45 Appendix I Northern Nigeria 46 Table : Surveyed plant breeding and related biotechnology institutions, Table : Number and educational level of FTEs plant breeders in various institutions in Table 3: Budget (in naira) allocated to plant breeding ad biotechnology activities in various institutions ( ) 47 Table 4: Resource allocation in percent and its trend in different aspects of plant breeding of different crops by different institutions ( ) 47 Table 5: Resource allocation (percent) of different institution for different research areas in Table 6: Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or crops group by different plant breeding institutions in Table 7: Number of crosses segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in 007 by institutions involved in plant breeding 50 Table 8: Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programms of different crops in various institutions in Table 9: Priorities of crop breeding programmes of different institutions in Table 0: The most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in the 980s and Table : Number of crops varieties released by institutions 54 Table : Required assistance from the international community 54 Appendix II: Institutions in Southern and Southwest Nigeria 55 Table II.: Surveyed plant breeding and related biotechnology institutions, Table II.. Number and education level of full time equivalent plant breeders in various institutions in Table II.3. Number and education level of full time equivalent plant biotechnologists in various institutions in Table II.4. Budget (in Naira) allocated to plant breeding and biotechnology activities in various institutions of Nigeria: Table II.5. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropsgroup by different plant breeding institutions of Nigeria 58

4 Table II.6. Resource allocation in percent and its trend for different aspects of plant breeding of different crops by different institutions in Table II.7. Resource allocation (percent) of different institutions in Nigeria for different research areas of plant breeding: Table II.8. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in 007 by institutions involved in plant breeding in Nigeria 6 Table II.9. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in breeding programmes of different crops in various institutions in Nigeria in Table II.0. Priorities of crop breeding programmes of different institutions in Nigeria in the 980s and Table II.: Priority areas of assistance needed in increasing efficient use of PGRFA as rated by different institutions 64 Table II.. Number of crop varieties released by institutions in Nigeria in Tabel II. 3: Limiting aspects for the success of the plant breeding programs 66

5 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the contributions of Professor A.A. Adeoti of UNAB and Dr. N.U.A. Idem of UNI Uyo in providing the data from their respective geopolitical zones which made up this report. I also wish to thank all the Institutions that provided information through the questionnaires. Finally, I thank the FAO for giving me this opportunity to participate in this programme. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

6 Acronyms AAUA Adekunle Ajasin University, AkungbaAkoko, Ondo State ABU Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria BABCOCK Babcock University, IlishanRemo, Ogun State BELLS Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State BOWEN Bowen University, Iwo, Osun State CBR&T Centre for Biotechnology, Research and Training, ABU, Zaria CGIAR Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research COVENANT Covenant University, Idiroko, Ota, Ogun State CRIN Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State CRINB Cereal Research Institute of Nigeria, Badegi, Niger State FRIN Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State FUTA Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State IAR Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru IAR&T Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan JSRI Jigawa State Research Institute, Jigawa LASU Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State LAUTECH Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State LCRI Lake Chad Research Institute, Maiduguri NAGRAB National Agency for Genetic Research and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Oyo State NCRI National Cereal Research Institute, Badeggi NIHORT National Institute for Horticultural Research, Ibadan, Oyo State NRCRI National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike OAU Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Osun State OOU Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State RCB&B Regional Centre For Bioresources and Biotechnology, Port Harcourt SZBC South East Zonal Biotechnology Center, Nsukka UI University of Ibadan, Oyo State UNAAB University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State UNAD University of AdoEkiti, Ekiti State UNILAG University of Lagos, Lagos State UNILORIN University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State UNN University of Nigeria, Nsukka Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

7 3. Introduction Nigeria is situated in the south of the SubSaharan Africa and occupies a total land area of 93 million hectares, which lies between longitude 3 o and 4 o E and latitudes 4 o and 4 o north. The ecological diversity of Nigeria ranges between the southern mangrove and the northern Sahel. As a consequence, there is considerable diversity in response to the ecological variability. The crop types grown in Nigeria include the tree crops (oil palm, cocoa, coffee, rubber, etc) legumes (cowpea, soyabean, pigeon pea, sunflower groundnuts, etc), cereals (maize, sorghum, millet, rice, wheat, etc), root tubers (cassava, yams, potatoes, etc), fruit crops (guava, pineapple, pawpaw, citrus, mango, etc), vegetables (tomatoes, onions, pepper, amaranthus, etc), fibre crops (cotton, kenaf and jute). Formal agricultural research in Nigeria started as far back as 893 when the first botanical research station was established by the colonial government (Gambo, 996). Today we have 8 National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) in the various subsectors of agricultural research, with over 900 core scientists employed by these institutes. We also have over Federal Universities in the various geopolitical zones of the country working together with some of these research institutes in the various agricultural subsectors. These institutes are saddled with the responsibilities for researching into the development of new applied agricultural innovations and/or technologies that will enhance the productivity of our peasant farmers (Aba, 005). It is in the light of this that the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO of UN) commissioned the national plant breeding survey in Nigeria and other countries in Africa to assess and strengthened sustainable use of plant genetic resources especially for agriculture in order to enhance the capacities of these agricultural research organizations in their quest in the development of new applied agricultural innovations/technologies that will enhance the productivity of our farmers and thus alleviate poverty. Plant genetic resources constitute genotype populations of cultivars (landrances, advanced/improved cultivars) genetic stocks, wild and weedy species, which are maintained in the form of plants, seeds, tissues. The great wealth of genetic diversity currently available holds vast potential. However, the genetic resources are nonrenewable and are natural resources. The term biotechnology has been used to include a wide variety of biological manipulations such as cell, tissue and organs culture, embryo rescue, genetic engineering, including the transfer of DNA across sexual barriers, vaccine production, etc (RAO and Kiley, 994). In Nigeria, the use of genetic resources has been in practice for over 30 years in the various crop breeding programmes in the various research institutes and universities involved in plant breeding work. The major constraint in most researches in plant breeding work in Nigeria has been due to limited funding. Fortunately and recently, research in plant breeding and biotechnology are beginning to be recognized or appreciated by the Federal Government of Nigeria as the only way whereby technological breakthroughs in science and agriculture can be achieved. Thus funding in these areas is beginning to improve.. National Agricultural Research System Agricultural research in Nigeria began nearly a century ago. Since then, the Nigerian research system has undergone a number of cycles of development. Currently, the national research system comprises 8 National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs), three agricultural universities, 3 Faculties of Agriculture, seven international agricultural research centers (DFID, Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

8 4 ICRISAT, IFAD, IITA, ILRI, UNDP, USAID), agricultural development projects (ADPs) and some private organisations (i.e., seed companies) (Bakshi, 996). The Nigerian agricultural research system was considered to be the largest and perhaps the best in Africa. Unfortunately, since the early eighties, it has been experiencing serious setbacks due to drastic reduction in funding, frequent changes in government policies, inability of the national research institutions to effectively focus limited resources on priority areas, and lack of mechanisms for effective collaboration among NARIs, universities, extension and private sector. The President of Nigeria has outlined a seven point agenda in which the government will provide enough funds and the enabling environment to ensure that this seven point agenda transforms the Nigerian economy from a developing to a developed economy by year 00. This seven point agenda has agriculture as one of its areas of focus. It is hoped that this will provide enough funds for the training of more plant breeders and biotechnologists who are key to innovations in crop improvement, and also for the procurement and upgrading of facilities in this research institutes, the agricultural universities and the faculties of agriculture in the various universities in the country. 3. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Northern Nigeria Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, SamaruZaria Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), is affiliated to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria and has the mandate to train and research in all aspects of Agricultural science. This institute was established in 94 as a zonal institute with the mandate of researching into all aspects of crop improvement for the northern region. In 96 it was merged with the Faculty of Agriculture of the Ahmadu Bello University. In 986 its mandate was redefined by the Federal Government of Nigeria to cover the genetic improvement of sorghum, cotton, cowpea and groundnuts and other farming systems requirements of all crops grown in the north. By 996, the mandate area was reduced to cover only the Northwest of Northern Nigeria with maize in addition to the other crops mentioned earlier. The five mandate crops of the Institute i.e., sorghum, maize, cowpea, groundnuts and cotton were surveyed (Table ). Educational Level The Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) in 985 had only one BSc holder usually known as a Graduate Assistant, three staff (assistant research fellows) and two holders. In 995 the qualifications/number changed to two holders and four holders. In 005 and 007 we had four holders and seven holders which is a significant increase in both the and holders. This is an indication that there are more competent breeders today than it was in 985 (Table ). Funding and Budgeting The IAR in the 980s had an estimated budget of about million naira as total allocation for research. Out of this amount five hundred thousand naira (N ) was for plant breeding (50%). Between 990 and 995 the total budget rose to million naira for research, out of which million was allocated to plant breeding (50%). By the year 000, no funds were allocated for research. By 007 the allocation of funds to research rose to 0 million of which 8 million naira was allocated to plant breeding and biotechnology which is about forty percent (40%). Even though the amount of money increased the percentage to plant breeding and biotechnology decreased (Table 3). Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

9 5 Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup The IAR in 985 allocated thirty percent each for its human and financial resources to the sorghum breeding programme and groundnut breeding programme. Twenty percent was allocated to cotton and cowpea each for their plant breeding activities the same year. By 990 IAR was allocating thirty percent each of its resources to sorghum and groundnut breeding work. While twenty percent went for cowpea and cotton each. In 000, IAR was allocating twenty percent of its human and financial resources to sorghum breeding, maize breeding cowpea breeding, cotton breeding and groundnut breeding each. By the year 007 IAR allocated twenty percent of its resources each to all its mandate crops (sorghum, maize, groundnut, cowpea and cotton). Even though there were some plant breeding work going on sunflower and castor. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Sorghum The IAR allocated twenty percent of its research budget to germplasm enhancement, thirty percent for line development and fifty percent for line evaluation. Gemplasm enhancement is maintained at same while line development and line evaluation are in the increase. Maize: The IAR allocates 0% of its resources in maize breeding to gemplasm enhancement, forty percent for line development and forty percent for line evaluation. Germplasm enhancement has remained the same while line development and line evaluation are increasing. Cowpea: IAR allocates twenty percent of its plant breeding resources to cowpea germplasm enhancement, forty percent for line evaluation and forty percent too for line evaluation. Gemplasm enhancement is increasing in importance in cowpea as well as all others i.e. line development and line evaluation. Groundnuts: In IAR 0% of resources are allocated to germplasm enhancement in cowpea since there are difficulties in making crosses in the institute, 0% resources for cowpea breeding are allocated to line development, while 70 percent is for line evaluation. Line development is low, while line evaluation is on the increase. Cotton: IAR which has the national mandate for cotton improvement and allocates twenty percent of the cotton breeding resources to germplasm enhancement, forty percent for line development, and forty percent for line evaluation. The trend shows that all the aspects of plant breeding in cotton in IAR are increasing. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding in The IAR in the early years of its research (985) allocated fifty percent of its resources for plant breeding to germplasm enhancement and fifty percent to line development and line evaluation combined. In the year 990 the situation remained the same. But from the trend changed. Sixty percent of the resources were for line development and evaluation, while forty percent was for germplasm enhancement. In 005 line development and evaluation maintained. Its sixty per cent of the allocation, but germplasm enhancement declined to thirty five percent while biotechnology was introduced with five percent. By 007 line development and evaluation Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

10 6 climbed up to seventy percent of allocation, while germplasm enhancement declined to twenty percent and biotechnology increased to ten percent (Table 6). Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in IAR in plant breeding in 007 Sorghum: Twenty different crosses are made in a season in sorghum breeding, there are usually ten to twenty segregating populations considered all generations, with about 50 different trials in about six locations in a season (Table 7). Maize: IAR makes about hundred crosses in its maize breeding programme, with fifty to hundred segregating populations. It conducts about twenty trials in seven locations in the season for maize. Groundnut: IAR does not generate crosses in the groundnut breeding programme due to the difficulty involved in getting viable crosses from ICs, but handles some few segregating populations in groundnut during the season. However, they conducted four trials in two locations during the season, 007. Cowpea: IAR generate about ten crosses in cowpea, they have five to ten segregating generations. IAR conducted about five different trials in about three locations in 007. Cotton: The IAR generates about ten crosses in cotton breeding, with five to ten segregating populations. It conducted six trials in only one location in the season, 007. Main sources of IAR germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes Sorghum: IAR uses about ten percent from local germplasm bank for its plant breeding work in sorghum. National germplasm bank, introduction through multilateral agreements don t contribute anything while participating in introductions through germplasm evaluation contribute twenty (0) percent of the germplasm sources, farmers materials contribute about sixty (60) percent of the germplasm in the sorghum breeding programmes of the institute. Public organizations in industrialized countries and private sector contribute five percent each. Maize: IAR sources for five percent of its germplasm for maize breeding work from National gene banks, sixty percent from introduction through multilateral agreements, ten percent from participating in germplasm evaluation, ten percent from public organizations, five percent from private sector and ten percent from farmers materials. Cotton: IAR with the national mandate for cotton sources for eighty percent of its germplasm from national gene banks, ten percent from introductions from multilateral agreements, five percent from introductions and five percent from public organizations in industrialized countries. Cowpea: IAR sources for thirty percent of its cowpea germplasm from local gene banks, ten percent from national gene banks, thirty percent from introductions through multilateral agreements, twenty percent from introduction through participating in germplasm evaluation, ten percent from CGIAR and thirty percent from private sector organizations. Groundnut: IAR with the national mandate on groundnut sources for twenty percent of its germplasm from local gene banks, five percent from national gene bank, thirty percent from multilateral agreements and introductions through participating in germplasm evaluation. Five percent of its germplasm comes from CGIAR, ten percent from farmers materials. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

