Genetic basis for comorbidity of alcohol and marijuana dependence
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1 Washington University School of Medicine Digital Posters 2005: Alcoholism and Comorbidity 2005 Genetic basis for comorbidity of alcohol and marijuana dependence Julia D. Grant Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Grant, Julia D., "Genetic basis for comorbidity of alcohol and marijuana dependence" (2005). Posters. Paper 10 Samuel B. Guze Symposium on Alcoholism. This Poster is brought to you for free and open access by the 2005: Alcoholism and Comorbidity at Digital It has been accepted for inclusion in Posters by an authorized administrator of Digital For more information, please contact
2 Genetic Basis for Comorbidity of Alcohol and Marijuana Dependence Julia D. Grant, Ph.D. Washington University School of Medicine Supported by AA07728, AA10249, AA11998
3 COLLABORATORS Washington University School of Medicine Andrew C. Heath, D.Phil. Kathleen K. Bucholz, Ph.D. Michael T. Lynskey, Ph.D. Pamela A.F. Madden, Ph.D. Queensland Institute of Medical Research Nicholas G. Martin, Ph.D. Dixie J. Statham, M.A.
4 INTRODUCTION Previous research has suggested that both alcohol dependence and marijuana dependence are heritable Furthermore, both clinical and general population studies have suggested a moderate to strong relationship between alcohol consumption and marijuana use Although it is plausible that the association is attributable to underlying risk factors shared by both alcohol and marijuana, little research has examined this possibility using a genetically informative design
5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to marijuana dependence and DSM-IV alcohol dependence in young adults? To what extent are the genetic and environmental influences on marijuana and alcohol dependence the same?
6 SAMPLE 4955 individuals who completed a telephone diagnostic interview for the Australian Twin Study ( 1989 cohort ) Both members of 2087 twin pairs: MZF=525 MZM=353 DZF=415 DZM=296 DZO=498 Mean age=29.5 years (range: 23-35)
7 MEASURES Marijuana, part individuals had tried marijuana Mean age at first use = 18.9 years Number of times used: Mean = Median = 10 Mode = > % 10 or fewer times 10.9% 1000 or more times
8 MEASURES Marijuana, part 2 Marijuana dependence was based on four criteria: Used more often or in greater amounts than intended (13%; n=387) Needed more to obtain same effect as had felt initially (16%; n=453) Continued to use even though knew it caused emotional and/or psychological problems (17%; n=486) Wanted to cut down on use 3+ times in life (15%; n=430)
9 MEASURES Marijuana, part 3 Total number of marijuana dependence symptoms (of those who had tried marijuana): 71% had 0 Sx (n=2074) 11% had 1 Sx (n=315) 8% had 2 Sx (n=222) 6% had 3 Sx (n=183) 4% had 4 Sx (n=112) Marijuana dependence was defined as having three or four dependence symptoms 10% of users met dependence criteria (n=295)
10 MEASURES Alcohol Only 25 of the 4955 participants (<1%) were lifelong alcohol abstainers 1070 respondents met DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence (3+ symptoms of 7 possible occurring within a 12-month period): 28% had 0 Sx (n=1362) 26% had 1 Sx (n=1263) 22% had 2 Sx (n=1095) 12% had 3 Sx (n=580) 7% had 4 Sx (n=321) 3% had 5 Sx (n=171) 2% had 6 Sx (n=98) 1% had 7 Sx (n=38)
11 RESULTS, 1 Tetrachoric correlations provide an initial indication of familial influences on marijuana and alcohol dependence Because the MZ correlations are larger than the DZ correlations for both men and women (see TABLE 1), there is evidence of genetic influence on both measures Because the DZO correlations are similar in magnitude to the DZF and DZM correlations (see TABLE 1), there is not evidence of a gender difference in the genetic influences
12 Marijuana Dependence MZF=0.57* ( ) DZF=0.28 ( ) MZM=0.58* ( ) DZM=0.34* ( ) DZO=0.26 ( ) Alcohol Dependence MZF=0.56* ( ) DZF=0.38* ( ) MZM=0.51* ( ) DZM=0.26* ( ) * Indicates p <.05 TABLE 1: Tetrachoric Correlations DZO=0.26* ( )
13 RESULTS, 2 Structural equation modeling was used to assess the significance of genetic and environmental influences on marijuana and alcohol dependence, and to assess the extent of genetic and environmental overlap The bivariate genetic model used to assess genetic and environmental overlap between alcohol and marijuana dependence is shown in FIGURE 1 There was significant genetic influence on both alcohol and marijuana dependence (see TABLE 2) The genetic overlap between alcohol and marijuana dependence was significant and substantial; environmental overlap was not significant (see TABLE 3)
14 FIGURE 1 r A r C r E A C E E C A ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE MARIJUANA DEPENDENCE A = additive genetics C = shared environment E = nonshared environment r A, r C, and r E are the genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental correlations respectively
15 TABLE 2: Proportions of Variance Alcohol Dependence Genetic 0.46* ( ) Marijuana Dependence 0.56* ( ) Shared Environmental 0.07 ( ) Nonshared Environmental 0.46* * Indicates p <.05 ( ) 0.04 ( ) 0.39* ( )
16 TABLE 3: Correlations between Alcohol and Marijuana Dependence Genetic: 0.87* ( ) Shared Environmental: ( ) Nonshared Environmental: 0.13 * Indicates p <.05 ( )
17 CONCLUSIONS Both marijuana dependence and DSM-IV alcohol dependence are influenced by genetic factors (h 2 =0.56 and 0.46 respectively) There is evidence of substantial genetic overlap between marijuana and alcohol dependence (r A =0.87) Nonshared environmental influences on marijuana and alcohol dependence do not appear be correlated (r E =0.13)
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