The Interpretation of Dreams

Transcription

1 Alex Ruch Lit 20S Fall 2003 MWF 1:10-2:00 Art Museum Office Hours: M 2:10-3:00 or by appointment held in Trinity Cafe The Interpretation of Dreams This course is meant to serve as critical introduction to a certain form of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic reading, as well as an assessment of the continued utility of one of the most influential books of the modern West: Sigmund Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. Through a detailed reading of this book, compounded with and hopefully complicated by an investigation of both literary and critical texts, we will investigate the uses of Freud's work for the analysis of literary and filmic texts. While much psychoanalytic criticism has focused on the relationship of the author's psyche to the fictional text, the theories of wish-fulfillment and the "dream-work" that Freud presents in The Interpretation of Dreams can be used to address more fundamental concerns, such as why human beings consider it worthwhile to craft fictional texts at all, or what fundamental structures or ways of making meanings underlie these texts. Concomitant with this investigation of some basic categories (primarily 'fiction' and 'narrative') through the lens of Freud's work on dreams will be an analysis of the potential social and political functions of unreality and explicitly unrealistic representations. For this purpose, and to consider what it would mean to talk about the dream as a socio-cultural phenomenon rather than an idiosyncratically individual one, we will take masculinity and figurations of modern Western masculinity as a guiding thread, attempting to see how the employment of Freud's method of dream interpretation can shed light onto various fantasies of masculinity, as well as how Freud's own discourse is conditioned by this particular fantasy. Beyond The Interpretation of Dreams and a few of Freud's shorter texts, we will look at literary works by Emily Brontë, Daniel Clowes, Joseph Conrad, and E.T.A. Hoffmann; films by David Fincher, Terry Gilliam, Alfred Hitchcock, and David Lynch; and critical and/or theoretical texts by Ernst Bloch, Jacques Lacan and Hayden White, among others. The class will attempt a balance between lecture and discussion, and active classroom participation is expected. Requirements: 2 papers (10-12 pages each): 30% each. Each paper will go through one draft stage worth 1/3 of the total paper grade. Shorter (1-2 pages) weekly writing assignments (due on Fridays): 30% total. These will be graded on a scale of 1-4 points each, and the totals will be curved at the end of the course. The purpose of these assignments is to focus upon one particular aspect of effective writing at a time, and to encourage closer attention to the daily/weekly material that may not be directly discussed in class. You may, should the occasion arise, be asked to read these aloud in class, so be warned Active participation and attendance: 10%. You are expected (as usual) to attend class every day, and to be both punctual and well-prepared. You are not required, but only encouraged, to attend the evening screenings. You are, however, required to view the film before the next class meeting if you do not attend a screening.

2 Required Books: Brontë, Emily, Wuthering Heights (1847) Clowes, Daniel, David Boring (2000) Conrad, Joseph, Lord Jim (1900) Freud, Sigmund, Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) Freud, Sigmund, General Psychological Theory (Essays , GPT below) Freud, Sigmund, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) Optional Book: Bloch, Ernst, The Principle of Hope, Vol. 1 (1959) Films (to be screened on M or W evenings also on reserve at Lilly Library): Brazil (Gilliam, 1985) Fight Club (Fincher, 1999) Lost Highway (Lynch, 1996) Vertigo (Hitchcock, 1958) On Closed Reserve (Lilly): Bloch, Ernst, The Principle of Hope, Vol. 1 (1959) Zizek, Slavoj, The Art of the Ridiculous Sublime: David Lynch s Lost Highway (2000) On E-Reserve (E-Reserves are marked with * on Syllabus): Derrida: "Freud and the Scene of Writing" (1966) Freud: An Autobiographical Study (1925) Freud: Certain Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia, and Homosexuality (1922) Freud: "Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming" (1908) Freud: The Development of the Libido and the Sexual Organizations (1917) Freud: The Ego and the Id excerpt (1923) Freud: Family Romances (1908) Freud: Fetishism (1927) Freud: Some Psychological Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes (1925) Freud: "The Uncanny" (1919) Hoffmann: "The Sandman" (1816) Jacobs: At the Threshold of Interpretation (1989) Lacan: "Aggressivity in Psychoanalysis" (1948) Lacan: "The Dream of Irma's Injection" ( ) Lacan: "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I" (1949) Lacan: "Repetition and the Unconscious" (1964) White: "Freud's Tropology of Dreaming" (1999)