11 7 Priorities of crop breeding programmes of IAR in IAR with the mandate for genetic improvement of sorghum, maize, cowpea, cotton, groundnut and sunflower in Nigeria gives high priority to highly favourable environments (yield) to all the crops of its mandate. The next in importance of its focus on crop improvements is the biotic stress followed by abiotic stress. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in IAR (980s 007) IAR has as its first most limiting factor to a successful pant breeding programme as, inadequate number of breeders for each crop (), followed by lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (); thirdly is the lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding (3), the fourth most limiting factor is inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carryout experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques (4). Lastly, is the lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR and FAO (5) (Table 0). In 980 IAR had similar priority setting as it is in recent years (007). In the 80 s IAR had as the most important limiting factor to its plant breeding programmes is inadequate number of breeders for each crop (). The second most important limiting factor at that time was the lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). The same trend was observed for all the factors limiting plant breeding programmes in 80 s is still the same today with the same priority setting. Crop varieties released by IAR from The varieties shown in the various questionnaires from IAR were actually varieties registered by the institution. Varieties of crops could be released in different years and be registered in another year, this will explained the differences between the number of crop varieties in the questionnaire and the ones in Table. IAR which has the mandate for the genetic improvement of maize, sorghum, cowpea, cotton and groundnuts, etc has released the following varieties of crops: Sorghum, in 985 nineteen (9) varieties were released giving a total of nineteen. For Maize, three (3) varieties were released in 000, giving a total of three. For cowpea one () variety was released in 985, 3 in 990 making a total of four varieties. For groundnuts eight (8) varieties were released, two () in 990, three (3) in 000 making a total of thirteen (3). For cotton three (3) varieties were released in 000, making a total of 3 by 007. For millet five (5) varieties were released in 985 when millet was still its mandate. IAR also released two varieties of sesame in 000 giving a total of by 007. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

12 8 Ahmadu Bello University, Centre For Biotechnology, Research And Training Ahmadu Bello University Centre for Biotechnology (ABU), Research and Training is a public sector centre established in 999 to carry out work on only biotechnology and training for scientists and technologists involved in biotechnology in the north of Nigeria specifically. This serves as a zonal centre of biotechnology in the north, while others are found in the south west zone, south east zone and southsouth zone of the country. The director of the centre is Professor A.J. Nok. Educational Level In 999 the staff on ground was made up of BSc and and As at 007 the staff strength still remains the same. The centre needs assistance in the area of promoting training programmes on biotechnology tools for its staff. The centre of biotechnology research and training of the ABU needs the support from the international community, including organizations like centres of the CGIAR system, FAO, etc. Funding and Budgeting Total budget for the research by the centre by 007 was about N3.5 million naira only (Three and half million naira only). Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Percentage resource allocation both human and financial to maize biotechnology has thirty (30%) while others form seventy (70%) percent. The centre is involved in evaluating fixed lines introduced from other breeding programmes in maize and sorghum. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops From the total resources available to the organization for research, fifty percent goes for line development and evaluation while fifty percent goes for biotechnology work. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding The organization is working mainly on molecular characterization and marker assisted selection (MAS). The centre is mostly concerned with improving quality traits in sorghum and maize in its biotechnology programme in breeding. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in ABU Biotechnology in 007 The centre made about ten crosses in the year 007. Main sources of Ahmadu Bello University Biotechnology Centre germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Ahmadu Bello University Biotechnology Centre is not directly involved in plant breeding but only the biotechnology aspect. This biotechnology started in 998 and the allocation is hundred percent to biotechnology. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

13 9 Priorities of crop breeding programmes of ABU Biotechnology Centre from Inception to 007 About fifty percent (50%) of the resource allocation in biotechnology is use for line development which does not seem to change (), while fifty percent of the allocation is used for line evaluation, which seems to be increasing (). Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in ABU Biotechnology Centre rated to 5 with the 007 experience Ahmadu Bello University has as the most limiting factor being due to lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding. It is followed by the inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advance plant breeding techniques (). National Cereals Research Institute, Baddegi National Cereals Research Institute, Baddegi (NCRI) is a public sector research institute which was established in 95. It has the national mandate for the genetic improvement of rice, sugarcane, soyabean, beniseed and fonio. Until 988, the institute also had the national mandate for maize and cowpea. Not much work has been done in the last two crops (i.e. benniseed and fonio), whereas extensive research work has been done in the first two crops (rice and sugarcane) which were surveyed. No plant biotechnology work has been done here. Educational Level In the National cereals Research Institute they started with holders in 985 and, by 995 there were four holders and In 005 and 007, only one and one holders. This is showing a decline in the number of breeders available in the institute. Funding and Budgeting In NCRI the total budget for research in the eighties was estimated to be million naira only, while about seven hundred (75%) thousand naira only was the budget for plant breeding activities. In the nineties the budget remaining the same but with a slight increase for plant breeding activities (80%). In 000 no funds were allocated to research at all. In 007 about 0 million naira was allocated for research while.5 million naira was allocated to plant breeding activities. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup NCRI Baddegi allocation of resources both human and financial has not been consistent because it is based on the priority and allocation of funds. Earlier, forty percent of it resources were to its rice and sugar cane breeding programme, while twenty percent was used for other minor crops. But in 990 allocated fifty percent of its resources to rice breeding and forty percent to sugar cane while ten percent went to other crops. NCRI was allocating fifty percent each to rice and sugarcane breeding activities in the institute with little amounts for the other minor crops. Recent response showed fifty percent of its resources to rice breeding and fifty percent to sugar cane breeding programmes. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops The amount allocated for research increased and that of plant breeding has also increased. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

14 0 Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Though the amount allocation for different research areas of plant breeding has increased but the percentage allocation to plant breeding decreased by 45%. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in National Cereal Research Institute NCRI generated about ten crosses, with about twenty segregating populations. It conducted ten trials in four locations for sugarcane breeding programme in 007. Main sources of National Cereal Research Institute germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Sixty percent of its germplasm comes from participation in germplasm evaluation, twenty percent from CGIAR and twenty percent from farmers materials. It sources for eighty percent of its sugarcane germplasm from national gene bank and twenty percent from private sector. Priorities of crop breeding programmes of National Cereal Research Institute from Inception to 007 ( = high priority; = medium and 3 = low priority). National Cereal Research Institute has high priority () for its breeding programmes to all its mandate crops rice and sugarcane to highly favourable environments (), followed by biotic stress () and lastly by abiotic stress (3) in that order. National Cereals Research Institute allocates twenty percent of its rice breeding funds for germplasm enhancement, twenty percent for line development and sixty percent for line evaluation. Germplasm enhancement of rice is on the decline (3) while line development and line evaluation are on the increase (). Sugarcane improvement was allocated ten percent of its breeding to germplasm enhancement, forty percent for line development and fifty percent for line evaluation. The trend indicates that germplasm enhancement is not changing () while line development and line evaluation are increasing (). National Cereals Research Institute Baddegi allocated eighty percent of its research resource for line development and evaluation in 985. This trend continued up to 007, while only twenty percent of the resources were for germplasm enhancement. No biotechnology work is being done here. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in National Cereal Research Institute rated to 5 with the 007 experience NCRI seemed to have a similar experience in the plant breeding programmes of the Institute as it is today. The most important factor at that time was inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carryout experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques (). Lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory factor limiting success in plant breeding programme in NCRI. Lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR and FAO (3). The lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding programmes (4) was the fourth most important factor while, inadequate number of plant breeders for each crop was the last most important factor (5). Crop varieties released NCRI released eighteen (8) varieties of rice in 985, eight (8) in 990 and three (3) in 000, thus making a total of twenty nine varieties of rice by 007. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

15 NCRI also released four (4) varieties of sugarcane in 985, three (3) in 990, two () in 000, making a total of nine (9) varieties by 007. Lake Chad Research Institute The Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI) is a public sector research institute which was established in 977 about 3 years ago. It has the national mandate for the genetic improvement of millet, wheat and barley. It has not been involved in any plant biotechnology work, so the survey covered only the three crops of its mandate. Educational Level In Lake Chad Research Institute, there was only one holder and one holder in 985. In 995 there were two BSc holders with 3 holders. The holder had gotten another offer somewhere and had relocated. In 005 and 007 there are BSc, and holders. The situation here also has improved with more qualified breeders as was the case in 985. Funding and Budgeting For LCRI total budget for research in the eighties was about million out of which three hundred and fifty thousand was allocated to plant breeding (35%). In the nineties same amount was allocated for research and plant breeding still maintain its 35 percent allocation. In 000 there was no allocation of funds to research. By 007 the allocation to research rose to 5 million while allocation to plant breeding activities rose to 3 million which was 0% of the total. Again though the allocations increased, the percentage allocation to plant breeding decreased (5% to 0%). Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup LCRI allocated sixty percent of its resources to millet breeding work, twenty percent to each of wheat and barley breeding work by 985. In 990 LCRI allocated fifty percent of its resources to millet breeding work, twenty percent for barley and thirty percent for wheat breeding. LCRI by 000 was allocating fifty percent of its resources to millet breeding, twenty percent to barley and thirty percent to wheat breeding activities. By 007 allocated sixty percent of its resources to millet breeding, ten percent to barley work and thirty percent to wheat breeding. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops LCRI allocates twenty percent of resources for millet breeding to germplasm enhancement, twenty percent for line development and sixty percent for line evaluation. LCRI allocates thirty percent of its resources for barley breeding work to gemplasm enhancement, thirty percent for line development and forty percent for line evaluation. Similarly, thirty percent of its resources is allocated for wheat breeding to germplam enhancement, ten percent for line development and sixty percent for line evaluation. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Lake Chad Research Institute in 985 allocated eighty percent of its resources to line development and evaluation while twenty percent was for germplasm enhancement. By the , line development and evaluation declined to 70% while germplasm enhancement increased to thirty percent when wheat was being emphasized for bread making and other confectionaries. But the year 005 and 007 there was an increase again of allocation of Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

16 resources for line development and line evaluation with twenty percent for germplasm enhancement. No biotechnology work is being done here. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops The LCRI generates about 50 crosses in millet, with about ten to twenty five segregating populations. LCRI conducted about ten trials in about five locations in the season, 007. LCRI generate no crosses in barley, but carry out about 50 trials in only one location in the season, 007. LCRI generates about ten crosses in wheat, twenty five segregating populations in one location in 007 season. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. LCRI sources for fifty percent of its germplasm from local gene bank, ten percent from introductions through multilateral agreements and from farmers materials. All the other sources, national gene bank, participating in germplasm evaluation, CGIAR, public organizations and private sector provide five percent of the germplasm materials. LCRI sources for Barley has hundred percent germplasm from introductions from bi or multilateral agreements. This is a temperate crop which is being adopted into the tropics. LCRI sources for ninety five percent of its germplasm wheat materials from introductions through bi or multilateral agreements while five percent is from local gene banks. This is also a temperate crop which is being adopted into the tropics. Priorities of crop breeding programmes from Inception to 007 In Lake Chad Research Institute, the pattern is the same as in the other research institutes, i.e., high priority for highly favourable environments followed by breeding for biotic stress () and lastly breeding for abiotic stress (3). Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes in 007 Lake Chad research Institute has its most important limiting factor to a successful plant breeding programme as lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). The second most important factor is inadequate number of plant breeders for each crop (). Thirdly is the inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies (3). Fourthly is the lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques (4). Lake Chad Research Institute as at the 980 s had lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments being the most liming factor (). Inadequate number of breeders for each crop was the next most important factor (). Inadequate knowledge level of general plant breeding strategies (3) was the third limiting factor in importance in LCRI. The lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques was fourth in importance in limiting success to plant breeding in the 80 s in LCRI. And finally the last limiting factor in LCRI is lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR and FAO (5). Crop varieties released LCRI released two varieties of millet in 000 making a total of by 007. LCRI released one () variety of wheat in 990, making a total of by 007. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

