Important Types of Lasers
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- Milton Black
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1 Important Types of Lasers
2 Laser Types There are literally more than 10,000 types of lasers developed by today. Most of them are developed only in laboratory, but some found very broad applications. We will only consider the most common and important ones.
3 Solid State Lasers
4 Solid State Lasers: General properties Solid state lasers use high density solid media as active laser materials. Ions are introduced as an impurity into host materials, which can be crystalline or glass. Semiconductors are excluded since their energy levels are quite different. Ions of transition elements, particularly rare earth elements (Nd, Yb, Er, Ho etc.) or transition metals (Cr, Ti etc.) are used most commonly as dopants. Host materials include crystals like sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ), YLF (YLiF 4 ), YAG (Y 3 Al 5 O 12 ), LISAF (LiSrAlF 6 ), LICAF (LiCaAlF 6 ), as well as glasses from silicate (SiO 2 ) and phosphate (P 2 O 5 ) classes. All relevant transitions occur within 4f (RE) and 3d (TM) states. They are typically electric dipole forbidden, so they have very long lifetimes. Glasses are easier to fabricate, but crystals have better thermal properties.
5
6 Ruby Laser Ruby laser is the first working laser demonstrated by Ted Maiman. Host material is corundum (Al 2 O 3 ) crystal, dopants are Cr ions. Lasing Wavelength is 694 nm. Pumping is done with flashlamps and laser operates in pulsed regime. Ruby is a three level laser, not particularly easy to operate. In the past, ruby lasers were used for material processing applications. Now they are seldom used.
7 Ted Maiman and his ruby laser. Ruby Laser
8 Neodymium (Nd) Lasers Nd lasers are the most popular solid state lasers. Main emission wavelength is 1064 nm. Host media can be YAG, YLF, vanadate (YVO 4 ) or glass. Doping level is typically 1%. Nd:YAG is one of the best lasers ever built. It is used in many applications.
9 Nd Lasers
10 Nd: YAG Laser Nd:YAG is a four-level laser. Energy levels result from inner shell 4f-4f transitions. Pump bands are at 730 nm and 800 nm. Strongest laser transition is at 1064 nm. 964 nm operation is also possible. Linewidth at 1064 nm is 126 GHz. At modelocked operation, this supports a duration of 5 ps. However, it is most commonly operated in the Q-switched mode with ns pulse duration. Energy levels of Nd:YAG
11 Nd:YAG Laser Nd:YAG can be pump with lamps or AlGaAs diode lasers. Xe lamps are used for pulsed and Kr lamps are used for CW operation. Nd:YAG is typically used as rods, with 3-6 mm diameters and 5-15 cm length. Average output powers can be up to kw levels.
12 Nd:YAG Applications Nd:YAG lasers are used in many applications: - Material processing: cutting, welding, drilling etc. - Medical applications: coagulation, tissue evaporation, tissue cutting etc. - Military applications: range finding, target designation etc. - Art cleaning - Spectroscopy Many other uses...
13 Nd:Glass Laser Nd: Glass laser is similar to Nd:YAG. However, due to inhomogeneities in glass, linewidth is much broader (about 40 times). Therefore, it is mores suitable for modelocked operation. It can support ~100 fs duration. Main emission wavelength is shifted to 1054 nm. Nd:Glass is used for short pulse, high energy, low repetition rate application. National Ignition Facility (NIF) at LLNL will be based on Nd:Glass, aiming to deliver 10 MJ pulse energies.
14 A snapshot from NIF: you are looking at a laser cavity.
15 Other Nd Lasers Nd:YLF lasers have more linewidth and better beam quality. However, the rods are more fragile and difficult to handle. They are used to pump Ti:Sapphire amplifiers. Nd:YVO4 are preferred for high CW power (>10 W) applications. A Q-switched Nd:YAG. Find 7 differences from the NIF laser.
16 Green Laser Pointers Green laser pointers are actually diode pumped (808 nm) Nd:YVO4 (1054 nm) laser, frequency doubled (527 nm) by a KDP crystal. Packaging is amazingly compact!