3 Schedule of Readings Week One M 8/25: Introduction W 8/27: Freud: "Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming" (1910)* F 8/29: Freud: An Autobiographical Study (1925)*; The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Introduction and Prefaces Week Two M 9/1: Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 1 W 9/3: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 2 F 9/5: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapters 3 & 4 Short Assignment 1 Due Week Three M 9/8: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 5 W 9/10: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 6, sections A-D F 9/12: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 6, sections E-G Short Assignment 2 Due Week Four M 9/15: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 6, sections H-I W 9/17: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 7, sections A-D F 9/19: The Interpretation of Dreams, Chapter 7, sections E-F Week Five M 9/22: White: "Freud's Tropology of Dreaming" (1999)* - Short Assignment 3 Due ** M 9/22 Screening: 8:00 PM in Art Museum 04 - Brazil (Gilliam, 1985) W 9/24: discuss Brazil; Freud: The Development of the Libido and the Sexual Organizations (1917)*; Freud: Neurosis and Psychosis (1924) GPT; F 9/26: Hoffmann: "The Sandman" (1816)*; Freud: "The Uncanny" (1919)* Week Six M 9/29: Freud: "Formulation Regarding the Two Principles in Mental Functioning" (1911) GPT; Freud: Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) Parts I-IV W 10/1: Beyond the Pleasure Principle Parts V-VII F 10/3: Lacan: "Repetition and the Unconscious" (1964)* - Short Assignment 4 Due Week Seven M 10/6: Conrad: Lord Jim (1900) W 10/8: Lord Jim F 10/10: Lord Jim Short Assignment 5 Due Week Eight M 10/13: Fall Break -- No Class W 10/15: Finish Lord Jim ** W 10/15 Screening: 8:30 PM in Art Museum 04 - Vertigo (Hitchcock, 1958) F 10/17: discuss Vertigo; Freud: Fetishism (1927)* - Short Assignment 6 Due

4 Week Nine ** M 10/20 Screening: 8:00 PM in Art Museum 04 - Lost Highway (Lynch, 1996) W 10/22: discuss Lost Highway; Zizek: Art of the Ridiculous Sublime (2000) Lilly Reserve Assign Paper One F 10/24: Freud: The Ego and the Id (1923) excerpt* - Short Assignment 7 Due Week Ten M 10/27: Lacan: "The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I" (1949)*; Lacan: "The Dream of Irma's Injection" (Seminar II: , chapters XIII and XIV)* ** W 10/29 Screening: 8:30 PM in Art Museum 04 - Fight Club (Fincher, 1999) Paper One Drafts Due F 10/31: discuss Fight Club; Freud: On the Mechanism of Paranoia (1911) GPT; Lacan: "Aggressivity in Psychoanalysis" (1948)* Week Eleven M 11/3: Meetings about drafts W 11/5: Freud: "Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams" (1916) GPT & "A Note upon the 'Mystic Writing Pad'" (1925) GPT F 11/7: Derrida: "Freud and the Scene of Writing" (1966)* Week Twelve M 11/10: Bloch: The Principle of Hope: Vol. 1 (1959), Part 2, Sections 9-14 (pp ) Paper One Due W 11/12: The Principle of Hope: Vol. 1, Part 2, Section 15 (pp ) F 11/14: Brontë: Wuthering Heights (1847) Week Thirteen M 11/17: Wuthering Heights Assign Paper Two W 11/19: Wuthering Heights F 11/21: Wuthering Heights; Jacobs: At the Threshold of Interpretation (1989)* or Miller: Repetition and the Uncanny (1982) Norton Week Fourteen M 11/24: Clowes: David Boring (2000); Freud: Family Romances (1908)* Paper Two Drafts Due W 11/26 & F 11/28: Thanksgiving -- No Class Week Fifteen M 12/1: Conclusions W 12/3: Meetings about Drafts Final Scheduled Sat 12/13: 2-5 PM -- Paper Two Due