17 3 Jigawa State Research Institute The Jigawa State Research Institute is a public sector research institute, established in 00, about six years ago. Its main focus is on plant biotechnology which was covered by the survey. Educational Level In Jigawa Research Institute by 985 it was not yet established. By 000 and 007 we had and holders. This is in plant biotechnology. Funding and Budgeting Jigawa State Government allocates about 3 million naira for its biotechnology work in sugarcane and baoba. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Jigawa Research Institute allocated hundred percent of its human and financial resources to plant biotechnology in sugar cane. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Jigawa Research Institute allocated hundred percent of its plant breeding resources to sugarcane, and now is introducing rubber (gum Arabic). Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding This institution was established in 000 with the sole aim of working on biotechnology using sugar cane. Hundred percent of the resources allocated are for the biotechnology work. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops No crosses are generated for the two crops, no trials. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Jigawa Research Institute sources for fifty percent of its germplasm for the sugar breeding work from local gene bank and fifty percent from public organizations in industralized countries. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 Jigawa Research Institute has seventy percent of resource allocation for sugar breeding is used in germplasm enhancement, this is specifically for biotechnology work in the institute. The twenty percent allocation for line development and ten percent for line evaluation, all the aspects are increasing () in trend. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Jigawa Research Institute most limiting factor is lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding (). The second most limiting factor is inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques (). lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments (3) as the third limiting factor. And lastly lack of support from the international community including CGIAR ad FAO (4) as the fourth most limiting factor to its plant biotechnology programmes. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

18 4 Premier Seed Nigeria Limited Premier Seed Nigeria Limited (PLC) is a private sector seed company established in 984 by the former Nigerian Head of State General Olushegun Obasanjo. This is the first indigenous seed company ever established in Nigeria. It started as an Agricultural Seed Limited, which was later bought over by Pioneer seeds in 99. Pioneer Seed was later also bought over by Premier Seeds Nigeria Limited in 994. The company has been involved in plant breeding activities since 99 supporting the maize breeding programme of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) based in Ibadan, Nigeria, through the provision of land and infrastructure of its farm in Zaria. The company is not engage in any plant biotechnology work. But apart from doing some plant breeding work on maize, it also work on sorghum, groundnut, rice, cowpea and some vegetables. All of which were covered by the survey. Educational Level Established in 984 had only and holder by 985. By 000 and 007 we had twenty (0) BSc, twenty (0) and holders. This shows an improvement in the plant breeders employed by the company. Of course, it is the largest and well established seed company in Nigeria. Funding and Budgeting Her budget for research in the eighties (80 s) was about 5 million naira only which was for plant breeding activities (00%). In the nineties (90 s) it went up to 0 million naira only which is for research as well as plant breeding activities. In the 007 the budget went up to 50 million naira only, which was used for plant breeding activities. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Priemer Seeds then Pioneer seeds allocated twenty percent of its resources to sorghum breeding work, while sixty percent was allocated to maize breeding work. Ten percent of the resources were allocated to groundnut and cowpea each. Premier seeds when just been established, allocated ten percent of its resources to sorghum breeding programme, sixty percent for the maize breeding programme, twenty percent to cowpea breeding work and ten percent for groundnut work. Premier seed by 007 allocated twenty percent of its plant breeding resources to sorghum breeding, sixty percent to maize breeding, ten percent to cowpea and ten percent to groundnut work and vegetables. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Premier Seed allocated hundred percent of the resources in cowpea to line evaluation. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Premier Seeds does not carry out germplasm enhancement but is involved in line development which takes 30% of its resource allocation, and 70% of its resources go for line evaluation. Premier Seeds allocates thirty percent of its resources to line development, while seventy percent goes for line evaluation. Premier seeds allocates hundred percent of its groundnut resources to line evaluation. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

19 5 Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops Sorghum: Premier seeds also is involved in making crosses, up to twenty segregating populations. They could evaluate one hundred trials in twenty locations for sorghum. Maize: Premier seeds makes about one hundred crosses in the season, with fifty segregating populations and conducted twenty trials in about one hundred locations. Groundnut: Premier seeds do not also generate groundnut crosses, but are involved in conducting trials in fifty locations for other researchers on groundnuts. Cowpea: Premier seeds do not generate cowpea crosses but conduct 0 trials in 5 locations. Rice: Premier seeds do not generate rice crosses but carry out 5 trials in 5 locations. Main sources of Premier Seeds plc germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Sorghum: Premier seeds sources for thirty percent of its germplasm from local gene bank and sixty percent from private sector. Maize: Premier seeds sources for ten percent of its germplasm materials from National germplasm bank, ten percent from introduction, twenty percent from CGIAR and fifty percent from private sector and ten percent from public organizations. Cotton: Premier seeds is not interested in cotton seed production, this might be due to its high cost of production and poor market value for the lint produce in the country. Cowpea: Premier seeds gets five percent of its cowpea germplasm from local sources, thirty percent from national gene banks, ten percent from introduction from multilateral agreements, introductions from participation in germplasm evaluation, and from farmers materials. Five percent comes from public organizations and thirty percent from private sector. Groundnut: Premier seeds gets forty percent of its groundnut germplasm from national gene banks, ten percent from CGIAR and fifty percent from private sector. Rice: Premier seeds sources for thirty percent of the germplasm for rice from national gene bank, while ten percent each from local gene banks, introduction through bi or multilateral agreements, introductions through CGIAR, public organizations, private sector and also from farmers materials. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 Premier seed is concerned with highly favourable environment with high priority (). Other aspects though of their concerned because they are also not directly involved in breeding for such aspects as disease or drought resistance. Actually they simply acquire ready made materials/varieties/ hybrids from research institutes that develop such. No biotechnology is done here and no germplasm enhancement. Line development does not change () while line evaluation is on the increase (). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

20 6 Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Premier seeds plc most limiting factors are lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). Secondly there is lack of adequate number of breeders for each crop (). Thirdly there is the lack of support by the international community including CGIAR and FAO (3). Fourthly is the inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies (4). And finally is the inadequate experimental fields (5). Crop varieties released Premier seed released four (4) varieties of maize in 000, making a total of 4 by 007. Alheri Seeds Nigeria Limited Alheri Seeds Nigeria Limited is a subsidiary of Deesham Farms Ltd, it is a seed company established in 997 and has the backing and support of (i) International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan. (ii) National Seed Service, Federal Department of Agriculture. (iii) Some highly placed agriculturally oriented Nigerian Farmers, under the Chairmanship of Late Major General T.M. Madaki Its main objectives are: (a) To produce and market high quality seeds that have consistence performance at different environments. (b) To expand the profit of Alheri customers. (c) To contribute in making Nigeria selfsufficient in food production. Alheri seeds is currently involved in the production of high quality seeds of sorghum, maize, cowpea, groundnut and rice, which were covered by the survey. This company is based in Zaria, Nigeria. Educational Level Alheri Seeds by 995 was not yet established, but by 000 there was only BSc holder and the rest were Diploma holders (HND or OND). Up till today there is only BSc holder who is the Managing Director of the company. Funding and Budgeting Alheri seeds had a total budget of 5 million naira only for research, which is allocated to all plant breeding activities (00%) in 999. As at 007 the budget went up to 5 million which is fully utilized for plant breeding activities (00%). Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Alheri seeds by 000 was allocating twenty percent of its resources to sorghum breeding work, forty percent to maize, twenty percent to cowpea, ten percent to groundnut and ten percent to rice and vegetables. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Alheri seeds allocated twenty percent of resources in 007 to sorghum breeding work, forty percent to maize breeding, twenty percent to cowpea and groundnuts each and ten percent to its rice breeding. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

21 7 Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Alheri Seeds Nigeria Ltd is not involved in any germplasm enhancement and line development, but fully hundred percent involved in line evaluation which is also in the increase. Alheri Seeds company is involved in the production and sale of varieties/hybrids of crops, so all the resources of the company for plant breeding are tailored towards line development and/or line evaluation. No biotechnology work is done by Alheri seeds. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops Sorghum: Alheri seeds company does not generate crosses and therefore no segregating populations. They are involved in conducting trials, in about 000 locations in a season for sorghum. Maize: Alheri seeds conducted about 0 trials in about one hundred locations for maize in the season. They don t generate crosses in this programme. Groundnut: Alheri seeds only conducted trials in 00 locations, they don t generate materials but could be involved in conducting trials. Cowpea: Alheri seeds conducted trials in about hundred locations during the season. Rice: Alheri seeds also conducted ten trials in fifty locations in the season in rice breeding in 007. Main sources germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Sorghum: Alheri seeds sources for ten, percent of its germplasm from local, national, introduction through multilateral and ten percent from participating in germplasm evaluation network. Twenty percent of its germplasm is source from CGIAR, public organizations, and private sector. Maize: Alheri seeds sources for ten percent of its maize germplasm from local germplasm bank, twenty percent from National gene banks; ten percent from introductions through bilateral or multinational agreements, ten percent from participating in germplasm evaluation from CGIAR, public organizations and private sector organization supply twenty percent each to Alheri. Cotton: Alheri seeds is not very much involved in cotton seed production. Cowpea: Alheri seeds sources for ten percent of its germplasm from local gene banks, thirty percent from national gene banks, ten percent from CGIAR, twenty percent from public organizations in industrialized countries and twenty percent from private sector. Groundnut: Alheri seeds get thirty percent of its groundnut germplasm from the national gene banks, ten percent each from local, introductions through multilateral agreements, introduction through participating in germplasm evaluation, CGIAR, and public organizations. Twenty percent of its groundnut germplasm comes from private sector organizations. Rice: Alheri seeds gets ten percent of its germplasm from local gene banks, ten percent from national gene banks and eighty percent from private sector. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

22 8 Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 Alheri seeds is mostly concerned with breeding for highly favourable environments (), other aspects are not really their breeding objectives, since they don t really have qualified breeders on ground. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Alheri seeds plc limited has limiting factors as follows; lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). Secondly there is lack of adequate number of breeders for each crop (). Thirdly there is the lack of support by the international community including CGIAR and FAO (3). Fourthly is the inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies (4). And finally is the inadequate experimental fields (5). Nagari Seeds Nigeria Limited Nagari Seeds Nigeria Limited was established in 999/000 as a private sector seed company. It has been involved in the production and sale of good quality seeds of maize, sorghum, cowpea, rice and groundnuts, etc. These are the crops that were covered by the survey. This company is based in Zaria, Nigeria. Educational Level Nagari seeds was established with only HND holder who is the Managing Director. Other staff are HND or OND holders. Funding and Budgeting Nagari seed budgeted million naira for plant breeding activities in the nineties (999). In the year 000, million naira was budgeted for the plant breeding activities. In million naira was budgeted for plant breeding activities. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Nagari seeds by 007 allocated ten percent of its resources to sorghum work, forty percent to maize breeding, twenty percent to cowpea and groundnut each, while ten percent also went to rice breeding and vegetables. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Nagari seeds also allocates hundred percent resources to line development and/or evaluation. No germplasm enhancement or biotechnology takes place here. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Sorghum: Nagari seeds is involved in conducting about twenty trials in about 00 locations. Maize: Nagari seeds conducts twenty trials in about twenty locations for maize in the season. They don t generate crosses in maize breeding. Groundnut: Nagari seeds conducted trials in ten locations on groundnuts for the season (007). Cowpea: Nagari seeds conducted trials in twenty locations during the 007 season on cowpea. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

