Elasticity and Its Application
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1 Elasticity and Its Application Chapter 5 All rights reserved. Copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt College Publishers, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida
2 Elasticity... is a measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision.
3 Elasticity of Demand elasticity of demand is the percentage change in quantity demanded given a percent change in the price. It is a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.
4 Determinants of Elasticity of Demand Necessities versus Luxuries Availability of Close Substitutes Definition of the Market Time Horizon
5 Determinants of Elasticity of Demand Demand tends to be more elastic : if the good is a luxury. the longer the time period. the larger the number of close substitutes. the more narrowly defined the market.
6 Computing the Elasticity of Demand The price elasticity of demand is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Elasticity of Demand = Percentage Change in Demanded Percentage Change in
7 Computing the Elasticity of Demand elasticity of demand = Percentage change in quatity demanded Percentage change in price Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones then your elasticity of demand would be calculated as: ( 10 8) ( ) = 20 percent 10 percent = 2
8 Computing the Elasticity of Demand Using the Midpoint Formula The midpoint formula is preferable when calculating the price elasticity of demand because it gives the same answer regardless of the direction of the change. Elasticity of Demand = (Q2 Q (P P )/[(Q )/[(P Q1)/2] + P )/2] 1
9 Computing the Elasticity Elasticity of of Demand (Q2 Q Demand = (P P Example: If the price of an ice cream cone increases from $2.00 to $2.20 and the amount you buy falls from 10 to 8 cones the your elasticity of demand, using the midpoint formula, would be calculated as: (10 8) (10 + 8) / 2 ( ) ( ) / 2 = percent percent )/[(Q )/[(P = Q1)/2] + P )/2] 1
10 Ranges of Elasticity Inelastic Demand demanded does not respond strongly to price changes. elasticity of demand is less than one. Elastic Demand demanded responds strongly to changes in price. elasticity of demand is greater than one.
11 Computing the Elasticity of Demand $5 E D = (100-50) ( )/2 ( ) ( )/2 4 Demand = 67 percent -22 percent = Demand is price elastic
12 Ranges of Elasticity Perfectly Inelastic demanded does not respond to price changes. Perfectly Elastic demanded changes infinitely with any change in price. Unit Elastic demanded changes by the same percentage as the price.
13 A Variety of Demand Curves Because the price elasticity of demand measures how much quantity demanded responds to the price, it is closely related to the slope of the demand curve.
14 Perfectly Inelastic Demand - Elasticity equals 0 Demand 1. An increase in price... $ leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
15 Inelastic Demand - Elasticity is less than 1 1. A 22% increase in price... $5 4 Demand leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
16 Unit Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals 1 1. A 22% increase in price... $5 4 Demand leads to a 22% decrease in quantity.
17 Elastic Demand - Elasticity is greater than 1 1. A 22% increase in price... $5 4 Demand leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
18 Perfectly Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals infinity 1. At any price above $4, quantity demanded is zero. $4 Demand 2. At exactly $4, consumers will buy any quantity. 3. At a price below $4, quantity demanded is infinite.
19 Elasticity and Total Revenue Total revenue is the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good. Computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold. TR = P x Q
20 Elasticity and Total Revenue $4 P P x Q = $400 (total revenue) Demand 0 Q 100
21 Elasticity and Total Revenue With an inelastic demand curve, an increase in price leads to a decrease in quantity that is proportionately smaller. Thus, total revenue increases.
22 Elasticity and Total Revenue: Inelastic Demand An increase in price from $1 to $3... leads to an increase in total revenue from$100 to $240 $3 $1 Demand Revenue = $100 Revenue = $240 Demand
23 Elasticity and Total Revenue With an elastic demand curve, an increase in the price leads to a decrease in quantity demanded that is proportionately larger. Thus, total revenue decreases.
24 Elasticity and Total Revenue: Elastic Demand An increase in price from $4 to $5... leads to a decrease in total revenue from$200 to $100 $5 $4 Revenue = $200 Demand Revenue = $100 Demand
25 Computing the Elasticity of a Linear Demand Curve Total Revenue ( x ) Percent Change in Elasticity Description Percent Change in $0 14 $0 200% 15% 0.1 Inelastic Inelastic Inelastic Unit elastic elastic elastic elastic 7 0 0
26 Income Elasticity of Demand Income elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers income. It is computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.
27 Computing Income Elasticity Income Elasticity of Demand = Percentage Change in Demanded Percentage Change in Income
28 Normal Goods Inferior Goods Income Elasticity - Types of Goods - Higher income raises the quantity demanded for normal goods but lowers the quantity demanded for inferior goods.
29 Income Elasticity - Types of Goods - Goods consumers regard as necessities tend to be income inelastic Examples include food, fuel, clothing, utilities, and medical services. Goods consumers regard as luxuries tend to be income elastic. Examples include sports cars, furs, and expensive foods.
30 Elasticity of Supply elasticity of supply is the percentage change in quantity supplied resulting from a percent change in price. It is a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good.
