On the urbanization of poverty
|
|
- Nora Lamb
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 On the rbanization of poverty Martin Ravallion 1 Development Research Grop, World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC, USA Febrary 001; revised Jly 001 Abstract: Conditions are identified nder which the rban sector s share of the total nmber of poor in a developing contry will be an increasing convex fnction of the rban share of the total poplation. This is confirmed by cross-sectional data for 39 contries and time series data for India. The empirical reslts imply that the poor rbanize faster than the poplation as a whole. The experience across developing contries sggests that a majority of the poor will still live in rral areas well after most people in the developing world live in rban areas. Key words: Urban poverty, rral poverty, rban poplation growth. JEL: I3, O15, O18 1 Address for correspondence mravallion@worldbank.org. Comments were received from Bill Easterly, Alice Mesnard and Dominiqe van de Walle. These are not necessarily the views of the World Bank or any affiliated organization.
2 1. Introdction As is well known, the incidence of poverty is higher in the rral areas of almost all developing contries. And (in the aggregate) most people still live in rral areas. So rban areas accont for less than half abot 30% on average of the poor. 3 Bt, as is also well known, the poplation of the developing world is rbanizing qite rapidly. In 1995, 38% of people lived in rban areas, and this is projected to rise to 5% by 00 (UN, 1996). Is the rban share of poverty also likely to grow? There is evidence that it has been doing so. 4 Will the poor rbanize faster than the nonpoor? How long will it be before most of the poor live in rban areas? The answers to sch qestions have bearing on poverty redction efforts. There are differences in the policy instrments for rban verss rral poverty. Jdgements abot whether crrent knowledge and action have the right sectoral composition for fighting poverty will then be inflenced by how the rban-rral composition of poverty is expected to evolve. There may also be implications for nderstanding the political economy of anti-poverty policy. More spatially concentrated and visible forms of rban poverty are likely to generate new pressres on governments to respond, and in ways that may or may not be coincident with good policies for overall poverty redction. To help throw light on these isses, this paper provides a simple theoretical representation of the rbanization of poverty in a developing contry, and shows that this Lipton and Ravallion (1995) srvey the evidence on this point, and related work on rralrban migration in developing contries. 3 Taking an n-weighted mean across the data set sed in this paper, one finds that 68% of the poor live in rral areas. If one weights by the total nmber of poor the figre risies to 75%. 4 Haddad et al., (1999) compile rban and rral poverty measres for eight contries; for seven of them they find that the rban share of the total nmber of poor rose over time.
3 is consistent with poverty data for contries over a wide range of rban poplation shares. Implications are drawn for the ftre rbanization of poverty.. A theoretical representation of the rbanization of poverty Let P S ) be a single-valed fnction from [0,1] to [0,1] giving the rban ( sector s share of the poor when its share of the poplation is S. This can be written as: P ( S ) = h( S ) S (1) where H ( S ) h( S ) () H ( S ) is the incidence of poverty in rban areas ( H ) relative to its national incidence (H). The latter is given by: H ( S r ) = S H ( S ) + (1 S ) H ( S ) (3) where H is the rral incidence of poverty. Since we are interested in the association r between rbanization (a rise in S ) and poverty, the rban and rral poverty measres are written as fnctions of S ; these fnctions are assmed to be differentiable. Writing the poverty measres as fnctions of S does not, of corse, mean that S is exogenos; here the interest is in how these variables co-move, rather than casality. What properties can we expect P ( S ) to have? At low S, one can imagine a small rban enclave, containing the government and services. The poverty rate in this initial rban enclave is far lower than in srronding rral areas. In the limiting case, we 3
4 can assme that P ( 0) = 0. At the other extreme, it mst of corse be the case that P ( 1) = 1. What shape might one expect the crve to have between these extremes? To otline a simple model for addressing this qestion, sppose that escaping poverty in rban areas means getting a skilled formal sector job at a real wage rate that is fixed. An rban hosehold is poor if it does not get sch a job, and everyone is poor in the rral economy. The nmber of formal sector jobs per capita of the poplation is L = ( 1 H ) S which is also the national poverty rate in this model (since getting and rban formal sector job is the only way to escape poverty). In this model, the process of rbanization generates external economies, sch that prodctivity in the rban economy rises as its share of the poplation rises. In particlar, ( the otpt of the rban formal sector is φ S ) F( L ) where φ S ) is prodctivityenhancing effect of rbanization, with φ ( S ) > 0, and F (.) > 0 is the marginal prodct of skilled labor with F (.) < 0. Firms maximize profits, sch that: where φ S ) F [(1 H ( S )) S ] = W ( S ) (4) ( W is the rban wage rate which is assmed to be a non-decreasing fnction of S. In a competitive labor market, W S ) is the (inverse) spply fnction of skilled ( ( labor. On differentiating with respect to S and solving one obtains: H ( S ) = [1 + ε ( η ω)](1 H ) / S (5.1) where H S ) = ε ( η ω)(1 H ) (5.) ( ln L lnφ lnw ε = < 0, η = > 0 and ω = > 0 lnw ln ln S S 4