23 9 Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops Sorghum: Nagari Seeds company is not involved in any gemplasm enhancement and line development, and therefore 00% of the resources are going for line evaluation which is also in the increase (). Maize: Nagari Seeds also allocates hundred percent (00%) of its plant breeding resources for line evaluation, which is also on the increase (). Groundnut: Nagari Seeds also does not work on gemplasm enhancement and line development in groundnut and so allocates hundred percent of the resources for groundnut breeding for line evaluation. Rice: Cowpea: Alheri seeds conducted trials in about hundred locations during the season. Cotton: Nagari Seeds is also involved in cotton production and allocates hundred percent of resources for cotton breeding to line evaluation whose trend is also increasing (). Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes Sorghum: Nagari seeds sources for twenty percent of its germplasm materials from local gene bank (research institutes), five percent from introduction through multilateral agreements and seventy percent from private sector. Maize: Nagari seeds sources for ten percent of its maize germplasm from local gene banks, thirty percent from introductions, ten percent from participating in germplasm evaluation, twenty percent from CGIAR and ten percent from private sector. Cowpea: Nagari seeds sources for ten percent of its cowpea germplasm from local gene bank, forty percent from national and private sector organizations and five percent each through introduction through multilateral agreements and participating in germplasm evaluation. Groundnut: Nagari sources for ten percent of its groundnut gemplasm from local, sixty percent from national, ten percent from introductions and twenty percent from private sector. Rice: Nagari seeds sources for ten percent each from local gene banks, national gene bank, introduction through bi or multilateral agreements and public organizations. Sixty percent of its germplasm for rice comes from private sector. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 Nagari seeds too is not really involved in the actual breeding, but acquire readily developed materials from national and international centres where such materials are already developed. But the main objective is that of highly favourable environment with high priority (). Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Nagari seeds has limiting factors as follows; lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments (). Secondly there is lack of adequate number of breeders for each crop (). Thirdly there is the lack of support by the international community including CGIAR and FAO (3). Fourthly is the inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies (4). And finally is the inadequate experimental fields (5). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

24 0 Savanna Seeds Nigeria Limited Savanna Seeds Nigeria Limited was established between 999/000. It is involved in the production and sale of seeds of sorghum, maize, cowpea, rice, etc. This survey covered all these crops. Savanna seeds Nigeria limited is located in Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria. Educational Level Savanna seeds has only BSc holder while others are HND or OND holders. This is an indication of the size and competence of these seed companies. All the seed companies don t do any plant biotechnology work. Funding and Budgeting The company budgeted million naira for plant breeding activities in the nineties (999). In the year 000, million naira was budgeted for the plant breeding activities. In million naira was budgeted for plant breeding activities. For savanna seeds million naira was budgeted for plant breeding activities in 000. In 007 million naira was budgeted for the plant breeding activities (00%). Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Savanna seeds was allocating ten percent of its resources to sorghum breeding work, forty percent to maize, twenty percent to cowpea and rice each, and ten percent to groundnut breeding work and vegetables. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Sorghum: Savanna Seeds is also not involved in any germplasm enhancement and line develop and so all the resources for plant breeding work goes for line evaluation (00%) and the trend is increasing (). Maize: Savanna seeds allocates all resources for plant breeding work for line evaluation (00%) which is also on the increase (). Cowpea: Savanna seeds also allocates hundred percent of its resources in cowpea to line evaluation which is also increasing (), while no work is being done in germplasm enhancement and line development. Groundnut: Savanna seeds similarly allocates hundred percent of its groundnuts breeding funds to line evaluation, which is also increasing (), while no work is done on germplasm enhancement and line development. Rice: Savanna seeds allocates hundred percent of funds for rice breeding to line evaluation which is also on the increase, while no work is done on germplasm enhancement and line development. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Savanna Seeds is allocating hundred percent of resources to line development and/or evaluation, while no biotechnology nor germplasm enhancement is done. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

25 Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in Savanna Seeds Sorghum: Savanna seeds is not involved in making any crosses and therefore no segregating populations. They could conduct twenty trials in hundred locations in a season for sorghum. Maize: Savanna seeds only conducts ten trials in ten locations for maize in the season. Groundnut: Savanna seeds also conducted twenty trials in 0 locations on groundnuts. Cowpea: Savanna seeds also conducted trials in ten locations in 007. Rice: Savanna seeds conducted 5 trials in six locations for rice breeding in 007. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes Sorghum: Savanna seeds sources for twenty percent of its sorghum germplasm from local gene banks, ten percent from national, five percent from national gene banks and five percent from introductions through multilateral agreements and seventy percent from private sector. Maize: Savanna seeds sources for ten percent of its maize germplasm from local gene banks, ten percent from national gene bank, and eighty from private sector. Groundnut: Savanna seeds sources for ten percent of its groundnut germplasm from local gene banks, sixty percent from national, ten percent from introduction through bi or multilateral agreements and twenty percent through private sector. Rice: Savanna seeds sources for its germplasm for rice breeding work from ten percent from local gene bank, national gene bank, introduction from bi or multilateral agreements, public organizations and farmers materials. Fifty percent of its germplasm comes from private sector. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 Savanna seeds too does not really breed i.e., making crosses and doing the selection, but they also acquire the materials/varieties. Hybrids already developed from national or international research centres. The main objective too is for highly favourable environments with the highest priority () followed by other biotic () and abiotic stress (3) in that order of priority. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Savanna seeds have lack of financial resources to carryout field and laboratory experiments as the most limiting factor (). Inadequate number of breeders to handle each crop(s) is the second most important limiting factor to its success in plant breeding. Other limiting factors are lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR and FAO (3), while inadequate knowledge level of general plant breeding strategies (4) is the fourth important factor. Lastly, is the lack of inadequate experimental fields (5). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

26 4. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Southern Nigeria Regional Centre For Bioresources and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt This centre was established in October, 00, it is headed by Prof. B.E. Okoli a Molecular Biologist. The centre is housed in the Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt. The centre is involved in Biotechnology research only and not in direct line breeding. Educational Level The centre draws its staff from the Faculty of Science and currently has 0 BSc, 9 and 8 holders working in the centre. Funding and Budgeting The only recorded budgetary allocation was the sum of one hundred and eighty, Six thousand naira only (N86,000.00) in 007. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup From the above allocation 0% was allocated to Root and tubers while the remaining 90% went to Telfairia/melon/bananas research. For vegetables namely Telfairia and melon (egusi melon) evaluation of both fixed lines introduced and developed by breeding programmes were carried out. In the case of bananas, evaluation of segregating population, fixed lines introduced and developed by the breeding programmes were carried out. Evaluation of segregating population of wild yams (Dioscorea) are being carried out. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops This centre had its first budgetary allocation in 007, prior to this period research work were conducted using research grant. From the 007 budgetary allocation 80% went to plant biotechnology and 0% to germplasm enhancement. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding The centre is involved in Molecular characterization, tissue culture, double haploid breeding, genetic engineering, wild crosses and provision of basic information on cultivated and wild species. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops The centre recorded no crosses or trials. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes The centre did not record their sources of germplasm. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 ( = high priority; = medium and 3 = low priority) The centre accords high priority for breeding for quality traits in Telfaira, bananas and plantains. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

27 3 Most training areas for the success of plant breeding by the centre include inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques. (); lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments (); lack of support from the international community, including organizations like centres of the CGIAR system, FAO etc. (3); inadequate access to recent literature (4) and inadequate experimental fields condition (5). Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience The center requires intervention in the following areas: (a) Promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (b) Helping preparing projects for funding (c) Facilitating access to new biotechnological tool 3 (d) Facilitating gemplasm exchange 4 (e) Promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods 5 Crop varieties released by Savanna Seeds Limited. This is a private seed company and not allowed to release any variety of crop on their own except through the mandate National Research Institute of the country. National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike Umuahia, Asia State, Nigeria This National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), is one of the 8 agricultural research institutes in Nigeria, established in 99 but the biotechnology centre was established in 985. Its mandate is for the genetic improvement of root and tuber crops. Educational Level Between, , it had one BSc; one and two By 007, there was no BSc but there were and 3 all under the Breeding programme. Under the plant Biotechnology there were 3 and 4, a slight increase in the staffing position. Funding and Budgeting NRCRI operates a programme structure hence no direct budgetary allocation for breeding and Biotechnology. The budgetary allocation to the programmes dropped considerably such that it was very difficult to pinpoint what proportion was allocated for breeding and Biotechnology. Skeletal research works were done on the prgrammes. Total research allocation for the institute is for root and tuber crops. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup The centre could not account for the total organization's resource allocation for plant breeding activities because of the programme structure and poor financing of the centre. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops The bulk of the work at the centre were on making crosses, evaluation of segregating populations, fixed lines development and fixed lines introduced from other breeding programmes on root and tuber crops. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding The Biotechnology centre works in the following areas: (a) Molecular characterization Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

28 4 (b) Tissue culture (c) Marker assisted selection (d) Genetic engineering and (e) Wide crosses Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops This centre could not give the number of crosses made, number of segregating populations considering all generations, number of trials and number of locations used for field trials. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes The main sources of germplasm used in breeding programme of this centre are local germplasm bank and farmers' material. While 90 percent was sourced from local germplam bank and 0 percent from farmers' material. Although the head of the Biotechnology centre worked in close collaboration with other breeders, they could not determine the trend and percentages for germplasm enhancement, line development and line evaluation as bulk sums were allocated to each programme at different times. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 ( = high priority; = medium and 3 = low priority). Low priority was accorded roots and tuber crops in the 980's and 007 for breeding for favourable environment and breeding for resistant/tolerance to abiotic stresses while high priority was biotic stresses and breeding for quality traits. The centre needs intervention in the following areas. (a) Promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (). (b) Facilitating access to new biotechnological tools (). (b) Promoting training on conventional breeding methods (3). (b) Facilitating germplasm exchange (4). (c) Helping preparing project for funding (5). (d) It was difficult to determine the number of varieties released over the years because selections (families) are made annually and some of these end up in farmers' fields. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Several areas that were adequate in the 980's have become limiting now. However, inadequate number of breeders for each crop and inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques were considered most limiting at present. Other current limiting areas included limited access to international genetic resources and lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments. South East Zonal Biotechnology Center, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka This centre was established October, 004. Educational Level Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

29 5 Under the plant breeding section, the centre has 4 BSc and 3 while the Biotechnology centre has 4 BSc and Funding and Budgeting No budgetary allocations of any kind, most of the researchers use their personal resources while department provide the infrastructure and some consumables. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup The organization provides the human resources, twentyfive percent of the human resource is devoted to maize research another 5% goes to mushroom, telfairia and plantain, 0% involved in yam, cassava; 0% yam bean, pigeon pea and bambara groundnut and 0% devoted to forage research Elephant grass. This centre is involved in crosses in maize. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops Germplasm enhancement is allocated 0% for maize; mushroom and plantain. However, line development was allocated 40% for maize while evaluation was allocated 0% and 0% allocated for forage, same for mushroom and 90% for plantain. The trend was unchanged. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding For 007, the total resources available in the centre were allocated as follows: Line development and evaluation 30%; plant biotechnology 40% and Germplasm enhancement 30%. This of course referred to the infrastructure and consumables from the departments, the actual costs are shouldered by the researchers. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops The Biotechnology centre is involved in Molecular characterization, tissue culture, and marker assisted selection. The centre could not give an account of the number of crosses made, number of segregating populations considering all generations, number of trials carried out and number of locations used for field trials. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes. Sources of germplasm: for forages public organizations in industrialized countries and farmers' material. However for vegetables and fruits the main sources were private sector and farmers' material, the same case was for mushrooms. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 ( = high priority; = medium and 3 = low priority) On areas of assistance from international community, the centre requires assistance in the following areas: promoting training in programmes on biotechnological tools, helping preparing projects for funding, facilitating germplasm exchange and facilitating of access to new biotechnological tools. Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes rated to 5 with the 007 experience Aspect considered by the organization as most limiting are inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques, inadequate Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

30 6 number of breeders, limited access to national public andior private genetic resources, lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments. Department Of Crop Science, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka (i) This is a public sector (ii) Established 960 Educational Level Number, age range and educational level of scientists of this centre seemed misunderstood hence the number and range of educational qualifications were not stated. Funding and Budgeting This centre does not have any budgetary allocation for research. No budgetary allocation for research in plant breeding but research grants could be approved by the Senate depending on how well the research proposal is written and availability of funds for research. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropgroup Individual plant breeders or group of breeders may forward research proposals to the Senate of the University for funding hence breeding projects are carried out on several crops ranging from cereals, roots and tubers, grain legumes and vegetables and fruits. Being a department in a university the findings are used for teaching and publications. Resource allocation in percent and its trend of different aspects of plant breeding of different crops A few biotechnological research are carried out in the following areas: tissue culture, Wild crosses and Dialled analysis involving varieties and lines of rice and maize, recurrent selection involving maize breeding lines. Resource allocation (percent) for different research areas of plant breeding Over 00 crosses in 0 trials over two locations for rice while over 00 crosses in 0 trials spread over 5 locations for maize. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops As stated above crosses are made on cereals (rice and (maize), grain legumes and fruits and vegetables. Evaluating segregating population, evaluating fixed lines developed and fixed lines introduced from other breeding programmes are carried out on rice, maize, grain legumes and vegetables and fruits. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programmes The main sources of gemplasm, for rice at this centre are 60% from local gemplasm, 30% from private sector, 0% maize for 60% from local gemplasm bank, 0% from introduction through participation in gemplasm evaluation network and 0% from private sector. Priorities of crop breeding programmes in 007 ( = high priority; = medium and 3 = low priority) The trends in the breeding priorities remained the same for rice, however medium priorities for breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses and high priority for breeding for quality traits. For maize the trends in the breeding for resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses and breeding for quality traits. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