5 Short Assignment 1 Due Friday, September 5 th In Chapters 3 & 4 of The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud advances his central argument that the dream (every dream) is the fulfillment of a wish. You are to analyze (in as concise a manner as possible) Freud s argument here, according to the following basic points. Consider why this thesis is so central to Freud s book. What is at stake in this thesis, both for Freud and for the book? Pay attention to and attempt to describe as clearly as possible the logical steps in his argument. What reason(s) does he give to persuade the reader (you) to accept this thesis? Pay equally close attention to the moments in which his argument does not hold or convince. What problems / logical inconsistencies / burdens of proof / or simply basic questions concerning his thesis about wish-fulfillment remain after reading chapters 3 & 4? While doing this, you should keep as closely to the text as possible. Do not bring in your own experiences with dreams, or any other speculative and or clinical writings. The purpose is to look as closely as possible as Freud s own argument, not to compare it with that of someone else. Also, try to avoid bringing in example dreams; try to stick to the logical structure of Freud s argument, rather than the empirical data on which it is based and which it is intended to explain. (This is not to say that the empirical is not important, but only that for this assignment you are to focus your attention elsewhere.) If you absolutely must refer to a specific dream to make one of your points, please restrict yourself to those dreams mentioned by Freud in the first four chapters of the book, and by all means avoid speculating on things that you cannot know about those dreams (what else the dreamer may have been concerned with at the time of the dream, etc.). Do not take any citations from the text, but instead paraphrase Freud s point in your own words. References to specific passages should be identified by the page number(s) in parentheses. Example: In order to support this interpretation, Freud claims that all ducks wear hats and that this is the only means by which ducks avoid having cold heads (278-9). It will be difficult to fit all of this into only 2 pages, so avoid writing introductions, conclusions, and any sentences that are not essential to your point(s). Part of the assignment is to work on economy of language, so try not to go over 2 pages if at all possible.

6 Short Assignment 2 Due Friday, September 12 th In Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming ( CW ), Freud proposes an analogy between literature and dreams, and advances a (relatively simplistic) theory of literature based on this analogy. This essay, however, is based on a simplified and watered-down version of Freud s theory of dreams. For this assignment, I want you to take a preliminary stab at improving the theory advanced in Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming, according to the following directions: Having now read a sizable portion of The Interpretation of Dreams, choose any one aspect of the theory of dreams elaborated there (but not in CW ) and (in 1-2 pages) formulate a thesis as to how its incorporation into the theory of literature in CW would improve that theory. This could make the theory more accurate, more useful for literary interpretation, or simply more interesting. You do not need to develop an elaborate argument for adopting this modification of Freud s theory of literature, but you do need to at least indicate what the potential gain would be in adopting your proposed modification. You do not need to bring in examples, but you may do so if you wish. This should read like an introduction to a longer paper, in which (if you were to write the paper) you would then go on to support your thesis with argumentation and examples. Please do take the assignment seriously; if you are wholly unconvinced by the argument of CW, try to determine what the most questionable part of Freud s argument there is, and see if you can remedy that defect through an application of Freud s more complete theory of dreams. Also, try to formulate a thesis that you would actually be willing to support in a longer paper.

7 Short Assignment 3 Due Monday, September 22 nd Your assignment for this week is to do a close reading of a short passage of text. Choose a brief passage (around words, possibly only one or two sentences) from chapter 7 of The Interpretation of Dreams that you find particularly difficult, dense, important, or interesting, and reproduce that passage at the top of the assignment (along with the appropriate reference). You are then to perform as exhaustive an explication as you can within 1-2 pages, trying to account for and explain every phrase used. Pay attention to figurative language, analogies with other realms of discourse, and other rhetorical gestures, along with the more usual logical description and analysis. Where do the terms Freud uses come from, why does he use them, how does he use them, and what kind of added baggage do they bring along? I realize that you are reading Die Traumdeutung in translation; for the purposes of this assignment, I ask that you simply treat Strachey s translation as you would the original text. If you are feeling extra-ambitious (and know German), feel free to check the translation of your passage with the German original and make suggestions/corrections to Strachey s translation if you think they are warranted. I suspect few of you will want to take that kind of time, but if you do, the option is open. Otherwise, just deal with the English text at its letter, and do not secondguess possible problems of translation.

