Manufacturing of Fiber Glass & Development, Static Load Testing, Analysis of Composite Leaf Spring
|
|
- Elmer Newton
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Manufacturing of Fiber Glass & Development, Static Load Testing, Analysis of Composite Leaf Spring Karthik. Badugu 1, Sathaiah.Gajam 2, B. Mahasenadhipathi Rao 3 1 PG Student, 3 Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science & Technology: Hyderabad A.P. INDIA 2 General Manager (process& technology) Goa glass Fiber Ltd, (Braj Binani Group) Survey No.220, Village- Colvale, Bardez GOA Abstract - This paper describes manufacturing of fiber glass& development and static load testing& analysis of composite leaf spring made of glass fiber reinforced polymer E glass/epoxy mono composite leaf spring using hand layup method. Leaf springs are one of the oldest suspension components that are being still used widely in automobiles. The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the use of composite leaf spring in the place of conventional steel leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. The leaf spring was modeled in pro/e and the analysis was done using ANSYS software when the composite leaf spring is developed with same dimensions as of steel leaf spring it is observed that the deflections in composite leaf spring are greater than steel leaf spring. Deflections for the same load and the stresses in the composite leaf spring are less when compared with steel leaf spring. The spring weight is also observed to be 70-80% lower than steel leaf spring. Keywords - Composite Material, Steel Leaf Spring, Pro-E, ANSYS. Molten glass from each tip during fiber drawing forms a meniscus as a result of attenuation. These filaments pass through a light spray and then over an applicator which transfers a protecting and lubricating size onto the filaments from which they are gathered into a suitably shaped shoe. From there the strand passes to the winder. A winder consists of a slightly expandable rotating cylinder called cullet. The thickness of the fiber being wound on the cullet is allowed to reach the required thickness before the cullet is stopped and the bundle is removed; the winding operation is then recommenced. Stage 3 The cake, having been coated by a fiber size, is wet and requires drying before further processing. After drying and conditioning the fiber cakes are ready to be converted into saleable products. I. INTRODUCTION Composite Materials: Composite materials are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. MANUFACTURING OF FIBER GLASS Stage 1 Consists of glass manufacture i.e. the fusion of selected, weighed and mixed raw materials such as sand, limestone etc in glass making furnace. This stage ends with liquid glass flowing directly into the fiber forming furnaces called Bushings. Stage 2 Consists of fiber forming. Continuous glass fibers are made by the rapid mechanical attenuation of molten drops of glass exuding from tip located on the underside of the bushing. II. COMPOSITE LEAF SPRING The leaf spring should absorb the vertical vibrations and impacts due to road irregularities by means of variations in the spring deflection so that the potential energy is stored in spring as strain energy and then released slowly. So, increasing the energy storage capability of a leaf spring ensures a more compliant suspension system. 155
2 According to the studies made a material with maximum strength and minimum modulus of elasticity in the longitudinal direction is the most suitable material for a leaf spring. Fortunately, composites have these characteristics. The suspension leaf spring is one of the potential items for weight reduction as it accounts for 10 to 20% unsprung weight. This helps in achieving the vehicle with improved riding qualities. It is well known that springs are designed to absorb and store energy and then release it. Hence, the strain energy of the material becomes major factor in designing the springs. The relationship of the specific strain energy can be expressed as Where: σ is the strength, ρ is the density and E is the young s modulus of the spring material. The introduction of composite materials was made it possible to reduce the weight of the leaf spring without any reduction on the load carrying capacity and stiffness. Since, the composite materials have more elastic strain energy, storage capacity and high strength to weight ratio as compared to those of steel problem definition The aim of the paper is to design a leaf spring and develop a mono composite leaf using Eglass/Epoxy (Unidirectional mat) with Hand lay-up technique. A static test rig is fabricated in order to conduct deformation test under various loading conditions on both steel and Composite leaf spring. The static result of