Primárne lymfómy CNS (PCNSL) M.Petrilák, VOÚ a.s.
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1 Primárne lymfómy CNS (PCNSL) M.Petrilák, VOÚ a.s.
2 Definícia-PCNSL extranodálny NHL kraniospinálnej osi ( mozog, leptomeningy, miecha, oči) bez postihnutia mimo CNS zriedkavé formy- indolentné NHL - mozgová lymfomatóza - neurolymfomatóza - primárny intraokulárny lymfóm - lymfómy dura mater
3 incid. - 0,5 / / rok Epidemiológia 1-2% extranodal. NHL 4% novodiagnostikovaných mozgových nádorov nárast incidencie posledných 30 rokov medián veku: 61 rokov / 30 rokov AIDS 2% pacientov s AIDS- AIDS asociovaná choroba
4 95% DLBCL Patológia a varianty PCNSL Burkittov lymfóm Lymfóm marginálnej zóny SLL/CLL T- bunkové lymfómy
5 Klinické príznaky Bataille B, et al: Primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma: A report of 248 cases. J Neurosurg 92: , 2000
6 Diagnostika PCNSL International PCNSL Collaborative group Guidelines Patológia Klinika Laboratórne Zobrazovacie Biopsia, histológia, hodnotenie patológa Kompletné fyzikálne + neurolog. vyšetrenie Očné vyšetrenie + vyšetrenie štrbinovou lampou HIV serológia CSF cytológia, flow cytometria IgH PCR Kontrastné MRI mozgu CT hrudník, abdomen, pelvis Imunofenotyp Prognostické faktory (vek,ps...) Hodnotenie kognitívnych funkcií 24 hodinový zber moču - klírens kretainínu Trepanobiopsia kostnej drene USG semenníkov PET? - systémové ochorenie7%, falošná pozitivita 13% 20-40% leptomeningeálna infiltr., 5% očná infiltr. Abrey LE, et al: Report of an international workshop to standardize baseline evaluation and response criteria for primary central nervous system lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 23: , 2005
7 Prognostické faktory Ann Arbor staging- IE, bez progn. významu International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group IELSG- parameters associated with poor prognosis: vek> 60 r. ECOG > 1 LDH elevácia hladina bielkovin v likvore postihnutie hlbokých častí mozgu (periventrikulárne oblasti, bazálne ganglia, mozgový kmeň, mozoček)
8 Prognostické skupiny vek> 60 r. ECOG > 1 LDH elevácia hladina bielkovin v likvore postih. hlbokých častí mozgu Skóre 2-ročný OS % % % Ferreri AJ et al: Prognostic scoring system for primary CNS lymphomas: The International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group experience. J Clin Oncol 21: , 2003
9 2011 by American Society of Hematology Management of PCNSL
10 PCNSL- liečebné aspekty extrémne rádiosenzitívny a chemosenzitívny nádor častý relaps ochorenia súčasné štúdie - snaha identifikovať najvhodnejšiu kombinovanú liečbu minimalizácia liečbou indukovanej neurotoxicity - významná pozornosť v liečbe PCNSL
11 Terapeutické stratégie Reni M, et al. Ann Oncol 1997
12 Chirurgia v liečbe PCNSL odstránenie veľkej TU masy, debulking bez benefitu prežívania oproti biopsii prežívanie po chirurgickej liečbe sólo 1-4 mesiace multifokálne postihnutie, lokalizácia v hĺbke nemožnosť kompletnej chirurgickej resekcie úloha chirurgie diagnostická, stereotaktická biopsia indikovaná pre všetkých pacientov so symptomatológiou PCNSL
13 Kortikosteroidy v liečbe PCNSL lymfotoxický efekt cez cytoplazmatické steroidné receptory podanie dexametazonu - inciálna CR (15%) PR (25%) remisia dočasná vysadenie progresia odporúčane vysadenie liečby 7-10 dní pred biopsiou falošná negativita podávanie po biopsii, indikácia ICH
14 Rádioterapia sólo v liečbe PCNSL difúzna infiltrácia- indikácia WBRT Boost, >50Gy = riziko neurotoxicity bez účinnosti, lokálne relapsy, riziko >60 rokov 5r OS = 4% Dávka Gy ORR 90% Median OS Relaps v ožarovanom poli 11,6 mesiaca 61% Nelsion DF et al:nhl of the brain: Can high dose,large volume radiation therapy improve survival? Report on a prospective trial by the RTOG;RTOG8315.Int J Radiat.Oncol Biol Phys 23;9-17,1992
15 Indikácie rádioterapie sólo exkluzívna liečba pri kontraindikácii CHT kortikosteroid maintenance po WBRT kuratívna metóda - indolentné lymfómy (marginalnej zóny, SLL/CLL) príčiny zlýhania - asymptomatická okulárna a CSF infiltrácia - potenciálny rezervoár ochorenia pri sólo WBRT
16 Chemoterapia v liečbe PCNSL Štandardná liečba systémových NHL - prechodné odpovede mozgových lézii časté relapsy leptomeningeálna infiltrácia pri relapse štyri prospektívne štúdie nepotvrdená superiorita pridania CHOP/CHOD +WBRT versus WBRT sólo CHOP - žiadna úloha v liečbe PCNSL