31 7 Most limiting factors for the successful execution of plant breeding programmes Limited rated to 5 with the 007 experience For the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, all the areas of intervention by international community were of high priority. This could have been informed by the paucity of finances and very poor infrastructural facilities at this centre, in other words much assistance is required in all the areas. None so far. Just as in section (xii) above, every area seem to be limiting except 3, there seemed to have been no improvement since the 980's. A lot is required at this centre. 5. Description and interpretation of the data from each questionnaire Southwest Nigeria Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State About CRIN Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) is one of the oldest institutions in the country with a mandate on development and distribution of cocoa germplasm to Nigerian farmers. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research CRIN had been involved in plant breeding since 965 but only started plant biotechnology in 995. Some of CRIN work in biotechnology centred on genetic diversity study of cocoa germplasms. They also worked extensively on aspects of cocoa tissue culture. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology CRIN has the largest number of plant breeding research staff among the public institutions. From and 3 holders in 985, there was a gradual increase in staff strength reaching 9 and 9 in 007 (Table II.). Plant biotechnologists were not as many. There were only two staff ( each with and ) with training in plant biotechnology in 000. It remained two till 007 (Table II.3). Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology From records made available, CRIN received a total budget of 5.6 million naira in the year 000. Plant breeding accounted for 3. million naira, a percentage of 0 of the total budget. The total budget increased in 007 to 45 million naira, with plant breeding programmes receiving 0 million naira. This implied that % of the total budget went into plant breeding in 007, an increase of % over year 000 allocation (Table II.4). Resource allocation for different crops From 985 till 007, all the resources in CRIN had been expended on cocoa research, being the only mandate crop of the institute. Cocoa received 00% of the allocated resources all through the years (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend Line evaluation accounted for 40% of resource allocation in plant breeding. Line development and germplasm development accounted for 30% each of the resource allocation (Table II.6). Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding Largest proportion of resource allocation in CRIN in the late 80s was given to germplasm enhancement. It was closely followed by line development and evaluation. Plant biotechnology at this time was receiving nothing in form of allocation (Table II.7). From 995 onwards till 007, there was a reversal in priority with line development and evaluation coming up on the increase. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

32 8 Allocation to germplasm enhancement began to dwindle and a gradual increase in plant biotechnology allocation was observed from 0% and 985 and 990 to 30% in 007. Biotechnology research areas CRIN had only been involved in two aspects of plant biotechnology molecular characterization and tissue culture. CRIN s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 80 crosses were made in 007, with a total of 0 segregating populations raised in cocoa. There were 0 trials in 4 different locations (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm Table II.9 shows the sources of germplasm for cocoa in CRIN. 4% of the institute s germplasm comes from the farmers while the institute s local germplasm bank accounts for 40% of germplasm need. 0% of germplasm was introduced through participation in germplasm evaluation networks. 5% and 3% each were sourced through bilateral or multilateral cooperation and national germplasm bank, respectively. CRIN s plant breeding priority The four breeding programmes breeding for favourable environment, breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses, breeding for resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses and breeding for quality traits were given top priorities in 980 in CRIN. The four still occupied top priority in 007 (Table II.0). Assistance sought for CRIN s plant breeding and biotechnology Attention is now on acquisition of and training in biotechnological tools. The institute requires assistance in these two areas more than any other aspects. The institute also requires assistance in getting more training programmes for the conventional breeding programmes (Table II.). Crop varieties released by CRIN A total of 8 varieties were released over the years. Seven of these varieties were released in the 80s. From 990 till 007, only one variety was released (Table II.). Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of CRIN In the 80s, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) inadequate number of breeders for cocoa, b) inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies, c) lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments, and d) inadequate experimental field conditions. Currently, inadequate experimental fields conditions are the most important limiting factor for cocoa breeding programme in CRIN. Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State The Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State (FRIN) only started active research work on plant biotechnology in 007. The institute had sent a number of her staff to the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria (an acclaimed centre of excellence in biotechnology training) on training in plant biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology. Some of FRIN work in biotechnology centred on rapid multiplication of trees by tissue culture. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

33 9 In 007, FRIN has a total of four staff in plant breeding. This comprised of, and BSc (Table II.). In the same period, there were seven plant biotechnologists, comprising each with BSc and certificates and 3 (Table II.3). The trend in staffing showed a preference for plant biotechnologist, which also portrayed a favourable policy shift towards this technology. Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology FRIN did not supply her budget allocation and the proportion spent on plant breeding. Such information is usually a nogo area in some government establishment. There is always the fear of wrong use of the information. Resource allocation for different crops From 985 till 007, research focus in FRIN had been on trees research, being the only mandate of the institute. Trees received 00% of the allocated resources all through the years (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend No information was provided current resource allocation and trend in FRIN. Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding FRIN did not provide information on proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding. Biotechnology research areas FRIN was involved in two aspects of plant biotechnology molecular characterization and tissue culture. FRIN s plant breeding activities in 007 This was not responded to. Sources of germplasm FRIN did not respond to this. Plant breeding priority Three of the four breeding programmes breeding for favourable environment, breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses, and breeding for resistance/tolerance to biotic stresseswere given top priorities in 980 in FRIN. The three still occupied top priority in 007 (Table II.0). Assistance sought plant breeding and biotechnology Attention is on promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools. This is closely followed by the desire to have access to new biotechnological tools. Other areas of assistance sought by FRIN are helping preparing projects for funding, facilitating germplasm exchange, and strengthening national programme capacity through investments (Table II.). Federal University of Technology, Akure The Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) is a public sector university. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

34 30 Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research FUTA had been involved in plant breeding since 998. It is yet to have an established centre of biotechnology, although some her staff carry out projects in aspects of biotechnology. Some of these staff have received training in basic biotechnology training from UNAAB and are gradually getting involved in biotechnologybased researches. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology FUTA had holders in her staff list for plant breeding between 000 and 007. The university did not, however, have any staff in place for plant biotechnology (Tables and 3). Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology FUTA did not provide a record of total budget and the proportion allocated to plant breeding activities. Resource allocation for different crops In 007, FUTA allocated 50% of her resources to maize research, 5% to cassava, 5% to cowpea and 0% to vegetable and fruits (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend FUTA did not provide information on this. Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding No information. Biotechnology research areas FUTA is only involved in tissue culture. Plant breeding activities in 007 In 007, 50 crosses were made in maize in 0 trials and from locations (Table II.8). Cassava and Telfaria had 5 and 3 number of trials respectively from a trial location each. Sources of germplasm The sources of germplasm for various crops are shown in Table II.9. With respect to maize, the highest proportion of germplasm (50%) was obtained through CGIAR genebanks. This is closely followed by 4.67% obtained from participation in germplasm evaluation networks. Farmers material constituted 8.33% of the germplasm source. The trend is not too different with respect to cassava, 59.09% from CGIAR genebanks, 7.% from participation in germplasm evaluation networks, and 9.09% from farmers material. For Telfaria, the entire germplasm was sourced from farmers material. Plant breeding priority FUTA did not indicate her priority in the 80s, because they had not fully taken off then. In 007, her priority in maize research covered the four research areas and they were rated high priority. But for cassava, only two out of the four areas breeding for favourable environment and breeding for quality traits were rated high priority. In case of Telfaria, breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses and breeding for resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses were rated high priority (Table II.0). Assistance sought for FUTA s plant breeding and biotechnology Assistance was sought for three areas namely promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools, promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods and Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

35 3 facilitating access to new biotechnological tools. This was not tabulated as the preferences were not rated by the responding officer. Crop varieties released by FUTA None yet. Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes No such limiting factors were listed in the 80s. However, in 007, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques, b) inadequate experimental fields conditions, c) lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes, d) limited access to national public and/or private genetic resources, and e) inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques. Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State (IAR&T) is a public sector research institution. It is affiliated to the Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research IAR&T began work in plant breeding in 980, but only started plant biotechnology in 995. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology IAR&T had increasing number of holders in plant breeding over the period of study, from in 985 to 5 in 007. There were two holders on the staff list in year 000 (Table II.). There were more staff in plant biotechnology than in plant breeding. As at 007, there were only three staff ( holders) in plant biotechnology. Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology IAR&T received.85, 3.58, 5.4, 9.50 and 3.3 million naira total research budget in the years 985, 990, 995, 000 and 007 respectively. From these total budget allocation, plant breeding received the following percentages 6, 0, 5, 0 and % respectively over the same period of time (Table II.4). Resource allocation for different crops Cowpea and soyabean research received the largest share of budget allocation in 985. From 990, maize research took the largest share and this remained so till 007. In 000 and 007, research on kenaf occupied the second place in the research activities of the institute (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend Considering all crops, a higher proportion (40%) of the resources goes for line evaluation, followed by line development and germplasm enhancement with 30% each of the resource allocation (Table II.6). Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding From the total resources allocated to IAR&T for plant breeding, a greater proportion is for line development and evaluation followed by germplasm enhancement (Table II.7). A very small proportion went for plant biotechnology. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

36 3 Biotechnology research areas IAR&T had been involved in only one aspect of biotechnology tissue culture. IAR&T s plant breeding activities in 007 Based on all the crops worked on by the institute, a total number of 96 crosses were made in 007, with a total of 35 segregating populations raised in four mandate crops maize, soybean, kenaf and cowpea. There were 30 trials in different locations (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm Table II.9 shows the sources of germplasm for four major crops worked on by IAR&T. The major source was the introduction through participation in germplasm evaluation networks. This was closely followed by sourcing through national germplasm bank. IAR&T s plant breeding priority The four breeding programmes breeding for favourable environment, breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses, breeding for resistance/ tolerance to biotic stresses and breeding for quality traits were given medium to high priorities in 980 in IAR&T. The four occupied high priority still in 007 (Table II.0). Assistance sought for IAR&T s plant breeding and biotechnology Attention is now on strengthening national programme capacity through investments. This is of high priority. Following this is the request for helps in preparing projects for funding (Table II.). Crop varieties released A total of 7 varieties were released over the years in all the mandate crops. No variety was released in 007. All the released varieties came in the early years (Table II.). Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes In the 980s, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) limited access to international genetic resources, b) inadequate number of breeders for each crop, c) lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support for plant breeding programmes, d) lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments, and e) inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructures to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques. Lagos State University, Lagos About LASU Lagos State University, Ojo, (LASU) Lagos is public sector university. It is financed by Lagos State Government, Nigeria. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research LASU had been involved in plant breeding since 995 but only it is yet to started plant biotechnology. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology LASU has holder in plant breeding in 995, 000 and 007. No one yet in plant biotechnology is employed by the university (Table II.3). Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

37 33 From records provided, LASU received a total budget of 4. million naira in 007. Plant breeding got an allocation of.7 million naira, a percentage of 4 of the total budget. Records of previous years were not provided (Table II.4). Resource allocation for different crops Details of this were not provided. Current resource allocation and trend No information was provided. Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding No information was provided. Biotechnology research areas LASU is only involved in tissue culture. LASU s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 0 crosses were made in 007, with a total of segregating populations. There were 4 trials in 6 different locations (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm LASU depended on her local germplasm for research in fruits and vegetables. All germplasm need was sourced locally (Table II.9). LASU s plant breeding priority Records for 007 showed that LASU accorded high priority to two of the four cowpea breeding programmes breeding for favourable environment, and breeding for quality traits (Table II.0). The same pattern of ranking was observed in vegetable and fruit research. Assistance sought for LASU s plant breeding and biotechnology In terms of assistance needed, LASU still focused on promoting training programmes on conventional breeding. This is not too surprising, as the institution is yet to embrace researches in plant biotechnology. The intention is there as the promotion of training programmes on biotechnological tools ranked next to conventional breeding training. The university is not yet interested in facilitating access to new biotechnological tools (Table II.). Crop varieties released A total of 3 varieties were released over the years. Two of these varieties were released between 000 and 004, while one was released in 007 (Table II.). Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes In the 80s, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes, b) lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques, c) lack of support from the international community, d) lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments, and e) inadequate number of breeders for each crop. Currently, inadequate number of breeders is the most important limiting factor for breeding programme in LASU (Table II.3). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