Mono composite leaf spring is compared with steel leaf spring. A three dimensional model of entire leaf spring (one master and six graduated leaves) is modeled using Solid works. Finite element technique (ANSYS) is carried out to predict the behavior of both steel and Composite leaf springs. The study is extended to determine the effect of orientation of composite material on the leaf spring for deformation and stresses. The FEA results compared with Experimental results for both Steel and Composite Leaf spring. Specifications of leaf spring: Fig 3.1(a): Camber length Design parameters of the existing six leaf steel spring used in this work includes: Span length or overall length (eye to eye), 2L = 790mm Full bump load=1.5 times of (truckload/4) = 3250N Camber Height = 70mm Dimensions of each leaf: thickness, t = 6mm; width, b = 60mm Design stress without accounting for sudden impact loads, f = 625N/mm 2 Ineffective length (distance between the two bolts) = 90mm (assumption) So, effective length = 2L-90 = = 700mm Therefore, l = 350mm Calculation of Number of leaves: From the formula, l= half of the effective length = 350mm, z = number of leaves Z g = number of graduated leaves = 4 Z f = number of full length leaves = 2 = = 50.63mm Length of each leaf: Small leaf = = + 90 = 230mm + Ineffective length (I.L) III. DESIGN OF STEEL LEAF SPRING Design Criteria: In the present work a leaf spring for 2Ton carrying capacity truck is designed. The dimensions and the number of leaves of the Composite leaf spring is taken as that of the conventional steel leaf spring. 2 + I.L = 370mm 3 + I.L = 510mm 156
3 4 + I.L = 650mm 5 + I.L = 790mm Each composite leaf consists of 13 layers. Width of each Layer is 60mm. Total thickness of leaf with 22 layers is 6mm Width of the leaf is 60mm. Master leaf = span length + allowance for the eyes = 2L + (d+t).2 = (25+6).2 = mm d= inside diameter of eye end = 25 t = thickness Therefore number of leaves, z= leaves So for the above conditions, the number leaves that are required is 6. Calculation of deflection: Calculation of Nipping: C = E = 2.1* N/mm 2 = 19.69mm Figure 3.1(b): A 3D model of leaf spring 1. Design Of Composite Leaf Spring The dimensions of the composite leaf spring are taken as that of conventional leaf spring. The design parameters selected are as follows: 2. LAY-UP SELECTION The amount of elastic energy that can be stored by a leaf spring varies directly with the square of the maximum allowable stress and inversely with the modulus of the elasticity both in longitudinal direction. Composite materials like E-glass/ Epoxy in the direction of fibers have good characteristics for storing strain energy. So, the lay-up is selected to be unidirectional along the longitudinal direction of the spring. Fabrication and testing of Leaf spring. 3. Fabrication Of Composite Leaf Spring: Fabrication of composite leaf spring is done by a sequence of steps. The steps that are involved during the fabrication are: 4. MANDREL: A steel plate is taken and bent it to the curvature of the steel leaf spring (Semi Elliptical curvature) and cut to the dimensions of the steel leaf spring. This is used as mandrel to fabricate composite leaf spring by using hand lay-up process. 5. TEMPLATE: A thick cardboard is taken and cut to exact dimensions to that of the steel leaf spring with respect to length and width. This template is used to cut fiber mat to the exact dimensions required. 22 pieces of the exact dimensions required are cut from the fiber mat using the template. 6. HAND LAY-UP TECHNIQUE: Hand lay-up is the simplest method used for producing reinforced plastic laminates. Capital investment for hand layup processes is relatively low. In hand layup process (otherwise known as wet layup), high solubility resin is sprayed, poured, or brushed into a mold. The reinforcement is then wet out with resin. The reinforcement is placed in the mold. Depending upon the thickness or density of the reinforcement, it may receive additional resin to improve wet out and allow better drape ability into the mold surface. The reinforcement is then rolled, brushed, or applied using a squeeze to remove entrapped air and to compact it against the mold surface. 157