5 Consider first the case in which and assme that: η > ω (so that rbanization redces national poverty) 1 1+ < P ( S ) ε( η ω) for all S in [0,1] (6) This is implies that the rban poverty rate rises relative to the national rate as rbanization proceeds i.e., h ( S ) > 0 for all S. I shall consider the effect of relaxing the restriction in (6). Under these conditions, the fnction P S ) mst then be strictly increasing and ( convex throghot as illstrated in Figre 1. It is plain that P S ) is strictly increasing ( given that h / ( S ) = P ( S ) S is increasing in S. It is also clear that P S ) cannot be ( linear in any interval, since this wold mean that h ( ) = 0. The only other possibility is that the fnction is strictly concave in some interval. Bt then there will be a point * * S sch that h S ) reaches a maximm within that interval, i.e., P ( S ) = h( S ). If * ( S S * < 1 * S then h(.) mst be a decreasing fnction for some S > again a contradiction. When S * = 1, ( * P ) = 1. Since P ( 1) = h (1) + h(1) S and h(1)=1, this reqires that the left derivative of h vanishes, h ( 1) = 0 also a contradiction. So the fnction mst be strictly convex throghot, as in Figre 1. If η ω then the national poverty rate will be non-decreasing in S and the rban poverty rate will be strictly increasing in S. However, it will still be tre that h ( S ) > 0 and that the fnction P S ) is strictly increasing and convex. ( 5
6 To illstrate a case in which the restriction in (6) does not hold, sch that h ( S ) < 0 for some S, sppose that (i) φ ( S ) = S ; (ii) the real wage rate is fixed ( ω = 0 ), and (iii) the labor demand fnction has constant elasticity, so that (4) can be written: ( ε 1 H ( S )) S = ( W / S ) (7) When ε < 1, the restriction in (6) fails for some S. Figre gives the implied P ( S ) fnctions for ε = 1,, 3, 4 (labeled (1), (),..). (The wage rate has been set sch that the poverty rate when all the poplation is in rban areas is 0.1.) The crve becomes concave at higher elasticities of labor demand, and over a wider interval as the absolte elasticity rises. 3. Calibrating the crve to cross-contry data A specification for P S ) with sfficient flexibility is a cbic polynomial, ( whereby h S ) has the qadratic form: ( h S ) = 1 β (1 S ) + γ (1 S ) + υ (8) ( ( where β and γ are parameters to be estimated and ε is a zero mean error term. P S ) passes throgh (0,0) and (1,1) when the crve is evalated at the expected vale of h. World Bank (1999, Table.7) provides a compilation of estimates of rban and rral poverty incidence for 39 contries. The estimates are drawn from contry poverty stdies by the World Bank, and all are based on hosehold srvey data. Methods of setting poverty lines vary between contries, however, and the differences can matter to 6
7 comparisons of rban and rral poverty incidence. 5 These data wold appear nonetheless to be the available data sorce for the present prpose. I will se the rban poplation share implicit in the rban, rral and national poverty rates, thogh I test sensitivity to sing the Censs-based rban poplation shares given in the same sorce. Using these data, I initially regressed h 1 on a constant term, 1 S and ( 1 S ) ; the constant and the coefficient on ( 1 S ) were jointly insignificant (F=0.53, which rejects the nll with probability 0.59). (White standard errors are sed throghot.) If one sets the constant to zero then the coefficient on the sqared term is not significantly different from zero (t = 0.66) and the estimate of β is with a standard error of (Similarly, the constant term is insignificant if one sppresses the sqared term.) Dropping both the constant and the sqared term, I obtained an estimate of for β with a (robst) standard error of (n=39). 6 The estimate is significantly positive, and significantly less than one. Figre 3 plots the data and fitted vales. So the data sggest that: P ( S ) = [1 β (1 S )] S (9) with β arond 0.5. The speed at which poverty rbanizes is related to the overall speed of rbanization according to: ln P t β S = 1 + P ln S. t (10) 5 See Ravallion and Bidani (1994) who compare alternative methods of setting rban and rral poverty lines in Indonesia. Also see the discssion in Haddad et al., (1999). 6 If instead one ses the Censs-based rban poplation shares the estimate is with a standard error of
8 At sample means ( S =0.43; P =0.31, with β =0.468), the poor rbanize at a speed 6% higher than the poplation as a whole. How mch does H / H rise with rbanization? It is readily verified that: r H H r 1 β (1 S = 1+ β S ) (11) H / H r increases monotonically with S (with a slope of [ β /(1 + β S )] ). (Eqation 11 is derived by first noting that H H = h(1 S ) /(1 hs ) and then sbstitting / r h = β (1 S ).) At its lower bond, H 0) / H (0) = P (0) = 1 β while 1 ( r H 1) / H (1) = 1/(1 + β ). So, with rbanization, the rban poverty rate rises relative to ( r the rral rate, bt it does so rather slowly; between S = 0 and S = 1, the rban poverty rate rises from abot one half to two-thirds of the rral rate. 4. Time series evidence for India There are very few contries with the time series data needed to estimate (8). An exception is India, for which a reasonably long time series of comparable, nationally representative, hosehold srveys allow s to stdy how the rban-rral poverty profile has evolved with rbanization. I repeated the above analysis sing 14 srvey ronds spanning /98. 7 Again I fond that a linear h fnction performed well giving an estimate of for β with a robst standard error of Again this is significantly positive (and less than one). However, the estimate is mch lower than for the cross- 7 The data are from Datt (1999) and are a slightly pdated version of the data set described in Özler, Datt and Ravallion (1996) and aper.htm. 8