17 Chemoterapia- metotrexát pacienti so systémovým NHL s relapsom v CNS reagovali na vysoké dávky MTX schopnosť vysokodávkovaného MTX preniknúť do CNS atraktívny pre liečbu PCNSL rýchla infúzia vysokej dávky MTX významne zvyšuje hladinu lieku v mozgovomiechovom moku (maximálna terapeutická koncentrácia 4-6 hodina) a zostáva nad minimálnou terapeutickou koncentráciou v CSF po dobu až 24 hodín ( krv / CSF pomer 30:1 ) MTX režimy - významná superiorita versus RT sólo
18 HD-MTX režimy dávka max 8g/m² > 1g/m² parenchým > 3g/m² CSF 8g/m² monoterapia = 3g/m² polychemoterapia 3,5g/m²- odporúčana dávka v kombinácii Režim trvanie infúzie 3 hodiny opakovanie cyklu 2 týždne - 3 týždne dávka > 3g/m²
19 Chemoterapeutické režimy Ferreri AJM, et al. The Lancet 2009
20 IELSG 20 79pp., histologicky NHL, CNS, merateľná lézia, r., ECOG < 3 MTX 3,5g/m², d1 ( x4 c; á 3 td ) + WBRT MTX 3,5g/m², d1 arac 2g/m² x 2/d, d 2-3 ( x4 c; á 3 td ) +WBRT
21 IELSG 20 : účinnosť, toxicita Ferreri AJM, et al. The Lancet 2009
22 IELSG 20- median f-up : 30 mesiacov Ferreri AJM, et al. The Lancet 2009
23 IELSG 20- median f-up : 46 mesiacov
24 MTX + arac Ferreri AJM, et al., The Oncologist 2011
25 Liečba PCNSL HD-MTX / ara - C kombinácia = súčasný štandard chemoterapie de novo PCNSL v dávke MTX 3,5g/m² D1 + ara-c 2g/m² x 2/d D2-3 q21d
26 Nové lieky
27 Rituximab Rituximab (anti-cd20 monoklonová protilátka) zmenil históriu liečby DLBCL, najčastejšej formy PCNSL. Existuje veľa pochybností o jeho schopnosti prieniku HEB. Harjunpaa, et al., L&L 2001; Ruhstaller et al., Ann Oncol 2000; Raizer, et al., ASCO 2000 Diskutovaná úloha rituximabu v znížení rizika CNS relapsu u DLBCL (R-CHOP French vs. RICOVER-60 trials). Feugier P, et al., Ann Oncol 2004; Boehme V, et al. Blood 2009 Liečba CNS lymfómov s R sólo konfliktné výsledky. Raizer JJ, et al., ASCO 2000; Ruhstaller TW, et al., Ann Oncol 2000; Pels H, et al., J Neuro-Oncol 2002 Účinnosť s HD-MTX, mierne zvýšené ORR (R-MPV). Shah GD, et al. JCO 2007
28 Temozolomid Salvage TMZ ORR= 31%, median 7 mesiacov. (36 pacientov s r/r PCNSL). Účinný v kombinácii s rituximabom. Reni M, et al. BJC 2007 Enting RH, et al. Neurology 2004;Wong ET, et al. Cancer 2004 Sinergický efekt s PARP inhibítormi na myšacích modeloch. Tentori L, et al. Blood 2002 TMZ + HD-MTX komb. účinná ORR: 45% (23 pp. vyšší vek ) Omuro A, et al. JNO 2007 Prvolíniový TMZ CR 47% (17 pacientov (62-90 rokov). Kurzwelly D, et al. JNO 2010
29 Intratekálna chemoterapia CSF rezervoár tumorových buniek použitie IT CHT pri použití HD-MTX sporné 2 veľké retrospektívne štúdie nepotvrdili benefit pridania IT CHT výsledky 2 nezávislých ramien 2 štúdii s/bez IT CHT, RR porovn., PFS 21 vs. 12 mesiacov indikácia intratekálnej CHT- leptomeningeal. infiltr.
30 HD-CHT/ASCT relaps/refraktérne ochorenie 60% CR 2 ročný OS 45% mortalita 16% prvolíniová liečba - mladí pacienti, - rezistentné ochorenie 2 štúdie - NCT , NCT pp. CHT SD,PR WBRT vs. HD-CHT/ASCT
31 Konsolidačná rádioterapia reziduálne ochorenie po primárnej CHT sporné odporúčanie pri dosiahnutí CR CALGB 50202, 44pp., fáza 2 - HD-MTX +TMZ+R konsolidácia HD ara - C + HD VP16, 4 ročný PFS 50%, OS 67% G - PCNSL-SG1, 551pp. fáza 3 HD - MTX CR WBRT vs. observácia, PFS 18 vs.12 mesiacov, OS nepotvrdené redukcia dávky Gy rovnaké výsledky Ferreri AJ, et al.,consolidation radiotherapy in PCNSL. Int Jradiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;80(1);
32 G-PCNSL-SG-1, random. fáza III, 551pp noninferioritná štúdia
33 Relaps vek, PS, lokalizácia, 1-líniová liečba, trvanie odpovede WBRT po CHT sólo reindukcia HD-MTX ( odpoveď > 12 mesiacov ) kombinované salvage režimy, HD-CHT/ASCT klinické štúdie extra CNS diseminácia 3-7%- konvenčná CHT
34 Nové klinické štúdie
35 Take Home Messages Štúdie IELSG #20 and G-PCNSL-SG -1 nová éra randomizovaných štúdií v liečbe PCNSL. Potrebné štúdie hodnotiace jednotlivé lieky pri r/r PCNSL Režim MTX + arac podporený vysokou úrovňou dôkazov odporúčaný ako kontrolné rameno v randomizovaných šúdiach. Konsolidačnú WBRT nutné optimalizovať. HDCHT/ASCT experimentálna strategia, ktorá si zaslúži byť hodnotená v randomizovaných štúdiach. Lepšie poznanie farmakogenetiky a markerov predikujúcich toxicitu = zlepšenie tolerability a účinnosti liečby
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