4 7. LAY-UP SEQUENCE: All the uni-directional fiber layers which are cut using the template are arranged one over the other till 13 layers. 8. APPLICATION RELEASING AGENTS: Releasing agent is necessary before doing the fabrication process as it helps the component to get released out of the mandrel easily without damaging the mandrel or the component fabricated. In the fabrication of composite leaf spring, plaster of paris is applied on the steel mandrel to protect the mandrel from damage. Wax polish is applied on the Plaster of Paris to get a smooth finish and for easy removal of the composite leaf spring. 9. PROCEDURE OF MIXING RATIOS AND FABRICATION: In the fabrication process of composite leaf spring Epoxy resin is used. For 1Kg of epoxy resin 100gms of hardener is mixed. This mixture is firstly applied on the wax polish and then a layer is placed on the mandrel and the resin is applied again. This process is continued till 13 layers. This process took about 30 minutes. After the lay-up is finished the setup is kept undisturbed for 24hrs at room temperature. Care is taken during the individual lay-up of the layers to eliminate the fiber distortion which would result in lowering in strength and rigidity of the spring as a whole. VII. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Three Dimensional Finite Analysis: Structural analysis was performed using the finite element method using ANSYS software. Modeling was done for steel leaf spring using 8 node 3D brick element (solid 45) and composite leaf spring shell 99 element. Also deflections for different loads are also observed for both composite and steel leaf springs Loading and Boundary Conditions: The spring is symmetrical so only one half of the span length is considered for analysis to save the calculation time.one end of the spring is constrained as Uy=0,Uz=0 and Rotz=0.The load is applied on the free end of the leaf spring in steps of 2Kg.The deformations and stresses under various loading conditions are computed. ANSYS Results: IV. SETTING AND REMOVAL OF SPRING Approximately 30minutes is required for resin setting and the composite leaf spring is removed from the mandrel without damaging the component. The composite leaf spring removed from the mandrel has the same dimensions as that of the steel leaf spring Fig : Deflection of steel leafspring for maximum load(mm) V. TRIMMING AND FINISHING Sharp edges produced during the fabrication process are removed by trimming them using a Grinding cutting tool. Surface finish is produced on the component using grinding machine. VI. TESTING OF COMPOSITE AND STEEL LEAF SPRING The steel and composite leaf springs are tested by using the UTM at Jyothi spectro analysis. The experimental setup is shown in the fig 4.3. The leaf springs to be tested are examined for any defects like cracks, surface abnormalities, etc. The springs are loaded from 0 to maximum deflection by applying loads with regular intervals and all the readings are noted down. Fig: Deflection of steel leaf spring (isometric view) 158
5 Fig: Deflection of Composite leaf spring for maximum load(mm) Fig: Loading and boundary condition of steel leaf spring Fig :Loading and boundary conditions of composite leaf spring 159 Fig : Stress of composite leafspring(0 deg) for max load VIII. COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND FEA RESULTS Table1 Comparison of Experimental results with ANSYS for Deflection in steel Leaf spring S. No Load (N) Deflection (mm) (experiment) Deflection (mm) (ANSYS) Table 2 Comparison of Experimental results with ANSYS for Deflection in Composite Leaf spring S. No Load (N) Deflection (mm) (experiment) Deflection (mm) (ANSYS)
6 Table 3 Stresses Observed in Steel and Composite Leaf Spring Using ANSYS S. No Load (N) Stresses in steel leaf spring (N/mm 2 ) Stresses in composite leaf spring (N/mm 2 ) IX. GRAPHS X. CONCLUSIONS Composite leaf spring is fabricated using hand lay-up technique. E-glass/ epoxy unidirectional mat is used as the material. Static Load tests are carried out experimentally to determine deformations. Behavior of the composite and steel leaf springs for deformations and stresses are predicted using ANSYS software. Effect of fiber orientation of composite material is also studied for deformations and stresses and is compared with each other. Comparison between experimental and ANSYS results is also done. 160
7 Composites having high strain energy so it is good to use it as a springs compared to steel leaf springs. It is observed that the weight of composite leaf spring is 70% less than that of the steel leaf spring. Stresses are observed to be low and deformations are high in composite leaf spring when compared with steel leaf spring. Composites are non-corrosive in nature, light weight, high strain energy capacity, so it is good to use it as a leaf spring because it reduces the weight of the vehicle and fuel consumption. XI. SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK The present study can be extended by reducing more weight and also deflections by designing and fabricating a variable width and thickness leaf spring. Also study can be done to replace a complete set of steel leaf spring with a composite leaf spring for a vehicle and perform Static load and Dynamic tests. REFERENCES [1] Manual on design and application of leaf springs, Spring Design Manual, AE-11, Society of Automotive Engineer Hs 788,1990. [2] Tsai SW, Hahn HT. Introduction to composite materials. Technomic Publishing; [3] ANSYS 5.4, ANSYS Inc., [4] Ryan WE. Method of making a molded fiber reinforced plastic leaf spring, US patent 4,560,525 (24/12/1985). [5] M.M. Shokrieh, D. Rezaei / Composite Structures 60 (2003) [6] R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Kupta. A text book of Machine Design, [7] R. M. Jones, Mechanics of Composite Materials. 