8 Short Assignment 4 Due Friday, October 10 th Your assignment for this week is to do a close reading of a short passage of text. Choose a brief passage (around words, possibly only one or two sentences) from chapters XIX XXXII in Lord Jim. Reproduce the passage with citation information at the top of the page, then produce as exhaustive an analysis of that passage as you can within 1-2 pages. Use the first sentence or two to situate the passage within the story. After doing this, go through the passage as closely as possible, accounting for the function of every word or phrase in the passage and the novel (don t worry about conjunctions, articles, etc. unless you think they are particularly important). Pay particularly close attention to figural language, and spend as little time as possible recounting any portion of the plot of the novel the most important thing is to stick closely to the particular words used by Conrad, and to explain how they function to create sense & meaning.

9 Short Assignment 5 Due Friday, October 17 th The purpose of this assignment is to get you thinking more about thesis building and motivation. For this assignment, develop a thesis relating Brazil, Lord Jim, or Vertigo to the contents of the class more generally. This should be a thesis that you think is something you think you could actually support, and (this is the part about motivation) that you think would be worth arguing in a longer paper. You are then to write a 1-2 page introduction to the non-existent longer paper, in which you present the thesis and make a case for why the reader should be interested in your argument. Assume for this purpose a reader with some general interest in your object (you will have a hard time of it if you imagine a reader who is entirely uninterested in what you are writing about), but also a reader who doesn t want to waste his or her time reading an argument that doesn t lead anywhere or develop new and interesting ideas. Your introduction should be able to meet the universal so what? question by articulating why the argument you propose is relevant and worth reading about. Ask yourself what follows from your thesis, and what modifications in our understanding would arise from a persuasive case for the adoption of your thesis. If nothing follows from it, or if it would in no way enlarge the scope of the reader s understanding, then it is a bad thesis, and you should either find a way to modify its scope or presentation, or try a different thesis. The introduction is the place where you need to sell your thesis. The goal is to convince the reader to keep going, rather than moving on to another paper that appears more provocative. This question does not usually arise when you write papers for class, since your instructor is duty bound to read your paper regardless. Outside of this setting, however, this compulsion does not exist, and the introduction becomes much more important, since it must not only lay out the basis of your thesis and the skeleton of your argument, but must also make a coherent case for why the argument is important to the reader. In doing this, however, you must also avoid promising more than you can deliver, so you have to keep your thesis and motivation within the realm of the plausible. As an added incentive, and since your first longer papers are coming up in a few weeks, you may be able to use these as the basis for those papers, if you like. I will see how they look. Either way I will give you a few possible topics when the papers get closer, but if you have something you are interested in now (or become interested in while writing this assignment), it would be a way to get started on the paper earlier (and to have a few pages of it already written).

10 Potential Topics for Paper One (draft 6 pages final paper 10 pages) Due Monday, November 10 th Drafts due Wednesday, October 29th Option 1: So far, we have primarily been thinking about film and literature in terms of wishfulfillment, as Freud proposes we do through the parallel between fiction and day-dreams he sets out in Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming. Yet much of the fiction we have looked at thus far takes other works of fiction ( or types of fiction) as subject matter through direct reference or formal quotation, and it is possible to approach these works not on the model of the dream, but instead through the model of dream analysis proposed by Freud in The Interpretation of Dreams. What would it mean to think of some types of fiction as dream-analyses rather than fantastic wish-fulfillments? Discuss this question using Lord Jim, or any one of the films we have seen thus far in class. Option 2: In Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) Freud admits that there exist a class of dreams that are not wish-fulfillments, but are instead of a traumatic nature related to the compulsion to repeat identified and described in Chapter 3 of that book. We can obviously not slight Freud for incorporating an idea from 1920 into his 1908 theory of fiction as wishfulfillment (expounded in Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming ), but we can ask what ramifications this later modification of Freud s theory of the source(s) and nature of dreams may have on a his theory of fiction as day-dream or fantasy. Using the specifics of Freud s revision of his theory of dreams in BtPP as a basis, discuss the benefits to be gained from a transportation of the revision of his theory of dreams back into his theory of fiction, using one or two of the fictional works we have looked at in class for examples. Option 3: Every fictional text we have looked at thus far has dealt in one way or another with problems in masculinity, figured through the plights of the respective main characters. Discuss how the psychoanalytic theory of dreams and dream interpretation can shed light on how masculinity is figured in Lord Jim, or any one of the films we have seen in class. Option 4: Discuss any one of the films we have seen in class in relation to Freud s description of the uncanny in the essay of the same name. How can Freud s analysis of a particular affect shed light on fictional texts beyond The Sandman? Option 5: Potpourri! I am willing to entertain any other topics you may have related to the course material, but you must clear the topic with me before you begin writing. If you do not, you may find me having to tell you to start over, which is never very fun for either of us.