38 34 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State About LAUTECH Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) is a public sector university owned by the governments of Oyo and Osun States. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research LAUTECH started work on plant breeding in 99, but only started plant biotechnology in 998. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology LAUTECH had staff in plant breeding in 995, none in 000 and 3 in 007. It also had holder as plant biotechnologist in 995 and 007. Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology No record of this was made available. Resource allocation for different crops No record made available. Current resource allocation and trend Not indicated. Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding Not provided. Biotechnology research areas LAUTECH had been involved in molecular characterization, gene isolation and wild crosses. LAUTECH s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 9 crosses were made in 007, with a total of 5 segregating populations, in 3 trials and in location (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm Table II.9 shows the sources of germplasm for beniseed in LAUTECH. 70% of the institute s germplasm need comes from national germplasm bank, the remaining 30% coming from farmers materials. LAUTECH s plant breeding priority Two of the four breeding programmes, breeding for favourable environment, and breeding for quality traits were given high priority in LAUTECH s programme. Breeding against biotic and abiotic stresses scored low in the research priority (Table II.0). Assistance sought for LAUTECH s plant breeding and biotechnology Priority areas of assistance in LAUTECH arranged in order of increasing importance are a) facilitating germplasm exchange, b) strengthening national programme capacity through investments, c) promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods, and d) helping preparing projects for funding. Crop varieties released by LAUTECH Only variety was released in 007. This was in cowpea (Table II.). Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

39 35 Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of LAUTECH In 007, limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order of importance were a) lack of support from the international community, b) lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments, c) lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes, d) limited access to international genetic resources, and e) inadequate number of breeders. National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State About NIHORT National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT) is a public sector research institute. It has a mandate for coordinating researches in horticultural plants in the country. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research NIHORT had been involved in plant breeding since 98, and in plant biotechnology since 996. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology In 995, NIHORT had only one staff in plant breeding. This later increased to three in 007, comprising and holders. In plant biotechnology, NIHORT had 3 ( and ) staff in her employment in 007 (Tables and 3). Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology NIHORT did not provide information on her total budget and the proportion allocated to breeding activities. Resource allocation for different crops No information provided. Current resource allocation and trend No information provided. Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding No information provided. Biotechnology research areas NIHORT had been involved in two aspects of plant biotechnology molecular characterization and tissue culture NIHORT s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 4 crosses were made in 007, with a total of 4 segregating populations raised, from 4 trials and in different locations (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm Table II.9 shows the sources of germplasm for horticultural items in NIHORT. 50% of the institute s germplasm comes from local germplasm bank, 0% from bilateral cooperation, 0% through participation in germplasm evaluation networks, and 0% from CGIAR gene banks. NIHORT s plant breeding priority In 007, NIHORT gave medium priority to the four breeding programmes breeding for favourable environment, breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses, breeding for Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

40 36 resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses and breeding for quality traits. There was no indication of priority in the 980s. Assistance sought for NIHORT s plant breeding and biotechnology Priority areas of assistance needed in order of increasing importance are a) strengthening national programme capacity through investments, b) helping preparing projects for funding, c) facilitating germplasm exchange, d) promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods, and e) promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (Table II.). Crop varieties released by NIHORT Two varieties were released between 995 and 999 (Table II.). Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of NIHORT In 007, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) lack of support from international community, b) limited access to international genetic resources, c) inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced breeding techniques, d) lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments, and e) inadequate number of breeders. Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Osun State About OAU Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) is a public sector university. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research OAU had been involved in plant breeding since 968 but only started plant biotechnology in 993. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology OAU had 3 BSc and staff as plant breeders in 985. By 995, the staff members increased to 4 BSc, 3 and 3, and in the year 000, there were a total of seventeen staff in plant breeding. As at 007, only eight holders were on ground (Table II.). Staffs in plant biotechnology were not as many. In 007, only holders were onto plant biotechnology (Table II.3). Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology There was no information on total budget for plant breeding and biotechnology. Resource allocation for different crops In 000, 50% of resources allocated went to maize research, 5% to cowpea, 0% to kenaf and 5% to vegetable and fruit (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend In all the crops, except cassava, emphasis had been on line development. An average of 60% of the resources was allocated to line development. Next to this is line development which accounted for about 3% of the resources. Germplasm enhancement in all the crops accounted for about 7% (Table II.6). Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

41 37 Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding Half of resource allocation in OAU in 007 was given to line development and evaluation. 30% and 0% each was allocated to germplasm enhancement and plant biotechnology, respectively (Table II.7). Biotechnology research areas OAU was involved in a number of biotechnologyrelated areas such as molecular characterization, tissue culture, genetic engineering, gene isolation, and wild crosses. OAU s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 50,00 crosses were made in 007, with a total of 0,00 segregating populations raised in mandate crops. There were 6 trials in 9 different locations (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm For maize research in OAU, 50% of the germplasm need was sourced from local germplasm bank, 40% from CGIAR gene banks, 8% from farmers materials and % from national germplasm bank. 70% of germplasm in vegetable and fruits came from local germplasm bank and 5% from national germplasm bank (Table II.9). OAU s plant breeding priority In 980, high priority in maize research was given to the first three breeding programmes (favourable environment, biotic and abiotic stresses), low priority was attached to aspects of breeding for quality traits. This trend was reversed in 007. Breeding for quality traits received high priority while the other three fell into low priority. The other crops received varying proportion as indicated in Table II.0. Assistance sought for OAU s plant breeding and biotechnology Priority areas of assistance needed in order of increasing importance are a) helping preparing projects for funding, b) promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods, c) strengthening national programme capacity through investments, d) facilitating access to new biotechnological tools and e) promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (Table II.). Crop varieties released by OAU Between 995 and 999, a total of seven new varieties in the group of maize, kenaf and vegetable and fruits were released (Table II.). Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of OAU In the 80s, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) lack of support from the international community, b) inadequately experimental fields conditions, c) lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments, d) inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques, and e) inadequate number of breeders for the crops. In 007, these same set of limiting factors in the same order of importance were stated by the respondents. Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State (OOU) is a public sector university. It was established by the government of Ogun State to cater for the educational of students from that state and the nation as a whole. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

42 38 Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research OOU had been involved in plant breeding since 98, but had not been really involved in plant biotechnology. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology OOU had staff in plant breeding in 007, comprising one each of and holders. No staff in biotechnology. Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology No record of budget allocation was made available. Resource allocation for different crops No available information. Current resource allocation and trend In the two crops indicated, germplasm enhancement accounted for an average of 55% of total resources. This was followed by line evaluation with 30% of the allocated resources. Line development accounted for an average of 5% (Table II.6). Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding This was not indicated. Biotechnology research areas. OOU had not been involved in any aspect of plant biotechnology. OOU s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 4 crosses were made in 6 trials and in 5 field trials (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm Table II.9 shows the sources of germplasm for garden egg and cocoal in OOU. 60% of the university s garden egg germplasm comes from local germplasm bank, 0% from private sector and 30% from farmers materials. In case of cocoa germplasm, 80% comes from local germplasm bank, 0% each from private sector and farmers materials. OOU s plant breeding priority Three of the four breeding programmes in cocoa breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses, breeding for resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses and breeding for quality traits were given top priorities in 007 in OOU. For garden egg, high priority was given to breeding programmes against biotic stress and breeding for quality traits (Table II.0). Assistance sought for OOU s plant breeding and biotechnology In order of increasing priority, OOU required assistance in the following areas a) strengthening national programme capacity through investments, b) facilitating germplasm exchange, c) helping preparing projects for funding, d) promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods, and e) promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (Table II.). Crop varieties released by OOU None was indicated. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

43 39 Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of OOU In the 80s, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies, b) limited access to national public and/or private genetic resources, c) inadequate access to recent literature, d) limited access to international genetic resources, and e) inadequate experimental field conditions. The institution did not indicate the limiting factors for the year 007. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State About UI University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State (UI) is a public sector university. It is the first university in the country. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research UI had been involved in plant breeding since 940 but only started plant biotechnology in 004. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology UI has the largest concentration of plant breeding research staff among the universities. From 9 staff in 985, the number rose to 5 in 995 and gradually reduced to 0 in 007. Nine of the ten in 007 were holders (Table II.). In 007, there was a total of 5 staff in plant biotechnology, comprising each of BSc and holders and 3 holders (Table II.3). Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology This was not provided. Resource allocation for different crops In 985, 990 and 000, 50% of the resource allocated went to cowpea research. Maize research took an average of 30% of the resource allocation. In 995 and 007, maize accounted for 50% of resource allocation. Cassava came second with an average allocation of 45% (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend In the three crops indicated the university, line evaluation accounted for 47% of the allocated resources. This was followed by line development which accounted for about 33% of allocated resources. Germplasm enhancement accounted for 0% (Table II.6). Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding Largest proportion of resource allocation in UI all through the years under study was given to line development and evaluation. Germplasm enhancement took a distant second. Plant biotechnology took zero allocation, except in 007 when 7% allocation was given to the area (Table II.7). Biotechnology research areas UI had only been involved in double haploid breeding. UI s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 60 crosses were made in 007, with a total of 4 segregating populations raised in maize and cowpea. There were 38 trials in 5 different locations (Table II.8). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

44 40 Sources of germplasm Table II.9 shows the sources of germplasm for maize and cowpea in UI. Germplasm were sourced from a broad spectrum of places except public organisations in industrialized country and private sector. CGIAR gene banks were the major source of cowpea germplasm. UI s plant breeding priority In 980, medium priority were given to the four breeding programmes in maize research, low priority given to cassava breeding programmes but high priority was given to the four breeding programmes in cowpea research. In 007, however, the four breeding programmes in maize assumed high priority. Same high priority was accorded to cassava and cowpea breeding programmes (Table II.0). Assistance sought for UI s plant breeding and biotechnology In order of increasing priority, UI required assistance in the following areas a) facilitating germplasm exchange, b) helping preparing projects for funding, c) strengthening national programme capacity through investments, d) facilitating access to new biotechnological tools, and e) promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (Table II.). Crop varieties released by UI None was indicated. Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of UI In the 80s, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies, b) inadequate experimental field conditions, c) limited access to national public and/or private genetic resources, d) lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes, and e) inadequate number of breeders for maize and cowpea. This same set of limiting factors in the same order of importance still operated in 007 (Table II.3). University of Agriculture, Abeokuta About UNAAB The University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB) was established in January 988. It is one of the three Universities of Agriculture in the country, the others being in Makurdi (Benue State) and Umudike (Abia State). The establishment of the University was an entirely new concept for promoting agricultural education and services for agricultural development and attainment of selfsufficiency in food and fibre. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research UNAAB had been involved in plant breeding since 988 but only started plant biotechnology in the year 000. Some of UNAAB work in biotechnology centred on tissue culture and genetic engineering of cowpea as well as providing basic training in recombinant DNA technology. Individual staff had worked on several other crops using molecular biology tools. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology UNAAB had a total of 3, 5, 9 and 8 staff in plant breeding in 990, 995, 000 and 007 respectively (Table II.). In plant biotechnology, there was only holder in 000. In 007, there were two holders recruited mainly for plant biotechnology in the Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Technology. There were three other staff with in plant biotechnology (Table II.3). Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

45 4 Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology From records made available, plant breeding programmes in UNAAB began to receive allocation from Departmental Teaching and Laboratory Grant in the year 000. That year, the department received one hundred and eighty thousand naira only (N80 000). This increased to seven hundred thousand naira only (N ) in the year 007. The whole of this allocation was directed to plant breeding programme (Table II.4). Resource allocation for different crops From 000, cowpea and melon received 5% each of the resource allocation. Cassava received 0%. Okro, maize and rice received 5, 0 and % respectively. In 007, attention was paid more on cassava research, receiving a 5% increase to give 5% of resource allocation. Maize research also increased to 5%, while a reduction of 5% was observed in melon and cowpea research (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend Line evaluation accounted for 00% of resource allocation rice, maize and cassava. It accounted for 60%, 40% and 0% respectively in cowpea, okro and melon. Line development accounted for 60% in okro and 40% each in cowpea and melon respectively (Table II.6). Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding Largest proportion of resource allocation in UNAAB in 000 and 007 went to line development and evaluation. This was followed by germplasm enhancement. Plant biotechnology came a distant third position (Table II.7). Biotechnology research areas UNAAB currently works on molecular characterization, tissue culture and wild crosses. UNAAB s plant breeding activities in 007 A major mandate of the University is teaching. There had not been crosses made; but ten trials were made in okro in four locations (Table II.8). Sources of germplasm CGIAR (IITA specifically) gene bank was the major source of germplasm for maize, cassava and cowpea. National germplasm bank provided the bulk of melon germplasm. Other minor sources of germplasm are local source and farmers material (Table II.9). UNAAB s plant breeding priority The four breeding programmes breeding for favourable environment, breeding for resistance/tolerance to abiotic stresses, breeding for resistance/tolerance to biotic stresses and breeding for quality traits were given top priorities in all the crops of interest in 007 in UNAAB. Assistance sought for UNAAB s plant breeding and biotechnology In order of increasing priority, UNAAB required assistance in the following areas a) strengthening national programme capacity through investments, b) facilitating access to new biotechnological tools, c) helping preparing projects for funding, d) promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods, and e) promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (Table II.). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