2e, McGraw-Hill Book Company, [8] R.S. Khurmi, J.K. Kupta. A text book of Machine Design, 2000, Chapter. 23, Page. No ( ). [9] Kumar Krishnan,AggarwalM.L, A finite element approach for analysis of a multi leaf spring using CAE tools Research. Journal of Recent sciences 2012, Page No [10] Deshmukh.B.B., Dr S.B.Jaju Design and Analysis of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Leaf Spring,Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology,2011,Pages
Use of Strain Gauge Rosette to Investigate Stress concentration in Isotropic and Orthotropic Plate with Circular Hole
Use of Strain Gauge Rosette to Investigate Stress concentration in Isotropic and Orthotropic Plate with Circular Hole Mr.V.G.Aradhye 1, Prof.S.S.Kulkarni 2 1 PG Scholar, Mechanical department, SKN Sinhgad
More informationMaterial Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 10, Issue 1 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 39-46 Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft
More informationNumerical Analysis of Independent Wire Strand Core (IWSC) Wire Rope
Numerical Analysis of Independent Wire Strand Core (IWSC) Wire Rope Rakesh Sidharthan 1 Gnanavel B K 2 Assistant professor Mechanical, Department Professor, Mechanical Department, Gojan engineering college,
More informationMASTER DEGREE PROJECT
MASTER DEGREE PROJECT Finite Element Analysis of a Washing Machine Cylinder Thesis in Applied Mechanics one year Master Degree Program Performed : Spring term, 2010 Level Author Supervisor s Examiner :
More informationTool Design and Concurrent Engineering using Rapid Tooling Construction Methods
Section Number 3563 Tool Design and Concurrent Engineering using Rapid Tooling Construction Methods Nicole Hoekstra Engineering Technology Department Western Washington University Abstract Prior to rapid
More informationTHERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF GFRP COMPOSITE LAMINATES WITH FILLERS
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT OF GFRP COMPOSITE LAMINATES WITH FILLERS K. Devendra $ and T. Rangaswamy & $ Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar, KA,
More informationTHE COMPOSITE DISC - A NEW JOINT FOR HIGH POWER DRIVESHAFTS
THE COMPOSITE DISC - A NEW JOINT FOR HIGH POWER DRIVESHAFTS Dr Andrew Pollard Principal Engineer GKN Technology UK INTRODUCTION There is a wide choice of flexible couplings for power transmission applications,
More informationSolid shape molding is not desired in injection molding due to following reasons.
PLASTICS PART DESIGN and MOULDABILITY Injection molding is popular manufacturing method because of its high-speed production capability. Performance of plastics part is limited by its properties which
More informationLOW VELOCITY IMPACT ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED FRP COMPOSITES
LOW VELOCITY IMPACT ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED FRP COMPOSITES B. KRANTHI KUMAR 1 M.Tech student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Godavari Institute of Engineering and Technology, Rajahmundry, Andhrapradesh,
More informationExperimental assessment of concrete damage due to exposure to high temperature and efficacy of the repair system
MATEC Web of Conferences 6, 06002 (2013) DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20130606002 C Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2013 Experimental assessment of concrete damage due to exposure to high temperature
More informationSTATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSION ARM USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
STATIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSION ARM USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD Jagwinder Singh 1, Siddhartha Saha 2 1 Student, Mechanical Engineering, BBSBEC, Punjab, India 2 Assistant Professor, Mechanical
More informationANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF SPRING BACK EFFECTS IN A TYPICAL COLD ROLLED SHEET
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 119-130, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_013 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=7&itype=1
More informationInternational Journal of Engineering Research-Online A Peer Reviewed International Journal Articles available online http://www.ijoer.