31 Ranges of Elasticity Perfectly Elastic Relatively Elastic Unit Elastic E S = E S > 1 E S = 1
32 Ranges of Elasticity Relatively Inelastic Perfectly Inelastic E S < 1 E S = 0
33 Perfectly Inelastic Supply - Elasticity equals 0 Supply 1. An increase in price... $ leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.
34 Inelastic Supply - Elasticity is less than 1 Supply 1. A 22% increase in price... $ leads to a 10% increase in quantity.
35 Unit Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals 1 Supply 1. A 22% increase in price... $ leads to a 22% increase in quantity.
36 Elastic Supply - Elasticity is greater than 1 Supply 1. A 22% increase in price... $ leads to a 67% increase in quantity.
37 Perfectly Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals infinity 1. At any price above $4, quantity supplied is infinite. $4 Supply 2. At exactly $4, producers will supply any quantity. 3. At a price below $4, quantity supplied is zero.
38 Determinants of Elasticity of Supply Ability of sellers to change the amount of the good they produce. Beach-front land is inelastic. Books, cars, or manufactured goods are elastic. Time period. Supply is more elastic in the long run.
39 Computing the Elasticity of Supply The price elasticity of supply is computed as the percentage change in the quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price. Elasticity of Supply = Percentage Change in Supplied Percentage Change in
40 Application of Elasticity Can good news for farming be bad news for farmers? What happens to wheat farmers and the market for wheat when university agronomists discover a new wheat hybridthat is more productive than existing varieties?
41 Application of Elasticity Examine whether the supply or demand curve shifts. Determine the direction of the shift of the curve. Use the supply-and-demand diagram to see how the market equilibrium changes.
42 An Increase in Supply in the of Wheat Market for Wheat $3 S 1 Demand of Wheat
43 An Increase in Supply in the Market for Wheat of Wheat 1. When demand is inelastic, an increase in supply... S 1 S leads to a large fall in price... $3 2 Demand of Wheat 3....and a proportionately smaller increase in quantity sold. As a result, revenue falls from $300 to $220.
44 Compute Elasticity E D = ( )/ ( )/2 =
45 Compute Elasticity E D = ( )/ ( )/2 = Demand is inelastic
46 Summary elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to changes in the price. If a demand curve is elastic, total revenue falls when the price rises. If it is inelastic, total revenue rises as the price rises.
47 Summary The price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price. In most markets, supply is more elastic in the long run than in the short run.
48 Graphical Review
49 Computing the Elasticity of Demand $5 E D = (100-50) ( )/2 ( ) ( )/2 4 Demand = 67 percent -22 percent = Demand is price elastic
50 Perfectly Inelastic Demand - Elasticity equals 0 Demand 1. An increase in price... $ leaves the quantity demanded unchanged.
51 Inelastic Demand - Elasticity is less than 1 1. A 22% increase in price... $5 4 Demand leads to a 11% decrease in quantity.
52 Unit Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals 1 1. A 22% increase in price... $5 4 Demand leads to a 22% decrease in quantity.
53 Elastic Demand - Elasticity is greater than 1 1. A 22% increase in price... $5 4 Demand leads to a 67% decrease in quantity.
54 Perfectly Elastic Demand - Elasticity equals infinity 1. At any price above $4, quantity demanded is zero. $4 Demand 2. At exactly $4, consumers will buy any quantity. 3. At a price below $4, quantity demanded is infinite.
55 Elasticity and Total Revenue $4 P P x Q = $400 (total revenue) Demand 0 Q 100
56 Elasticity and Total Revenue: Inelastic Demand An increase in price from $1 to $3... leads to an increase in total revenue from$100 to $240 $3 $1 Demand Revenue = $100 Revenue = $240 Demand
57 Elasticity and Total Revenue: Elastic Demand An increase in price from $4 to $5... leads to a decrease in total revenue from$200 to $100 $5 $4 Revenue = $200 Demand Revenue = $100 Demand
58 Perfectly Inelastic Supply - Elasticity equals 0 Supply 1. An increase in price... $ leaves the quantity supplied unchanged.
59 Inelastic Supply - Elasticity is less than 1 Supply 1. A 22% increase in price... $ leads to a 10% increase in quantity.
60 Unit Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals 1 Supply 1. A 22% increase in price... $ leads to a 22% increase in quantity.
61 Elastic Supply - Elasticity is greater than 1 Supply 1. A 22% increase in price... $ leads to a 67% increase in quantity.
62 Perfectly Elastic Supply - Elasticity equals infinity 1. At any price above $4, quantity supplied is infinite. $4 Supply 2. At exactly $4, producers will supply any quantity. 3. At a price below $4, quantity supplied is zero.
63 An Increase in Supply in the of Wheat Market for Wheat $3 S 1 Demand of Wheat
64 An Increase in Supply in the Market for Wheat of Wheat 1. When demand is inelastic, an increase in supply... S 1 S leads to a large fall in price... $3 2 Demand of Wheat 3....and a proportionately smaller increase in quantity sold. As a result, revenue falls from $300 to $220.
Elasticity. Ratio of Percentage Changes. Elasticity and Its Application. Price Elasticity of Demand. Price Elasticity of Demand. Elasticity...
Elasticity and Its Application Chapter 5 All rights reserved. Copyright 21 by Harcourt, Inc. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department,
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