46 4 Crop varieties released by UNAAB There is no record of varieties released in UNAAB. Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of UNAAB In 007, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes, b) limited access to national public and/or private genetic resources, c) inadequate experimental fields conditions, d) inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques and e) lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments. University of AdoEkiti, Ekiti State University of AdoEkiti, Ekiti State (UNAD) is a public sector university. Duration of plant breeding and biotechnology research UNAD had been involved in plant breeding since 98. The university started plant biotechnology in 00. Research staff in plant breeding and biotechnology In 007, UNAD had holders and 3 holders for plant breeding (Table II.). It had 3 holders in plant biotechnology (Table II.3). Budget for plant breeding and biotechnology Record of total research budget was not available. An amount of two hundred and fifty thousand naira was reportedly spent on plant breeding. Resource allocation for different crops In 007, 50% of the resource allocated went to maize research. Cassava, cowpea and Telfairia took 5%, 5% and 0% of the resource allocation, respectively (Table II.5). Current resource allocation and trend In all the crops indicated the university, line evaluation accounted for 50% of the allocated resources. This was followed by line development which accounted for about 8% of allocated resources. Germplasm enhancement accounted for % (Table II.6). Proportion of resources for different components of plant breeding In 007, 60% of resource allocation in UNAD was given to line development and evaluation. Germplasm enhancement and plant biotechnology took 0% each of the resource allocation (Table II.7). Biotechnology research areas UNAD was involved in tissue culture, marker assisted selection, wild crosses and use of enzyme in fermentation technology. UNAD s plant breeding activities in 007 A total number of 7 crosses were made in 007, with a total of 7 segregating populations raised in maize, cowpea and Telfairia spp. There were 7 trials in 7 different locations (Table II.8). Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

47 43 Sources of germplasm CGIAR gene banks were the main source of germplasm for maize, root/tuber, and cowpea research. For vegetable (especially Telfairia), the main source is the private sector (Table II.9). UNAD s plant breeding priority In 007, breeding for resistance to abiotic stress and for quality traits were high priority programme for maize and cassava. In all the crops, breeding for favourable environment occupied medium priority in the university (Table II.0). There was no record of such priority in the 80s. Assistance sought for UNAD s plant breeding and biotechnology In order of increasing priority, UNAD required assistance in the following areas a) strengthening national programme capacity through investments, b) facilitating access to new biotechnological tools, c) facilitating germplasm exchange, d) promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods, and e) promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools (Table II.). Crop varieties released by UNAD A total of 4 varieties were released in Limiting factors in plant breeding programmes of UNAD In the 80s, the most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in their ascending order were a) inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies, b) limited access to national public and/or private genetic resources, c) lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes, d) inadequate number of breeders for the crops, and e) inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques. In 007, same set of limiting factors in the same order of importance was in applicable (Table II.3). Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

48 44 6. Summary The few number of educational level of full time equivalent plant breeders in various institutions in Nigeria is indicating that during the early years plant breeding was not given any priority. That is why many of the people involved in plant breeding were mostly first (BSc) degree holders. As the years went by the number and the qualifications changed. In 985, there were 39 scientists and by 007 we had 38 scientists involved in plant breeding activities in Nigeria. For budget allocation in most of the research institutes in 985, only twenty to fifty percent (0 50%) of its research funds went into plant breeding activities in Nigeria. By 007 most research institutes still did not exceed the fifty percent funding for the plant breeding activities in Nigeria. For the resource allocation, both human and financial, and its trend in different aspects of plant breeding in the country most of the activities in plant breeding were in line evaluation (985) which tends to be increasing. In the 007 the situation seemed to be the same with line evaluation still being the most important focus in plant breeding activities in Nigeria. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials indicates that most research institutes and universities are involved in making a number of crosses but the number and locations of field trials are mostly conducted by the research institutes and the private seed companies. Most of the germplasm materials used by the plant breeders is source locally for most crops (over 50%) while ten to twenty percent are exotic, except for the seed companies which source for most of its materials from outside the country. The priorities of crop breeding programmes in Nigeria are mostly for high favourable environments followed by biotic and abiotic in that order. This may be due to the fact that the country is yet to adequately feed her teeming population, only very serious biotic and abiotic factors are given attention since they can reduce yields drastically (i.e. striga, stem borers, etc). Limiting factors to success in plant breeding in Nigeria is mostly in the area of manpower development, followed by inadequate funding and others follow in that order in the early eighties. This trend seemed to be changing, with funding being of first priority followed by inadequate manpower in that order in the recent years (007). Areas of assistance in line with the areas of limiting factors i.e. training of manpower in plant breeding and biotechnology. Another priority in which assistance is needed is funding, and others are less in importance. Crop varieties released by research institutes are more in number (0) than universities, this is because the research institutes have the mandates for the genetic improvement of all crop plants. No university is allowed to release any variety on it s own except through the research institute with the genetic mandate of that crop. This also applies to all international centers. This is the procedure by the Government of Nigeria through the National Crop Variety Release and Registration Committee. Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

49 45 7. Conclusion and recommendations There is a general awareness by the government of Nigeria that there cannot be technological break through in science and agriculture if research is not properly funded. This is clearly being address by the present government by its seven point agenda in which agriculture is given priority in terms of funding. The government should know that research is capital intensive, and not profit oriented, but the results from it will move the nation to greater heights economically. Recommendations to Policy makers In all crop improvement strategies aim at developing new crop varieties with high yields and good qualities, plant genetic resources are the engines of such improvements. It is therefore necessary to conserve and maintain all local as well as exotic germplasm that are currently available in Nigeria. Organizations such as FAO and PCGIAR are readily available as sources of genetic materials that any country may require for any crop improvement programme. National agricultural programmes should look up to such organizations for every assistance in such areas as sources of germplasm, training in areas of plant breeding and biotechnology in order to increase the success already recorded in the past. 8. References Aba, D.A. (005). Application of Science and Technology for Increased Agricultural Production for Economic Empowerment and SelfSufficiency in Kaduna State. An Invited Paper Presented at the Science and Technology Week in Kaduna State, 7 8 th October, 005. Bakshi, J.S. (996). The National Agricultural Research Strategy Plan (NARSP): An Overview. In: The Nigerian Agricultural Research Strategy Plan and Extension Delivery: Policy Concept and Concensus to the Year 00. Edited by N.O. Adedipe, J.S. Bakshi And A. Aliyu. National Agricultural Research Project Monograph No. 7. Pp. 33. Gambo Muhammadu A. (996). Policy Address to the Nigerian Agricultural Research Strategy Plan and Extension Delivery: Policy Concept and Concensus to the Year 00. Edited by N.O. Adedipe, J.S. Bakshi And A. Aliyu. National Agricultural Research Project Monograph No. 7. Pp90. V. Ramanatha Rao and Keneth W. Riley (994). The use of biotechnology for conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. Plant Genetic Research Newsletter No. 97: 30. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

50 46 Appendix I Northern Nigeria Table : Surveyed plant breeding and related biotechnology institutions, 007 Public institutions Crops Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello Sorghum, Maize, Cowpea, Groundnut, Cotton and Sunflower University, Zaria National Cereal Research Institute (NCRI), Badeggi, Niger State Rice and Sugarcane Lake Chad Research Institute (LCRI), Maiduguri, Borno State Millet, Wheat and Barley Jigawa State Research Institute Sugar cane and Rubber (Biotechnology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Biotechnology Seed Companies in Nigeria Crops Premier Seeds Nigeria Ltd, Zaria Sorghum, Maize, Cowpea, Groundnut, Rice, etc Alheri Seeds Nigeria Ltd, Zaria Maize, Sorghum, Cowpea, Groundnut, Rice, etc Nagari Seeds Nigeria, Zaria Maize, Sorghum, Cowpea, Groundnut, Rice, etc Savanna Seeds Nigeria Ltd, Jos. Maize, Sorghum, Cowpea, Groundnut, Rice, etc Table : Number and educational level of FTEs plant breeders in various institutions in Institution Educational level IAR/ABU BSc Subtotal 6 6 LCRI Maiduguri BSc 3 Subtotal NCRI Baddegi BSc 4 4 Subtotal Jigawa BSc Subtotal ABU, Zaria BSc Subtotal Total Institution Educational level Alheri Seeds Ltd, Zaria BSc Subtotal Premier Seeds Ltd, Zaria BSc Subtotal Nagari Seeds Ltd, Zaria BSc HND Subtotal Savanna BSc Subtotal Total HND Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

51 47 Table 3: Budget (in naira) allocated to plant breeding ad biotechnology activities in various institutions ( ) Institution Budget category IAR Total budget Plant breeding Percent,000, ,000 50%,000, ,000 50%,000,000,000,000 50% 40% LCRI NCRI Savanna Alheri seed Premier seed Nagari seed Total budget Plant breeding Percent Total budget Plant breeding Percent Total budget Plant breeding Percent Total budget Plant breeding Percent Total budget Plant breeding Percent Total budget Plant breeding Percent,000, ,000 0%,000, ,000 75% 5,000,000 5,000,000 00%,000, ,000 0%,000, ,000 80% 0,000,000 0,000,000 00%,000, ,000 0%,000, ,000 80% 5,000,000 5,000,000 00% 50,000,000 50,000,000 00%,000,000,000,000 00%,000,000,000,000 00% 5,000,000 5,000,000 00% 50,000,000 50,000,000 00%,000,000,000,000 00% Table 4: Resource allocation in percent and its trend in different aspects of plant breeding of different crops by different institutions ( ) Crops Sorghum Maize Cowpea Groundnut Rice Institutions IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna IAR Alheri Premier Savanna Nagari IAR Premier Alheri Savanna IAR Savanna Premier Alheri Savanna Nagari NCRI Alheri Premier Savanna Nagari NCRI Jigawa ,000,000 8,000,000 5,000,000 3,000,000 5% 0,000, ,000 5%,000,000,000,000 00% 5,000,000 5,000,000 00% 50,000,000 50,000,000 00% 3,000,000 3,000,000 00% Allocation Germplasm enhancement Line development Line evaluation % Trend % Trend % Trend Sugarcane Millet LCRI Barley LCRI Wheat LCRI Cotton IAR Nagari Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

52 48 Table 5: Resource allocation (percent) of different institution for different research areas in Institution Budget category IAR Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement LCRI NCRI ABU Jigawa Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

53 49 Table 6: Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or crops group by different plant breeding institutions in Institution Sorghum IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Maize IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Cowpea IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna G/Nut IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Cotton IAR Millet LCRI Barley LCRI Wheat LCRI Rice NCRI Alheri Nagari 0 0 Savanna Sugar NCRI cane Jigawa Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

54 50 Table 7: Number of crosses segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in 007 by institutions involved in plant breeding Crops Institutions Number of crosses made Sorghum Maize Groundnut Cowpea IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna IAR Alheri Premier Savanna Nagari IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna IAR Alheri Savanna Nagari Number of segregating populations considering all generations Number of trials Millet LCRI Cotton IAR Barley LCRI 50 Wheat LCRI Rice Sugarcane NCRI Savanna Alheri NCRI Jigawa Number of locations used for field trials Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

55 5 Table 8: Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in plant breeding programms of different crops in various institutions in 007 Crops Institutio n Local germplas m bank National germplas m bank Introduce d through multilatera l Germplasm source Introduced CGIA through R participatio gene n in bank germplasm evaluation Public Organizatio n industrialize d countries Privat e sector Farmers materioa l Sorghu IAR m Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Maize IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Cotton IAR Cowpea IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna G/Nut IAR Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Rice NCRI Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna Sugar NCRI cane Jigawa Millet LCRI Barley LCRI Wheat LCRI Tota l Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