RESEARCH ARTICLE ISSN: 2321-7758 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A DYNAMOMETER FOR MEASURING THRUST AND TORQUE IN DRILLING APPLICATION SREEJITH C 1,MANU RAJ K R 2 1 PG Scholar, M.Tech Machine Design, Nehru College
More informationCHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH PRESSURE RTM PROCESSES FOR MANUFACTURING OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES
CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH PRESSURE RTM PROCESSES FOR MANUFACTURING OF HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPOSITES R. Chaudhari 1*, M. Karcher 1, P. Elsner 1, F. Henning 1 1 Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology,
More informationCOMPARISON BETWEEN GLASS AND FLAX NON-CRIMP STITCHED FABRICS
18 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS COMPARISON BETWEEN GLASS AND FLAX NON-CRIMP STITCHED FABRICS L. Bizet 1 *, S. Guéret 1, C. Re 1, P. Ouagne 2 1 Laboratoire Ondes et Milieux Complexes,
More informationELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF A HEAVY DUTY PRESS USING F.E.M AND NEUBER S APPROXIMATION METHODS
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 6, Issue 11, Nov 2015, pp. 50-56, Article ID: IJMET_06_11_006 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=6&itype=11
More informationBurst Pressure Prediction of Pressure Vessel using FEA
Burst Pressure Prediction of Pressure Vessel using FEA Nidhi Dwivedi, Research Scholar (G.E.C, Jabalpur, M.P), Veerendra Kumar Principal (G.E.C, Jabalpur, M.P) Abstract The main objective of this paper
More informationIntroduction to Solid Modeling Using SolidWorks 2012 SolidWorks Simulation Tutorial Page 1
Introduction to Solid Modeling Using SolidWorks 2012 SolidWorks Simulation Tutorial Page 1 In this tutorial, we will use the SolidWorks Simulation finite element analysis (FEA) program to analyze the response
More informationStructural Integrity Analysis
Structural Integrity Analysis 1. STRESS CONCENTRATION Igor Kokcharov 1.1 STRESSES AND CONCENTRATORS 1.1.1 Stress An applied external force F causes inner forces in the carrying structure. Inner forces
More informationOptimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge
Journal of Civil Engineering (IEB), 34 (1) (26) 1-14 Optimum proportions for the design of suspension bridge Tanvir Manzur and Alamgir Habib Department of Civil Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering
More informationAISI O1 Cold work tool steel
T OOL STEEL FACTS AISI O1 Cold work tool steel Great Tooling Starts Here! This information is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide general notes on our products and their
More informationAnalysis and Optimization of Investment Castings to Reduce Defects and Increase Yield
Analysis and Optimization of Investment Castings to Reduce Defects and Increase Yield Arunkumar P 1, Anand.S.Deshpande 2, Sangam Gunjati 3 1 Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, KLS Gogte Institute
More informationCENTRIFUGAL CASTING. Email: amitjoshi@iitb.ac.in amitjoshi1000@yahoo.ca
CENTRIFUGAL CASTING Amit M Joshi (B.Engg. Mechanical, A.M.I.Prod.E, A.I.E) Dept. of Metallurgical Engg. & Material Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India. Email: amitjoshi@iitb.ac.in amitjoshi1000@yahoo.ca
More informationMETHODS FOR ACHIEVEMENT UNIFORM STRESSES DISTRIBUTION UNDER THE FOUNDATION
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 45-66, Article ID: IJCIET_07_02_004 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PULTRUDED DYNARAIL FIBERGLASS LADDER & LADDER CAGES
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION PULTRUDED DYNARAIL FIBERGLASS LADDER & LADDER CAGES PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE OF WORK SECTION 06610 FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS (FRP) FABRICATIONS PULTRUDED SQUARE TUBE LADDER
More informationDESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CFRP COMPOSITE MULTILAYER HIGH PRESSURE VESSELS AND BURST PRESSURE ANALYSIS FOR VARIOUS FIBER ORIENTATION ANGLES
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CFRP COMPOSITE MULTILAYER HIGH PRESSURE VESSELS AND BURST PRESSURE ANALYSIS FOR VARIOUS FIBER ORIENTATION ANGLES Rayapuri Ashok 1, R Ranjith Kumar 2, Tirumala Rao 3 1, 2, 3 Department
More informationVerification Experiment on Cooling and Deformation Effects of Automatically Designed Cooling Channels for Block Laminated Molds
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT ISSN: 2249 8958 Volume-4 Issue-5 June 2015 Verification Experiment on Cooling and Deformation Effects of Automatically Designed Cooling
More informationCrash Analysis of Car Cross Member Bumper Beam
Crash Analysis of Car Cross Member Bumper Beam G.Yedukondalu Asst. Professor K L University Guntur Dt.-522502, India yedukondalu@kluniversity.in Dr. A. Srinath UGC Research Awardee Professor Mechanical
More informationCasting. Training Objective
Training Objective After watching the program and reviewing this printed material, the viewer will learn the essentials of the various metal casting processes used in industry today. The basic principles
More informationBending, Forming and Flexing Printed Circuits
Bending, Forming and Flexing Printed Circuits John Coonrod Rogers Corporation Introduction: In the printed circuit board industry there are generally two main types of circuit boards; there are rigid printed
More informationChapter 17: Springs. Fundamentals of Machine Elements, 3 rd ed. Schmid, Hamrock and Jacobson. 2014 CRC Press
Chapter 17: Springs It must be confessed that the inventors of the mechanical arts have been much more useful to men than the inventors of syllogisms. Voltaire A collection of helical compression springs.