9 contry data. The India crve implies a lower rban-rral disparity in poverty rates, and this varies little with rbanization. It may, however, be hazardos to try to infer what happens with rbanization from these data for India. Over this 5-year period, the rban share of the poplation in India spans a relatively narrow range, from 1% to 7%. By contrast, the cross-contry comparisons above span a range from 10% to 85%. The India crve may be close to the 45-degree line at low levels, bt fan ot later. 5. Conclsions Under certain conditions, the rban share of the poor in a developing economy will be an increasing convex fnction of the rban share of the poplation; the higher the initial level of rbanization, the larger the effect on the proportion of the poor living in rban areas of any given increment to the rban poplation share. Spportive evidence for this relationship is fond in data for a cross-section of developing contries and in time series data for India. If poverty rbanizes consistently with the cross-contry relationship modeled above, then the rban share of poverty will reach 40% in 00, when the rban share of the poplation is projected to reach 5% (UN, 1996). At the projected growth rate in the rban poplation share between 015 and 00 in UN (1996), the rban share of the total nmber of poor will reach 50% by 035, when the rban poplation share reaches 61%. 9
10 References Datt, Garav (1999). Has poverty in India declined since the economic reforms?, Economic and Political Weekly 34 (December 11-17). Haddad, L., Rel, M. T., Garrett, J. L. (1999). Are rban poverty and nderntrition growing? Some newly assembled evidence. World Development 7(11), Lipton, Michael and Martin Ravallion, (1995). Poverty and policy, in J. Behrman and T.N. Srinivasan (eds) Handbook of Development Economics Volme 3, Amsterdam: North-Holland. Özler, Berk, Datt, Garav, and Martin Ravallion (1996). A database on poverty and growth in India, aper.htm. Ravallion, Martin and Ben Bidani (1994). How robst is a poverty profile? World Bank Economic Review 8(1), United Nations Secretariat (1996). World Urbanization Prospects: The 1996 Revision, Poplation Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Bank (1999). World Development Indicators, Washington DC: World Bank. 10
11 Figre 1: The rbanization of poverty 1.0 Urban share of the poor Urban share of poplation Figre : Urban share of poverty for varios labor demand elasticities 1.0 Urban share of poor (4) (3) () 0. (1) Urban share of poplation 11
12 Figre 3: Data for 39 developing contries 1.0 Urban share of the poor Urban share of poplation 1
Every manufacturer is confronted with the problem
HOW MANY PARTS TO MAKE AT ONCE FORD W. HARRIS Prodction Engineer Reprinted from Factory, The Magazine of Management, Volme 10, Nmber 2, Febrary 1913, pp. 135-136, 152 Interest on capital tied p in wages,
More informationThe Urbanization of Global Poverty
39057 The Urbanization of Global Poverty Martin Ravallion, Shaoha Chen and Prem Sangrala * Development Research Grop, World Bank Febrary 2007 We provide new evidence on the extent to which absolte poverty
More information11 Success of the Help Desk: Assessing Outcomes
11 Sccess of the Help Desk: Assessing Otcomes I dread sccess... I like a state of continal becoming, with a goal in front and not behind. George Bernard Shaw Key Findings Respondents help desks tend to
More informationdisability in older heart disease patients
disability in older heart disease patients Research Brief Disability in Older Heart Disease Patients 1 Research brief This research brief represents findings from a project fnded nder CARDI s 2013 data-mining
More informationWHITE PAPER. Filter Bandwidth Definition of the WaveShaper S-series Programmable Optical Processor
WHITE PAPER Filter andwidth Definition of the WaveShaper S-series 1 Introdction The WaveShaper family of s allow creation of ser-cstomized filter profiles over the C- or L- band, providing a flexible tool
More informationCorporate performance: What do investors want to know? Innovate your way to clearer financial reporting
www.pwc.com Corporate performance: What do investors want to know? Innovate yor way to clearer financial reporting October 2014 PwC I Innovate yor way to clearer financial reporting t 1 Contents Introdction
More informationCloser Look at ACOs. Making the Most of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs): What Advocates Need to Know
Closer Look at ACOs A series of briefs designed to help advocates nderstand the basics of Accontable Care Organizations (ACOs) and their potential for improving patient care. From Families USA Updated
More informationChapter 3. 2. Consider an economy described by the following equations: Y = 5,000 G = 1,000
Chapter C evel Qestions. Imagine that the prodction of fishing lres is governed by the prodction fnction: y.7 where y represents the nmber of lres created per hor and represents the nmber of workers employed
More informationSickness Absence in the UK: 1984-2002
Sickness Absence in the UK: 1984-2002 Tim Barmby (Universy of Drham) Marco Ecolani (Universy of Birmingham) John Treble (Universy of Wales Swansea) Paper prepared for presentation at The Economic Concil
More informationCloser Look at ACOs. Designing Consumer-Friendly Beneficiary Assignment and Notification Processes for Accountable Care Organizations
Closer Look at ACOs A series of briefs designed to help advocates nderstand the basics of Accontable Care Organizations (ACOs) and their potential for improving patient care. From Families USA Janary 2012
More information7 Help Desk Tools. Key Findings. The Automated Help Desk
7 Help Desk Tools Or Age of Anxiety is, in great part, the reslt of trying to do today s jobs with yesterday s tools. Marshall McLhan Key Findings Help desk atomation featres are common and are sally part
More informationHerzfeld s Outlook: Seasonal Factors Provide Opportunities in Closed-End Funds
VIRTUS HERZFELD FUND Herzfeld s Otlook: Seasonal Factors Provide Opportnities in Closed-End Fnds When it comes to investing in closed-end fnds, a comprehensive nderstanding of the inefficiencies of the
More informationCRM Customer Relationship Management. Customer Relationship Management
CRM Cstomer Relationship Management Farley Beaton Virginia Department of Taxation Discssion Areas TAX/AMS Partnership Project Backgrond Cstomer Relationship Management Secre Messaging Lessons Learned 2
More informationCurriculum development
DES MOINES AREA COMMUNITY COLLEGE Crriclm development Competency-Based Edcation www.dmacc.ed Why does DMACC se competency-based edcation? DMACC tilizes competency-based edcation for a nmber of reasons.
