AN INTRODUCTION TO LINUX POLICY ROUTING. Tom Eastep SeaGL Seattle, Washington
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1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LINUX POLICY ROUTING Tom Eastep SeaGL Seattle, Washington
2 About the presenter Routing Routing Tables Routing Rules The route cache Defining additional Tables Routing/Netfilter interaction Use cases AGENDA
3 Software Architect at Hewlett-Packard High availability file systems. Telecommuter 44 Years in the computer industry Creator of Shorewall Self-taught concerning Linux and networking IP Fundamentals: What Everyone Needs to Know About Addressing & Routing, Thomas A. Maufer, June 4, 1999, ISBN-10: , ISBN-13: , Edition: 1 ABOUT THE PRESENTER
4 Process of determining what to do with a packet Process on the local system Send directly to the destination via a network interface Forward the packet to a router Return an error (ICMP) to the sender Ignore ROUTING
5 Displaying the current routes with ip ~]$ ip route ls /24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src metric 1 default via dev eth1 proto static [teastep@centos ~]$ Note: ip commands are the same as its output. To create the second route: ip route add default via dev eth1 proto static ROUTING TRIVIAL CASE
6 $ ip route ls via dev eth1 proto static /29 via dev eth1 proto static /24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src metric /24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src metric 1 default via dev eth0 proto static teastep@mint14 $ Note 1: The above output is sorted ip route ls output is unsorted Note 2: shorewall show routing output is sorted. ROUTING TWO INTERFACES
7 There are multiple routing tables, each one identified by a unique number The rt_tables file allows assigning names to the tables root@mail:~# cat /etc/iproute2/rt_tables # # reserved values # 255 local 254 main 253 default 0 unspec root@mail:~# ROUTING TABLES
8 The main table is the default for commands ~]$ ip route ls /24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src metric 1 default via dev eth1 proto static [teastep@centos ~]$ ip route ls table main /24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src metric 1 default via dev eth1 proto static ROUTING THE MAIN TABLE
9 The local table defines addresses on the host as well as broadcasst addresses ip route ls table local broadcast dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src local dev eth1 proto kernel scope host src local dev eth0 proto kernel scope host src broadcast dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev lo proto kernel scope link src local /8 dev lo proto kernel scope host src local dev lo proto kernel scope host src broadcast dev lo proto kernel scope link src ROUTING TABLES - CONTINUED
10 The default table is normally empty ip route ls table default Unused tables are also empty ip route ls table 100 ROUTING TABLES - CONTINUED
11 Routes may be added to any table ip route add /32 dev eth1 table 100 ip route ls table dev eth1 scope link ROUTING TABLES - CONTINUED
12 Routing rules define the order in which the tables are traversed Rules are processed until the packet is routed ip rule ls 0: from all lookup local 32766: from all lookup main 32767: from all lookup default ROUTING RULES
13 Routing table lookups are cached The cache is searched before the tables ip route ls cache from via dev eth0 cache ipid 0x8a81 rtt 100ms rttvar 78ms cwnd from via dev eth0 cache ipid 0xbd7b from via dev eth0 cache ipid 0x77d3 local from dev lo src cache <local> ipid 0x64b9 iif eth from via dev eth0 ROUTING RULES
14 Routing rules have predicates ip rule ip rule ls 0: from all lookup local 999: from all lookup main 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastC 10000: from all fwmark 0x10000/0x30000 lookup ComcastB 10001: from all fwmark 0x20000/0x30000 lookup ComcastC 11000: from all iif br0 lookup ComcastB 32765: from all lookup balance 32767: from all lookup default ROUTING RULES
15 NETFILTER/ROUTING INTERACTION The PREROUTING and OUTPUT hooks allow the packet destination and fwmarks to be altered. DNAT target in the nat table MARK target in the mangle table
16 Multiple Internet Uplinks TPROXY Transparent Proxy USE CASES
17 Routing Rules 0: from all lookup local 999: from all lookup main 10000: from all fwmark 0x1/0xff lookup LAN 10001: from all fwmark 0x2/0xff lookup WLAN 20000: from lookup LAN 20000: from lookup WLAN 32765: from all lookup balance 32767: from all lookup default Table balance: default via dev eth0 Table default: default via dev eth1 src metric 2 Table LAN: default via dev eth0 src MULTIPLE INTERNET PROVIDERS
18 Table local: local dev eth1 proto kernel scope host src local dev lo proto kernel scope host src local dev eth0 proto kernel scope host src broadcast dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev lo proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev lo proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src broadcast dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src local /8 dev lo proto kernel scope host src Table main: /24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src /24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src metric 1 Table WLAN: default via dev eth1 src MULTIPLE INTERNET PROVIDERS -- CONTINUED
19 Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 443 packets, bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination CONNMARK all -- * * / /0 CONNMARK restore mask 0xff routemark all -- eth0 * / /0 mark match 0x0/0xff routemark all -- eth1 * / /0 mark match 0x0/0xff Chain routemark (2 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination MARK all -- eth0 * / /0 MARK xset 0x1/0xff MARK all -- eth1 * / /0 MARK xset 0x2/0xff CONNMARK all -- * * / /0 mark match!0x0/0xff CONNMARK save mask 0xff MULTIPLE INTERNET PROVIDERS ENSURE THAT CONNECTIONS ALWAYS USE THE SAME UPLINK
20 $ ip rule ls 0: from all lookup local 1: from all fwmark 0x80000/0x80000 lookup TProxy 999: from all lookup main 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastB 1000: from lookup ComcastC 10000: from all fwmark 0x10000/0x30000 lookup ComcastB 10001: from all fwmark 0x20000/0x30000 lookup ComcastC 11000: from all iif br0 lookup ComcastB 32765: from all lookup balance 32767: from all lookup default root@gateway:~ $ ip route ls table TProxy local default dev lo scope host TPROXY ROUTING PART
21 Chain PREROUTING (policy ACCEPT 379 packets, bytes) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 divert tcp -- eth1 * / /0 tcp spt:80 flags:! 0x17/0x02 socket --transparent 0 0 divert tcp -- eth0 * / /0 tcp spt:80 flags:! 0x17/0x02 socket --transparent 0 0 TPROXY tcp -- eth2 * / /0 tcp dpt:80 TPROXY redirect :3129 mark 0x80000/0x80000 Chain divert (3 references) pkts bytes target prot opt in out source destination 0 0 MARK all -- * * / /0 MARK or 0x ACCEPT all -- * * / /0 Note: In the above configuration, eth0 and eth1 are Internet uplinks and eth2 interfaces to the local LAN. TPROXY NETFILTER PART
22 Q & A
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