17 Yb:YAG laser Yb:YAG is a quasi-three level laser (lower level is a sublevel of ground state). It needs to be pumped by intense diodes. Main emission is at 1030 nm, resulting from 4f transitions. Main pumping bands are 968 and 941 nm They are pumped by InGaAs/GaAs quantum well diode lasers at 943 nm. Yb:YAG is more suitable for short pulse, high energy operation. It has a high pump threshold, making it not as versatile as Nd:YAG.
18 Er and Yb Lasers Er:YAG emits at 2940 nm or 1640 nm. It can be pumped by flashlmap or diodes. It is used particulary for plastic surgery applications. Yb:Er:glass has a transition at 1540 nm, with tremendous importance to telecom.
19 Tm:Ho:YAG laser These lasers are useful for medical and eye-safe remote measurement applications. They can be lamp or diode (AlGaAs at 785 nm) pumped. Lasing wavelengths are around 2000 nm.
20 Fiber Lasers Fiber lasers are an interesting class of solid state lasers. Active media are the core of rare-earth (Er, Yb etc.) doped fiber (typically single mode silica fiber). Pump light can be in the core or the cladding. Fiber lasers can be very compact and rugged. They are becoming very popular after the advent of suitable diode pumps. Since the fiber core is very small, threshold pump power is a few orders of magnitude less as compared to the bulk case.
21 Fiber Lasers Since core-pumping requires high spatial quality lasers, diode bars and arrays cannot be used. This limits the pump power. To resolve this problem, high power fiber lasers use pumping from cladding of the fiber. Cladding pumped Nd and Yb doped fiber can yield ~10 W output power.
22 Tunable and Mode-Locked Lasers Broad emission bandwidth is desirable both for tunability and short-pulse modelocked operation.
23 Alexandrite Laser Alexandrite is Cr doped chrysoberyl (BeAl 2 O 4 ). It is an archtype of tunable solid-state lasers. It has 100 nm bandwidth centered around 760 nm. The bandwidth is increased due to very large number of vibrational transitions. Alexandandrite lasers are typically lamp pumped. Cavity engineering is similar to Nd:YAG.
24 Titanium Sapphire (Ti:Sapphire) Laser Ti:Sapphire is the most widely used tunable and model locked solid-state laser. It has a bandwidth of about 400 nm, centered around 800 nm.
25 Titanium Sapphire Emissions result from 3d transitions. It can be pumped with a (continuous) Argon laser (~ nm) or a doubled-nd laser (~532 nm). No diodes are available at this wavelength. This is the main drawback of Ti:Sapphire. (nm) Ti:Sapphire lases from ~700 nm to ~1000 nm. Pulse energy from a single oscillator is ~1 nj, but can be amplified up to J levels.
26 Cr:LiSaF and Cr:LiCaF Lasers These lasers are more recently developed. Their main advantage is that they can be pumped by diodes (GaInP / AlGaInP QW). Hence they are compact and inexpensive. Center wavelength is around 850 nm.
27 Dye Lasers
28 Dye Lasers Dye lasers use solutions of organic dyes as active media. Solvents can be alcohol, glycerol or water. There are mainly three types of laser dyes: - Polymethine dyes: laser emission in the NIR ( nm). - Xanthene dyes: laser emission in the visible. Most common example is Rhodamine 6G. - Coumarin dyes: laser emission in the blue-green.
29 Dye Lasers Cover a Very Large Spectrum
30 Dye Electron Physics Electronic transitions in dyes result from nearly free lectrons bound within the chain. The potential is similar to an infinite well.
31 Optical Properties of Dyes Due to large number of vibrational and rotational states, the transitions become nearly continuous and very broadband. Dye lasers are hence very good for tunability and also for modelocked operation. Absorption and fluorescence of rhodamine 6G.
32 Dye Laser Construction Dye lasers can be pumped with lamps or other lasers. For high output powers, excimer laser (UV) pumping is also used. Since dyes are highly tunable, a grating in the cavity can be used to determine oscillation wavelength. In modelocked operation (achieved by saturable absorbers) ~25 fs duration has been achived.
33 Dye Laser Applications Due to the large wavelength rage, dye lasers are used in many scientific spectroscopic applications. They are also used in medicine for retinopathy and curing dermatological diseases.