More informationCloser Look at ACOs. Putting the Accountability in Accountable Care Organizations: Payment and Quality Measurements. Introduction
Closer Look at ACOs A series of briefs designed to help advocates nderstand the basics of Accontable Care Organizations (ACOs) and their potential for improving patient care. From Families USA Janary 2012
More informationIntroduction to HBase Schema Design
Introdction to HBase Schema Design Amandeep Khrana Amandeep Khrana is a Soltions Architect at Clodera and works on bilding soltions sing the Hadoop stack. He is also a co-athor of HBase in Action. Prior
More informationModeling Roughness Effects in Open Channel Flows D.T. Souders and C.W. Hirt Flow Science, Inc.
FSI-2-TN6 Modeling Roghness Effects in Open Channel Flows D.T. Soders and C.W. Hirt Flow Science, Inc. Overview Flows along rivers, throgh pipes and irrigation channels enconter resistance that is proportional
More informationMarket Impact and Optimal Equity Trade Scheduling
Market Impact and Optimal Eqity Trade Schedling Dan dibartolomeo Northfield Information Services, Inc. Colmbia University Math Finance Seminar September 2007 Presentation Otline Brief review of the optimal
More informationExecutive Coaching to Activate the Renegade Leader Within. Renegades Do What Others Won t To Get the Results that Others Don t
Exective Coaching to Activate the Renegade Leader Within Renegades Do What Others Won t To Get the Reslts that Others Don t Introdction Renegade Leaders are a niqe breed of leaders. The Renegade Leader
More informationDesigning and Deploying File Servers
C H A P T E R 2 Designing and Deploying File Servers File servers rnning the Microsoft Windows Server 2003 operating system are ideal for providing access to files for sers in medim and large organizations.
More informationPrimary Analysis of Effective Permeability of the Flame in Burning Natural Gas
Jornal of etals, aterials and inerals. Vol.7 No. pp.63-66. rimary Analysis of Effective ermeability of the Flame in Brning Natral Gas Rakoš JAROSAV * and Repasova AGDAENA * Department of Thermal Technology,
More informationStock Market Liquidity and Macro-Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis
Stock Market Liqidity and Macro-Liqidity Shocks: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis Chris Florackis *, Alexandros Kontonikas and Alexandros Kostakis Abstract We develop an empirical framework
More information10 Evaluating the Help Desk
10 Evalating the Help Desk The tre measre of any society is not what it knows bt what it does with what it knows. Warren Bennis Key Findings Help desk metrics having to do with demand and with problem
More informationCurriculum for the course GENDER EQUALITY TRAINING FOR DECISION-MAKERS, EDUCATORS AND LEADERS OF NGOs
UDK 342.7 Me -13 EU Socrates project WO-MEN: GENDER EQUALITY CREATES DEMOCRACY No. 109771-CP-1-2003-1-LT-GRUNDTVIG-G1 Transnational Cooperation Project Co-financed by the Eropean Commission DG Edcation
More informationDeploying Network Load Balancing
C H A P T E R 9 Deploying Network Load Balancing After completing the design for the applications and services in yor Network Load Balancing clster, yo are ready to deploy the clster rnning the Microsoft
More informationUsing GPU to Compute Options and Derivatives
Introdction Algorithmic Trading has created an increasing demand for high performance compting soltions within financial organizations. The actors of portfolio management and ris assessment have the obligation
More informationSEGREGATED ACCOUNTS COMPANIES ACE CAPABILITIES: AN OVERVIEW
SEGREGATED ACCOUNTS COMPANIES CAPABILITIES: AN OVERVIEW SIMPLICITY OUT OF COMPLEXITY SEGREGATED ACCOUNTS CAPABILITIES Managing yor own risks jst got simpler. In recent years, increasing reglation has led
More information9 Setting a Course: Goals for the Help Desk
IT Help Desk in Higher Edcation ECAR Research Stdy 8, 2007 9 Setting a Corse: Goals for the Help Desk First say to yorself what yo wold be; and then do what yo have to do. Epictets Key Findings Majorities
More informationStock Market Liquidity and Macro-Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis
Stock Market Liqidity and Macro-Liqidity Shocks: Evidence from the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis Chris Florackis *, Alexandros Kontonikas and Alexandros Kostakis Abstract We develop an empirical framework
More informationThe Boutique Premium. Do Boutique Investment Managers Create Value? AMG White Paper June 2015 1
The Botiqe Premim Do Botiqe Investment Managers Create Vale? AMG White Paper Jne 2015 1 Exective Smmary Botiqe active investment managers have otperformed both non-botiqe peers and indices over the last
More informationGUIDELINE. Guideline for the Selection of Engineering Services