11 Potential Topics for Paper Two (draft 6 pages final paper 10 pages) Due Saturday, December 13 th Drafts due Monday, November 24 th Option 1: Ernst Bloch claims that any work of art must possess a utopian component in order to be compelling; even the apparently retrograde or ideological of texts has a kernel of progressive, utopian content. A Blochian reading would involve distinguishing the regressive or static from the genuinely utopian, forward-looking aspects of the text. Can such a content be found in either Fight Club, Wuthering Heights, or David Boring? What would that utopian content be, and how is it intermixed with ideological, archetypal, or other regressive or static content? *** If you have already written about Fight Club, you may not do so again*** Option 2: What would we gain by looking at Wuthering Heights through the lens of the dream (as described either by Freud, or by someone else we have looked at in the class)? Dreams are clearly important at the beginning of the novel (with Lockwood s series of dreams), but it is possible to treat WH in its entirety as a dream-text according more or less to the model proposed by Freud in Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming. How well does WH fit Freud s theory of literature, and does an analysis of WH suggest changes that should be made to Freud s theory as proposed in that essay? Option 3: Take something we have not looked at in class (a novel, film, short story, etc.) and show what is gained in interpretive power and understanding by approaching it through a psychoanalytic framework (or a post-psychoanalytic framework based around the theory of dreams and wish-fulfillment Bloch s, for instance)? If you choose this option, you MUST clear your object of analysis with me. Potential guiding questions include: How well does Freud s theory of fiction on the model of the dream describe fictional works in general? Are there texts that simply cannot be analyzed through that framework, and if so, are there aspects of Freud s more general theory of dreams that would shed more light on those texts? On the other hand, are there certain types of texts that Freud s theories work particularly well with, and, if so, what characteristics of those texts make this the case? How could the analysis of something on the model of the dream (which seems utterly personal and idiosyncratic) provide an analysis that would deal with the social content or function of a text? Are there other concepts that must be introduced to make this leap, and if so, what are they? Option 4: Open season you can work on a more theoretical topic related to the class content, or relate some portion of that content to a discipline in which you are working. You are pretty much free to write on whatever you want here, but it must relate to some portion of the class content, and you MUST clear your topic with me before you begin.

12 Return of the Repressed (History) A Brief Freud Chronology* 1856 Sigismund Schlomo Freud born to Jacob and Amalia Freud on May 6 in Moravia Freud enrolls in the medical faculty at Vienna University Freud obtains medical degree Freud and Martha Bernays are married September Freud publishes well-received monograph on aphasia Freud and Josef Breuer publish the Studies on Hysteria, a precursor to psychoanalysis that anticipates the importance of infantile trauma in the neuroses. Freud has the Irma dream that generates the impetus to write his dream-book. He begins work on the Project for a Scientific Psychology, an attempted but never completed psychology for neurologists The word psychoanalysis appears for the first time in Freud s article Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses. Freud s father dies in October Freud abandons the seduction theory, positing instead the existence of a psychic reality of phantasy that can be just as traumatic as objectively verifiable seduction Freud completes The Interpretation of Dreams on September 11; it is published on November 4, but is imprinted Psychopathology of Everyday Life is published, as well as On Dreams, a brief recapitulation of some of Freud s dream theories for a lay audience Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality are published, as well as the Dora case study, Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria The first collection of Freud s papers on neuroses is published. Freud and Jung begin correspondence Delusions and Dreams in Jensen s Gradiva, Freud s first analysis of a literary work, is published. Freud meets Karl Abraham Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming is published. Freud meets Sandor Ferenczi and the first international congress of psychoanalysts takes place in Salzburg The case histories of Little Hans and the Rat Man are both published ( Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy and Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis respectively) Freud publishes Leonardo da Vinci and a Memory of his Childhood and A Special Type of Choice of Object Made by Men, the latter of which begins to expand what is to become the Oedipus complex to a larger role than it was previously afforded in psychic life by Freud. Jung is elected the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association at the second international congress Freud publishes Formations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning (describing the roles of the pleasure principle and the reality principle) and the study of the psychotic judge Schreber, Psycho-Analytic Notes on an Autobiographical Account of a Case of Paranoia. Freud begins publishing his papers on technique and transference Freud makes known his break with Jung when the latter publishes his Theory of Psychoanalysis, which argues that libido should be understood not as sexual energy or investment but rather a more general mental interest.