34 Semiconductor Lasers
35 Semiconductor Lasers Semiconductor lasers are one of the most important laser types today. They can be used directly in applications, as well as to pump solid state lasers. To work as laser active media, semiconductors must have a direct bandgap (so, elements like Si and Ge would not work). Emission wavelengths are in the range nm. Majority of semiconductor laser use compounds of III-V elements (Al, Ga, In... N, P, As, Sb...). Other compounds are rare but possible. II-IV compounds yield shorter, IV-VI wavelength yield longer wavelengths.
36 Operation and Pumping In semiconductors, allowed electron energy levels for valence and conduction bands. The transitions between the two bands can give rise to absorption and emission. Pumping is achieved by electrical current, where the semiconductor is used as a diode. In order to achieve lasing action, carrier density in the conduction band should exceed a threshold (equivalent to the population inversion).
37 Homojunction Lasers The easiest way of achieving the threshold inversion is to use a p-n junction in forward bias. If the junction uses the same material on both sides, it is called homojunction. When a forward bias is applied, electrons are injected to the conduction band from the n region. The problem is that electrons also diffuse into the p region. To prevent this, very low temperatures should be used.
38 Double-Heterostructure Lasers In order to overcome the limitations with the homojunction lasers, heterostructures are developed. The compounds on n and p sides are different. The bandgaps can be engineered to confine electrons in the active region, even at room temperature. Semiconductor lasers that we use today are predominantly heterostructures.
39 Applications of Semiconductor Lasers As we have seen earlier, semiconductor lasers are inherently low power, yet by using arrays and bars very high powers can be reached. Semiconductor lasers are very versatile and can be used in variety of applications, from very low to very high power. Applications include CD players, laser printers, laser pointers, optical communications, laser pumping, medical precesses, materials processing etc.
40 Gas Lasers
41 Gas Laser Gas lasers use low density gaseous materials as active media. Linewidths are much narrower as compared to solid state, dye and semiconductor lasers. Main broadening mechanism is the Doppler effect. Due to narrow linewidths, optical pumping would be very ineficient. Instead, electrical pumping (continuous, RF or pulsed) is used. The gas lasers can be made from neutral atoms (He-Ne, metal vapor etc), ions (e.g. Ar + ) or molecules (e.g. CO 2 ).
42 Hellium-Neon Laser He-Ne is the most important noble gas laser. He atoms are used for collisional excitation of Ne. Laser tansistions result from electronic states of Ne. Mixture ratio is typically 5:1. Main lasing wavelength is 633 nm. Other wavelengths (543 nm, 1150 nm, 3390 nm) are also possible. Pumping is achieved by a longitudinal discharge.
43 He-Ne Applications He-Ne lasers are low power (~mw). They are used for alignmet purposes, holography, barcode scanners (even though they are being replaced by diodes now), interferometry etc.
44 Ar-Ion Lasers The ground state in this case is singly ionized Ar ion. The ions are then excited to obtain population inversion. Main lasing wavelengh is 515 nm (blue). Required ion temperature is very high (3000 K), hence water cooling is necessary. Ar-ion lasers are widely used in ophtalmology to treat diabetic retinopathy. They are also used to pump Ti:Sapphire laser.
45 CO 2 Lasers CO 2 is one of the most powerful lasers. >100 kw powers are possible. It is used very commonly for «hardcore» materials processing like cutting and welding. Lasing action results from transitions between vibrational levels of CO 2. N 2 and He is also added for collisional excitation. Main lasing wavelength is 10.6 µm.
46 CO 2 Lasers CO 2 lasers are typically RF discharge pumped. They can operate pulsed or CW. They are mostly used in industry and medicine, where high powers are needed.
47 Excimer Lasers These laser are based on a very exotic class of molecules called eximers («excited dimers»). Excimers are bound molecules of excited state of a noble gas. Lasing wavelength is in the UV. Some examples are KrF (248 nm), ArF (193 nm), XeF (351 nm). Electrical pumping generates reactions of the form: ion neutral atom Excimer lasers are best known for LASIK operations. However, they are also used for precision micromaching.
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