GUIDELINE Gideline for the Selection of Engineering Services 1998 Mission Statement: To govern the engineering profession while enhancing engineering practice and enhancing engineering cltre Pblished by
More informationOptimal Trust Network Analysis with Subjective Logic
The Second International Conference on Emerging Secrity Information, Systems and Technologies Optimal Trst Network Analysis with Sbjective Logic Adn Jøsang UNIK Gradate Center, University of Oslo Norway
More information3 Building Blocks Of Optimized Price & Promotion Strategies
3 Bilding Blocks Of Optimized Price & Promotion Strategies Boosting Brand Loyalty And Profits With Visal Analytics Sponsored by E-book Table of contents Introdction... 3 Consolidate And Analyze Data From
More informationeconstor zbw www.econstor.eu
econstor www.econstor.e Der Open-Access-Pblikationsserver der ZBW Leibniz-Informationszentrm Wirtschaft The Open Access Pblication Server of the ZBW Leibniz Information Centre for Economics MacMinn, Richard;
More informationThe Intelligent Choice for Basic Disability Income Protection
The Intelligent Choice for Basic Disability Income Protection provider Pls Limited Keeping Income strong We prposeflly engineer or basic disability income prodct to provide benefit-rich featres delivering
More informationMotorola Reinvents its Supplier Negotiation Process Using Emptoris and Saves $600 Million. An Emptoris Case Study. Emptoris, Inc. www.emptoris.
Motorola Reinvents its Spplier Negotiation Process Using Emptoris and Saves $600 Million An Emptoris Case Stdy Emptoris, Inc. www.emptoris.com VIII-03/3/05 Exective Smmary With the disastros telecommnication
More information8. Forced Convection Heat Transfer
8. Forced Convection Heat Transfer 8.1 Introdction The general definition for convection ma be smmarized to this definition "energ transfer between the srface and flid de to temperatre difference" and
More information8 Service Level Agreements
8 Service Level Agreements Every organization of men, be it social or political, ltimately relies on man s capacity for making promises and keeping them. Hannah Arendt Key Findings Only abot 20 percent
More informationEquilibrium of Forces Acting at a Point
Eqilibrim of orces Acting at a Point Eqilibrim of orces Acting at a Point Pre-lab Qestions 1. What is the definition of eqilibrim? Can an object be moving and still be in eqilibrim? Explain.. or this lab,
More informationPosition paper smart city. economics. a multi-sided approach to financing the smart city. Your business technologists.
Position paper smart city economics a mlti-sided approach to financing the smart city Yor bsiness technologists. Powering progress From idea to reality The hman race is becoming increasingly rbanised so
More informationIn this chapter we introduce the idea that force times distance. Work and Kinetic Energy. Big Ideas 1 2 3. is force times distance.
Big Ideas 1 Work 2 Kinetic 3 Power is force times distance. energy is one-half mass times velocity sqared. is the rate at which work is done. 7 Work and Kinetic Energy The work done by this cyclist can
More informationASAND: Asynchronous Slot Assignment and Neighbor Discovery Protocol for Wireless Networks
ASAND: Asynchronos Slot Assignment and Neighbor Discovery Protocol for Wireless Networks Fikret Sivrikaya, Costas Bsch, Malik Magdon-Ismail, Bülent Yener Compter Science Department, Rensselaer Polytechnic
More informationCandidate: Shawn Mullane. Date: 04/02/2012
Shipping and Receiving Specialist / Inventory Control Assessment Report Shawn Mllane 04/02/2012 www.resorceassociates.com To Improve Prodctivity Throgh People. Shawn Mllane 04/02/2012 Prepared For: NAME
More informationA Stdy on Cstomer Service Qality of Banks in India Dr. Manasa Nagabhshanam Lead Researcher Analyz Research Soltions Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore BLANK Table of Contents Chapter 1 315-317 Introdction 315 1.1 Role
More informationSample Pages. Edgar Dietrich, Alfred Schulze. Measurement Process Qualification
Sample Pages Edgar Dietrich, Alfred Schlze Measrement Process Qalification Gage Acceptance and Measrement Uncertainty According to Crrent Standards ISBN: 978-3-446-4407-4 For frther information and order
More information5 High-Impact Use Cases of Big Data Analytics for Optimizing Field Service Processes
5 High-Impact Use Cases of Big Analytics for Optimizing Field Service Processes Improving Field Service Efficiency and Maximizing Eqipment Uptime with Big Analytics and Machine Learning Field Service Profitability
More informationThe Intelligent Choice for Disability Income Protection
The Intelligent Choice for Disability Income Protection provider Pls Keeping Income strong We prposeflly engineer or disability income prodct with featres that deliver benefits sooner and contine paying
More informationUSA Funds Life Skills Course Summaries. Financial Aid and Paying for College. 101 How Will I Pay for My Higher Education?