13 1913 Totem and Taboo, Freud s highly speculative collection of essays, in which he claims to locate the Oedipal relation in the origin of primitive societies, is published The Moses of Michelangelo and On Narcissism: An Introduction are both published. The latter marks a new development in Freud s thought when he admits the possibility, alongside the sex-drives and ego-drives, of an ego-libido that would amount to a sexual investment in the self as object. Freud publishes his denunciations of Jung and Adler in his History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement Freud begins his series of papers on metapsychology with Instincts and their Vicissitudes, Repression, and The Unconscious, as well as the topical Thoughts for the Times on War and Death, which prefigures much of what will later appear in Civilization and its Discontents in He also delivers the first of the Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis A Metapsychological Supplement to the Theory of Dreams is published Freud publishes Mourning and Melancholia The case history of the Wolf Man, From the History of an Infantile Neurosis is published Freud publishes The Uncanny, his study of Hoffmann s tale The Sandman Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud s substantial revision of drive theory, is published Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is published, and Freud writes but does not publish his first paper on the paranormal: Psycho-Analysis and Telepathy Freud continues his above interest with Dreams and Telepathy Freud publishes The Ego and the Id, which follows up on trends begun in Beyond the Pleasure Principle and forms the basis for Freud s later work Neurosis and Psychosis and The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosis are published. Also published this year is The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex, the first article in which Freud tries to determine how sexual difference effects the forms the Oedipus complex takes in boys and girls Freud publishes An Autobiographical Study and Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Distinction between the Sexes, the latter a continuation of Freud s rethinking of the Oedipal relation from the previous year. Another metapsychological article, A Note upon the Mystic Writing Pad, is also published this year. His colleague Karl Abraham dies in Berlin Freud publishes Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, his response to Otto Rank s The Trauma of Birth, which argues for the primacy of the titular trauma over Freud s theory of the Oedipus complex. The Question of Lay Analysis (Freud is for it) also comes out this year Freud publishes The Future of an Illusion, Freud s major work on religion, and Fetishism, a short but significant paper on the concept of disavowal Freud publishes a brief article on Dostoevsky and Parricide Freud completes Civilization and its Discontents, published in Freud is awarded the Goethe Prize of the city of Frankfurt. His mother dies on September Female Sexuality, a continuation of Some Psychical Consequences is published The New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, including lectures on femininity and the occult, are published.

14 1933 The correspondence between Freud and Albert Einstein on the possible prevention of another European war is published as Why War? The Nazi party comes to power in Germany and the books of the Jewish science are summarily burned there. Sandor Ferenczi dies in Budapest Freud s health is failing as he publishes Analysis Terminable and Interminable and the first two essays of Moses and Monotheism The Germans march into Austria and Ernest Jones finally succeeds in persuading the ailing Freud to escape to England. Moses and Monotheism is published in Amsterdam. Freud begins work on the (posthumously published) Outline of Psychoanalysis in London Freud dies in London on September 23. * This chronology is a condensed version of that complied by Peter Gay in The Freud Reader. For the complete version, see: Gay, Peter, Sigmund Freud: A Chronology in The Freud Reader, New York: Norton, 1989, pp. xxxi-xlvii.