56 5 Table 9: Priorities of crop breeding programmes of different institutions in Crop Sorghum Maize Cowpea Cotton Groundnut Rice Sugarc ane Millet Barley Wheat Targeted environment IAR NCRI LCRI Alheri Primeer Nagari Savanna Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Highly favourable Abiotic stress 3 Biotic stress Note: high priority; = medium, 3 = low priority Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

57 53 Table 0: The most limiting factors for the success of plant breeding programmes in the 980s and 007 Factors s ABU Jigawa IAR NCRI LCRI Alheri Premier Nagari Savanna IAR NCRI LCRI Premier Nagari Savanna Alheri 5 5 Inadequate number of breeders for each crop Inadequate experimental fields Inadequate access to recent literature Inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies Limited access to international genetic resources Lack of knowledge about international genetic resources Lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques Lack of knowledge about the use of molecular techniques support in plant breeding programmes () Inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques Lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments Lack of support from the international community, including CGIAR, FAO, etc Note: = the most limiting and 5 = the least important Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

58 54 Table : Number of crops varieties released by institutions Crop Institution Total Sorghum Maize Cowpea Groundnut Cotton Millet Millet Wheat Barley Rice Sugarcane Sesame Total IAR IAR Premier IAR IAR IAR IAR LCRI LCRI LCRI NCRI NCRI IAR Table : Required assistance from the international community Required assistance ABU JIGAWA IAR NCRI LCRI Premier Alheri Nagari Savannah Promoting training programmes on biotech tools Promoting training 4 4 programmes on conventional breeding methods Helping preparing projects for funding Facilitating germplasm exchange Facilitating access to new biotechnology tools Strengthening national programme capacity through investment Note: = high, = medium high, 3 = medium, 4 = medium low, 5 = low priority Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

59 55 Appendix II: Institutions in Southern and Southwest Nigeria Table II.: Surveyed plant breeding and related biotechnology institutions, 007 Southern Nigeria Public institutions Regional Centre For Bioresources and Biotechnology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt. National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike Umuahia, Asia State, Nigeria South East Zonal Biotechnology Center, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka Department Of Crop Science, University Of Nigeria, Nsukka Southwest Nigeria Public institutions Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State (CRIN) Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan, Oyo State (FRIN) Federal University of Technology, Akure (FUTA) Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan, Oyo State (IAR&T) Lagos State University, Lagos (LASU) Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State (LAUTECH) National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State (NIHORT) Obafemi Awolowo University, IleIfe, Osun State (OAU) Olabisi Onabanjo University, AgoIwoye, Ogun State (OOU) University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State (UI) University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (UNAAB) University of AdoEkiti, Ekiti State (UNAD) Crops Root and tubers, Telfairia, melon and bananas Cassava, yam, cocoyam and potato Maize, mushroom, telfairia, plantain, yam, cassava, yam bean, pigeon pea and bambara groundnut, forage research Elephant grass Cereals, roots and tubers, grain legumes and vegetables and fruits Crops cocoa Tree crops: mango, cashew, gum Arabic, etc Maize, cassava and Telfaria Cowpea, soyabean, maize Fruits and vegetables Plant biotechnology Vegetables and fruits Maize, cowpea, kenaf and vegetable and fruit Garden egg, cocoa Maize, cassava Cowpea, melon, cassava, Okra, maize and rice. Maize and cassava Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

60 56 Table II.. Number and education level of full time equivalent plant breeders in various institutions in Institution Education level BOWEN BSc Subtotal CRIN BSc Subtotal FRIN BSc Subtotal 4 FUTA BSc Subtotal IAR&T BSc Subtotal LASU BSc Subtotal LAUTECH BSc Subtotal 3 NCRI BSc Subtotal 3 NIHORT BSc Subtotal 3 OAU BSc Subtotal OOU BSc Subtotal UI UNAAB UNAD (98) BSc BSc BSc Subtotal 5 Grandtotal BSc Subtotal Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

61 57 Table II.3. Number and education level of full time equivalent plant biotechnologists in various institutions in Institution Education Level COVENANT BSc Subtotal CRIN (995) BSc Subtotal FRIN (007) BSc 3 Subtotal 7 IAR&T (995) BSc 3 Subtotal 3 3 LAUTECH (998) BSc Subtotal NCRI (999) BSc Subtotal 3 NIHORT (996) BSc Subtotal 3 OAU (993) BSc Subtotal UI (004) BSc 3 Subtotal 5 UNAAB BSc Subtotal 4 UNAD (00) BSc 3 Subtotal 3 Grandtotal BSc Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

62 58 Table II.4. Budget (in Naira) allocated to plant breeding and biotechnology activities in various institutions of Nigeria: Institution Budget category CRIN Total research budget Plant breeding Percent 5,600,000 3,00,000 0 IAR&T LASU UNAAB Total Total research budget Plant breeding Percent Total research budget Plant breeding Percent Total research budget Plant breeding Percent Total research budget Plant breeding Percent,850, ,000 6,850, , ,580,000 76, ,580,000 76, ,4,000,353, ,4,000,353, ,500,000,900, ,000 80, ,80,000 5,80,000 45,000,000 0,000,000 3,300,87 7,80,000 4,00,000,700, , , ,00,87 9,580,000 4 Table II.5. Percentage distribution of resources (human and financial) to crops and/or cropsgroup by different plant breeding institutions of Nigeria Crops FRIN IAR&T CRIN UI FRIN IAR&T CRIN UI FRIN IAR&T CRIN UI FRIN IAR&T CRIN OAU UI UNAAB FRIN FUTA IAR&T CRIN UI UNAD UNAAB Maize Rice 5 5 Soybean Melon 5 0 Kenaf Yam 5 6 Cassava Cowpea Veg &Fruit Trees Cocoa Total Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

63 59 Table II.6. Resource allocation in percent and its trend for different aspects of plant breeding of different crops by different institutions in 007 Crops Institutions Allocation Total Germplasm Enhancement Line Development Line evaluation % Trend % Trend % Trend Maize IAR&T NCRI UI UNAD OAU UNAAB Rice UNAAB Melon UNAAB Soybean IAR&T NCRI UI UNAD OAU Kenaf IAR&T NCRI UI UNAD Yam IAR&T NCRI UI UNAD Cassava IAR&T NCRI UI UNAD UNAAB Cowpea IAR&T UNAAB UI UNAD OAU Veg & Fruit IAR&T UNAAB UI UNAD OAU OOU Cocoa OOU Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

64 60 Table II.7. Resource allocation (percent) of different institutions in Nigeria for different research areas of plant breeding: Institution Budget category Covenant Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology 00 CRIN Germplasm enhancement Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement IAR&T Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement LAUTECH Line development and evaluation 60 Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement 40 NCRI Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement OAU Line development and evaluation 50 Plant biotechnology 0 Germplasm enhancement 30 UI Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology Germplasm enhancement UNAD Line development and evaluation 60 Plant biotechnology 0 Germplasm enhancement 0 UNAAB Line development and evaluation Plant biotechnology 0 0 Germplasm enhancement Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

65 6 Table II.8. Number of crosses, segregating populations, trials and locations for field trials of different crops in 007 by institutions involved in plant breeding in Nigeria Crops Institutions Activity Number of Crosses made Number of segregating Populations considering all Generations Number of trials Number of Locations used for field trials. Maize IAR&T UI 0 40 UNAD FUTA 50 0 OAU Subtotal Soybean IAR&T Subtotal Beniseed LAUTECH Subtotal Kenaf IAR&T Subtotal Sugarcane NCRI Subtotal Cassava FUTA 5 Subtotal Cowpea IAR&T UI UNAD 3 LASU Subtotal Veg. & Fruits NIHORT FUTA 3 UNAD OOU 3 3 OAU LASU UNAAB 0 4 Subtotal Cocoa CRIN OOU 3 Subtotal Overall total Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

66 6 Table II.9. Main sources of germplasm (in percent) used in breeding programmes of different crops in various institutions in Nigeria in 007 Crops Institutions Germplasm source Local germp lasm bank Nation al germpl asm bank Introduction through bi or multilateral agreements Introduction through participation in germplasm evaluation networks CGIAR gene banks Maize Melon Soybe an Benise ed Kenaf Sugarc ane Cassa va Yam Cowpe a Veg& Fruits Cocoa Public organisatio ns in industrialize d country Priv ate sect or Farmer s material s IAR&T UI UNAD FUTA OAU UNAAB Mean UNAAB Mean IAR&T Mean LAUTECH Mean IAR&T Mean NCRI Mean FUTA Mean IAR&T UNAD Mean IAR&T UI UNAD UNAAB Mean NIHORT FUTA UNAD OOU OAU LASU Mean CRIN OOU Mean Total Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

67 63 Table II.0. Priorities of crop breeding programmes of different institutions in Nigeria in the 980s and 007 Crop Maize Soybean Beniseed Kenaf Sugarcane Cassava Breeding Priority Programmes UI OAU IART FRIN CRIN UI OOU OAU NIHORT NCRI LAU LASU IART FUTA FRIN CRIN UNAD Favourable environment 3 Against biotic stress 3 Against abiotic stress 3 For quality traits 3 Favourable environment Against biotic stress Against abiotic stress For quality traits Favourable environment Against biotic stress 3 Against abiotic stress 3 For quality traits Favourable environment Against biotic stress 3 Against abiotic stress 3 For quality traits Favourable environment Against biotic stress Against abiotic stress For quality traits Favourable environment 3 Against biotic stress 3 Against abiotic stress 3 For quality traits 3 =high priority; = medium priority; 3= low priority Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

68 64 Table II.0. contd. Crop Yam Cowpea Veg & Fruits Cocoa Trees Breeding Priority Programmes UI OAU IART FRIN CRIN UI OOU OAU NIHORT NCRI LAU LASU IART FUTA FRIN CRIN UNAD Favourable environment Against biotic stress Against abiotic stress For quality traits Favourable environment 3 Against biotic stress 3 Against abiotic stress For quality traits 3 Favourable environment 3 3 Against biotic stress 3 3 Against abiotic stress 3 3 For quality traits 3 3 Favourable environment Against biotic stress Against abiotic stress For quality traits Favourable environment Against biotic stress Against abiotic stress For quality traits =high priority; = medium priority; 3= low priority Table II.: Priority areas of assistance needed in increasing efficient use of PGRFA as rated by different institutions Areas of assistance CRIN IAR&T LASU LAUTECH NCRI NIHORT OOU UI UNAD UNAAB FRIN OAU Promoting training programmes on biotechnological tools 4 Promoting training programmes on conventional breeding methods Helping preparing projects for funding Facilitating germplasm exchange Facilitating access to new biotechnological tools Strengthening national programme capacity through investments Others =high; =medium high; 3= medium; 4 = medium low; 5=low priority Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

69 65 Table II.. Number of crop varieties released by institutions in Nigeria in Crop Institution Total Maize IAR&T 3 UNAD OAU 4 4 Subtotal Kenaf IAR&T OAU Subtotal Sugarcane NCRI 6 7 Subtotal Cassava UNAD Subtotal Cowpea IAR&T LAUTECH UNAD LASU 3 Subtotal Veg. & Fruits LASU OAU NIHORT Subtotal Cocoa CRIN Subtotal Grandtotal Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)

70 66 Tabel II. 3: Limiting aspects for the success of the plant breeding programs Factors Inadequate number of breeders for each crop. Inadequate experimental fields conditions Inadequate access to recent literature Inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies Limited access to international genetic resources Limited access to national public and/or private genetic resources Lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques Lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes Inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques Lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments Lack of support from the international community, including organizations like Centres of the CGIAR system, FAO, etc s CRIN UNAAB IART LASU LAU NCRI NIHORT OAU UI UNAD CRIN FUTA IART LASU NCRI UI OAU OOU UNAD Others (specify) Note: =the most important and 5 = the least important Report on Plant Breeding and Related Biotechnology Capacity Nigeria

71 67 Table 3 contd Factors s CR BO IA LA LAU NC NIH OA UI UNA CR FU IA LA NC UI OA OO UNA Inadequate number of breeders for each crop. Inadequate experimental fields conditions Inadequate access to recent literature Inadequate knowledge level of the general plant breeding strategies Limited access to international genetic resources Limited access to national public and/or private genetic resources Lack of knowledge about participatory plant breeding techniques Lack of knowledge about the use of molecular technique support plant breeding programmes Inadequate availability of laboratory infrastructure to carry out experiments using advanced plant breeding techniques Lack of financial resources to carry out field and laboratory experiments Lack of support from the international community, including organizations like Centres of the CGIAR system, FAO, etc Others (specify) Note: =the most important and 5 = the least important Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building (GIPB)