USA Fnds Life Skills Corse Smmaries Financial Aid and Paying for College 101 How Will I Pay for My Higher Edcation? Teaches stdents how to find resorces and fnds to finance their higher edcation by examining
More informationPurposefully Engineered High-Performing Income Protection
The Intelligent Choice for Disability Income Insrance Prposeflly Engineered High-Performing Income Protection Keeping Income strong We engineer or disability income prodcts with featres that deliver benefits
More informationMSc and MA in Finance and Investment online Study an online MSc and MA in Finance and Investment awarded by UNINETTUNO and Geneva Business School
MSc and MA in Finance and Investment online Stdy an online awarded by UNINETTUNO and Geneva Bsiness School Awarded by Geneva Bsiness School Geneva Barcelona Moscow Class profile The connects yo with stdents
More informationPeriodized Training for the Strength/Power Athlete
Periodized Training for the /Power Athlete Jay R. Hoffman, PhD, FACSM, CSCS *D The se of periodized training has been reported to go back as far as the ancient Olympic games. Its basic premise is that
More informationDeveloping India s Foreign Policy Software
asia policy, nmber 8 (jly 2009), 73 96 http://asiapolicy.nbr.org policy analysis Developing India s Foreign Policy Software Daniel Markey daniel markey is Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and Soth Asia
More informationStability of Linear Control System
Stabilit of Linear Control Sstem Concept of Stabilit Closed-loop feedback sstem is either stable or nstable. This tpe of characterization is referred to as absolte stabilit. Given that the sstem is stable,
More informationTowers Watson Manager Research
Towers Watson Manager Research How we se fnd performance data Harald Eggerstedt 13. März 212 212 Towers Watson. All rights reserved. Manager selection at Towers Watson The goal is to find managers that
More informationMeasuring pro-poor growth
Economics Letters 78 (2003) 93 99 www.elsevier.com/ locate/ econbase q Measuring pro-poor growth * Martin Ravallion, Shaohua Chen World Bank, MSN MC 3-306 Development Research Group, 1818 H Street NW,
More informationThe Good Governance Standard for Public Services
The Good Governance Standard for Pblic Services The Independent Commission for Good Governance in Pblic Services The Independent Commission for Good Governance in Pblic Services, chaired by Sir Alan Langlands,
More informationTrustSVD: Collaborative Filtering with Both the Explicit and Implicit Influence of User Trust and of Item Ratings
TrstSVD: Collaborative Filtering with Both the Explicit and Implicit Inflence of User Trst and of Item Ratings Gibing Go Jie Zhang Neil Yorke-Smith School of Compter Engineering Nanyang Technological University
More informationEffect of Angular Velocity of Inner Cylinder on Laminar Flow through Eccentric Annular Cross Section Pipe
Asian Transactions on Engineering (ATE ISSN: -467) Volme 3 Isse Effect of Anglar Velocity of Inner Cylinder on Laminar Flow throgh Eccentric Annlar Cross Section Pipe Ressan Faris Hamd * Department of
More informationWHAT IT TAKES TO WIN. In the Chinese App Market
WHAT IT TAKES TO WIN In the Chinese App Market JUNE 2013 Table of Contents Exective Smmary... 01 Introdction... 02 Research objective and methodology... 02 App landscape... 03 App discovery and download
More informationThe Good Governance Standard for Public Services
The Good Governance Standard for Pblic Services The Independent Commission on Good Governance in Pblic Services Good Governance Standard for Pblic Services OPM and CIPFA, 2004 OPM (Office for Pblic Management
More informationOpening the Door to Your New Home
Opening the Door to Yor New Home A Gide to Bying and Financing. Contents Navigating Yor Way to Home Ownership...1 Getting Started...3 Finding Yor Home...9 Finalizing Yor Financing...12 Final Closing...13
More informationService on the Front Line: The IT Help Desk in Higher Education
Service on the Front Line: The IT Help Desk in Higher Edcation Mark C. Sheehan, ECAR Volme 8, 2007 Research Stdy from the EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research This research stdy is available online at
More informationEffective governance to support medical revalidation
Effective governance to spport medical revalidation A handbook for boards and governing bodies This docment sets ot a view of the core elements of effective local governance of the systems that spport
More informationAdaptive behaviour in a predator-prey model leads to multiple equilibrium states. A. Pimenov, A. Korobeinikov, D. Rachinskii
Preprint núm. 1195 September 214 Adaptie behaior in a predator-prey model leads to mltiple eqilibrim states A. Pimeno, A. Korobeiniko, D. Rachinskii ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN A PREDATOR-PREY MODEL LEADS TO
More informationBonds with Embedded Options and Options on Bonds
FIXED-INCOME SECURITIES Chapter 14 Bonds with Embedded Options and Options on Bonds Callable and Ptable Bonds Instittional Aspects Valation Convertible Bonds Instittional Aspects Valation Options on Bonds
More informationPHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AGEING AND HEALTH
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AGEING AND HEALTH Research Brief Physical Activity, Ageing and Health 1 Research Briefing paper This research briefing paper represents the findings from a project fnded nder CARDI s
More informationFaceTrust: Assessing the Credibility of Online Personas via Social Networks
FaceTrst: Assessing the Credibility of Online Personas via Social Networks Michael Sirivianos Kyngbaek Kim Xiaowei Yang Dke University University of California, Irvine Dke University msirivia@cs.dke.ed
More informationInferring Continuous Dynamic Social Influence and Personal Preference for Temporal Behavior Prediction
Inferring Continos Dynamic Social Inflence and Personal Preference for Temporal Behavior Prediction Jn Zhang 1,2,3,4 Chaokn Wang 2,3,4 Jianmin Wang 2,3,4 Jeffrey X Y 5 1 Department of Compter Science and
More informationHSBC Internet Banking. Combined Product Disclosure Statement and Supplementary Product Disclosure Statement
HSBC Internet Banking Combined Prodct Disclosre Statement and Spplementary Prodct Disclosre Statement AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE FOR HSBC CUSTOMERS NOTICE OF CHANGE For HSBC Internet Banking Combined Prodct
More informationPlanning a Managed Environment
C H A P T E R 1 Planning a Managed Environment Many organizations are moving towards a highly managed compting environment based on a configration management infrastrctre that is designed to redce the
More informationEvolutionary Path Planning for Robot Assisted Part Handling in Sheet Metal Bending
Evoltionary Path Planning for Robot Assisted Part Handling in Sheet Metal Bending Abstract Xiaoyn Liao G. Gary Wang * Dept. of Mechanical & Indstrial Engineering, The University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB,
More informationRegular Specifications of Resource Requirements for Embedded Control Software
Reglar Specifications of Resorce Reqirements for Embedded Control Software Rajeev Alr and Gera Weiss University of Pennsylvania Abstract For embedded control systems a schedle for the allocation of resorces
More informationThe Time is Now for Stronger EHR Interoperability and Usage in Healthcare
The Time is Now for Stronger EHR Interoperability and Usage in Healthcare Sponsored by Table of Contents 03 Stdy: Large Nmber of EHRs Do Not Meet Usability Standards 05 Black Book: EHR Satisfaction Growing
More informationTeachable Moments for Personal Finance Education. Introduction
Teachable Moments for Personal Finance Edcation Best Practices for Implementing USA Fnds Life Skills and Other Financial Literacy Resorces Introdction Stdents who leave yor instittion eqipped with both
More informationMake the College Connection
Make the College Connection A college planning gide for stdents and their parents Table of contents The compelling case for college 2 Selecting a college 3 Paying for college 5 Tips for meeting college
More informationPlanning an Active Directory Deployment Project
C H A P T E R 1 Planning an Active Directory Deployment Project When yo deploy the Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Active Directory directory service in yor environment, yo can take advantage of the centralized,
More informationFINANCIAL FITNESS SELECTING A CREDIT CARD. Fact Sheet
FINANCIAL FITNESS Fact Sheet Janary 1998 FL/FF-02 SELECTING A CREDIT CARD Liz Gorham, Ph.D., AFC Assistant Professor and Family Resorce Management Specialist, Utah State University Marsha A. Goetting,
More informationA Spare Part Inventory Management Model for Better Maintenance of Intelligent Transportation Systems
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 A Spare Part Inventory Management Model for Better Maintenance of Intelligent
More informationWelcome to UnitedHealthcare. Ideally, better health coverage should cost less. In reality, now it can.
Welcome to UnitedHealthcare Ideally, better health coverage shold cost less. In reality, now it can. The plan designed with both qality and affordability in mind. Consistent, qality care is vitally important.
More informationFacilities. Car Parking and Permit Allocation Policy
Facilities Car Parking and Permit Allocation Policy Facilities Car Parking and Permit Allocation Policy Contents Page 1 Introdction....................................................2 2.0 Application
More informationResearch on Pricing Policy of E-business Supply Chain Based on Bertrand and Stackelberg Game
International Jornal of Grid and Distribted Compting Vol. 9, No. 5 (06), pp.-0 http://dx.doi.org/0.457/ijgdc.06.9.5.8 Research on Pricing Policy of E-bsiness Spply Chain Based on Bertrand and Stackelberg
More information3. Fluid Dynamics. 3.1 Uniform Flow, Steady Flow
3. Flid Dynamics Objectives Introdce concepts necessary to analyse flids in motion Identify differences between Steady/nsteady niform/non-niform compressible/incompressible flow Demonstrate streamlines
More informationOptimal Personalized Filtering Against Spear-Phishing Attacks
Optimal Personalized Filtering Against Spear-Phishing Attacks Aron Laszka and Yevgeniy Vorobeychik and Xenofon Kotsokos Institte for Software Integrated Systems Department of Electrical Engineering and
More informationSingle-Year and Multi-Year Insurance Policies in a Competitive Market
Single-Year and Mlti-Year Insrance Policies in a Competitive Market Pal R. Kleindorfer INSEAD, France Howard Knrether The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania Chieh O-Yang City University of Hong
More informationResearch Article Multiple Beam Selection for Combing M2M Communication Networks and Cellular Networks with Limited Feedback
International Jornal of Distribted Sensor Networks Volme 2013, Article ID 540849, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/540849 Research Article Mltiple Beam Selection for Combing M2M Commnication Networks
More informationA Contemporary Approach
BORICP01.doc - 1 Second Edition Edcational Psychology A Contemporary Approach Gary D. Borich The University of Texas at Astin Martin L. Tombari University of Denver (This pblication may be reprodced for
More informationTechnical Notes. PostgreSQL backups with NetWorker. Release number 1.0 302-001-174 REV 01. June 30, 2014. u Audience... 2. u Requirements...
PostgreSQL backps with NetWorker Release nmber 1.0 302-001-174 REV 01 Jne 30, 2014 Adience... 2 Reqirements... 2 Terminology... 2 PostgreSQL backp methodologies...2 PostgreSQL dmp backp... 3 Configring
More informationOur business is to help you take care of your business. Throgmorton Outsourcing Services. HR Services Payroll Immigration Health & Safety
Or bsiness is to help yo take care of yor bsiness Throgmorton Otsorcing Services HR Services Payroll Immigration Health & Safety Hman Resorces Throgmorton is dedicated to providing HR spport for bsinesses
More informationDirect Loan Basics & Entrance Counseling Guide. For Graduate and Professional Student Direct PLUS Loan Borrowers
Direct Loan Basics & Entrance Conseling Gide For Gradate and Professional Stdent Direct PLUS Loan Borrowers DIRECT LOAN BASICS & ENTRANCE COUNSELING GUIDE For Gradate and Professional Stdent Direct PLUS
More informationSpectrum Balancing for DSL with Restrictions on Maximum Transmit PSD
Spectrm Balancing for DSL with Restrictions on Maximm Transmit PSD Driton Statovci, Tomas Nordström, and Rickard Nilsson Telecommnications Research Center Vienna (ftw.), Dona-City-Straße 1, A-1220 Vienna,
More informationEMC ViPR. Concepts Guide. Version 1.1.0 302-000-482 02
EMC ViPR Version 1.1.0 Concepts Gide 302-000-482 02 Copyright 2013-2014 EMC Corporation. All rights reserved. Pblished in USA. Pblished Febrary, 2014 EMC believes the information in this pblication is
More informationTrading and Liquidity with Limited Cognition
Trading and Liqidity with Limited Cognition Brno Biais, Johan Hombert, and Pierre-Olivier Weill December 11, 21 Abstract We stdy the reaction of financial markets to aggregate liqidity shocks when traders
More informationInter-Dealer Trading in Financial Markets*
S. Viswanathan Dke University James J. D. Wang Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Inter-Dealer Trading in Financial Markets* I. Introdction Trading between dealers who act as market makers
More informationImmigration and Unemployment of Skilled and Unskilled Labor. Shigemi Yabuuchi* Nagoya City University
Ag. 7, 6 Immigration and Unemployment of Skilled and Unskilled Labor Shigemi Yabchi* Nagoya City University Abstract This paper discsses the problem of nemployment in developed contries that faces international
More informationDIRECT TAX LAWS Taxability of Capital Gains on By-back of Shares - Debate ignites after AAR s rling in RST s case BACKGROUND 1. Recently, the Athority for Advance Rlings ( AAR ) in the case of RST, In
More informationits heating value. As a rule the proportions are CH 4, H 2 and CO. Table 3-1 lists their heating values.
3. Energy Conversion 3.1 Heating vales The chemical enthalpy is converted into heat by the oxidation o the carbon and hydrogen contained in the el. I, in accordance with Figre 31, the gas is cooled to
More information6 Funding and Staffing the Central IT Help Desk
6 Fnding and Staffing the Central IT Help Desk Money may kindle, bt it cannot itself, or for very long, brn. Igor Stravinsky Key Findings At most instittions the central IT bdget is a major sorce of help
More informationSolutions to Assignment 10
Soltions to Assignment Math 27, Fall 22.4.8 Define T : R R by T (x) = Ax where A is a matrix with eigenvales and -2. Does there exist a basis B for R sch that the B-matrix for T is a diagonal matrix? We
More informationI Symbolization J,1 II e L~ "-"-:"u"'dll... Table I: The kinds of CGs and their classification, (where, t - a local neighbourhood topology)
POSTER SESSIONS 484 REPRESENTATION OF THE GENERALIZED DATA STRUCTURES FOR MULTI-SCALE GIS M.O.Govorov Dept. of Cartography,' Siberian State Academy of Geodesy Plahotnogo 10, Novosibirsk, 630108, Rssia
More information