More informationPhenomenological aspects of a modified fragmentation of the ground material
Phenomenological aspects of a modified fragmentation of the ground material Lucjan Dabrowski, Mieczyslaw Marciniak Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland Summary: The main point of this paper
More informationTechnical Report Example (1) Chartered (CEng) Membership
Technical Report Example (1) Chartered (CEng) Membership A TECHNICAL REPORT IN SUPPORT OF APPLICATION FOR CHARTERED MEMBERSHIP OF IGEM DESIGN OF 600 (103 BAR) 820MM SELF SEALING REPAIR CLAMP AND VERIFICATION
More informationThe Fundamental Principles of Composite Material Stiffness Predictions. David Richardson
The Fundamental Principles of Composite Material Stiffness Predictions David Richardson Contents Description of example material for analysis Prediction of Stiffness using Rule of Mixtures (ROM) ROM with
More informationSettlement of Precast Culverts Under High Fills; The Influence of Construction Sequence and Structural Effects of Longitudinal Strains
Settlement of Precast Culverts Under High Fills; The Influence of Construction Sequence and Structural Effects of Longitudinal Strains Doug Jenkins 1, Chris Lawson 2 1 Interactive Design Services, 2 Reinforced
More informationPTFE Slide Bearings 04/10 149
04/10 149 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION In a wide range of applications, PTFE Slide bearings are superior to conventional expansion plates, rollers and rocker arm type supports. They support petrochemical plant,
More informationSheet metal operations - Bending and related processes
Sheet metal operations - Bending and related processes R. Chandramouli Associate Dean-Research SASTRA University, Thanjavur-613 401 Table of Contents 1.Quiz-Key... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.Bending
More informationINVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 154-163, Article ID: IJMET_07_01_016 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=7&itype=1
More informationDETERMINATION OF TIME-TEMPERATURE SHIFT FACTOR FOR LONG-TERM LIFE PREDICTION OF POLYMER COMPOSITES
DETERMINATION OF TIME-TEMPERATURE SHIFT FACTOR FOR LONG-TERM LIFE PREDICTION OF POLYMER COMPOSITES K. Fukushima*, H. Cai**, M. Nakada*** and Y. Miyano*** * Graduate School, Kanazawa Institute of Technology
More informationDESIGN OF SLABS. 3) Based on support or boundary condition: Simply supported, Cantilever slab,
DESIGN OF SLABS Dr. G. P. Chandradhara Professor of Civil Engineering S. J. College of Engineering Mysore 1. GENERAL A slab is a flat two dimensional planar structural element having thickness small compared
More informationOptimising plate girder design
Optimising plate girder design NSCC29 R. Abspoel 1 1 Division of structural engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands ABSTRACT: In the design of steel plate girders a high degree
More informationGreen Thread Product Data
Green Thread Product Data Applications Dilute Acids Caustics Produced Water Industrial Waste Hot Water Condensate Return Materials and Construction All pipe manufactured by filament winding process using
More information*Currently employed at UTAS, work for this paper was carried out while the author was formerly employed at MSC Software.
A novel optimization strategy for composite beam type landing gear for light aircraft Edwin Spencer * United Technologies Aerospace Systems 850 Lagoon Drive Chula Vista Ca. 91910 Abstract Composite beam
More informationApr 17, 2000 LAB MANUAL 1811.0
Apr 17, 2000 LAB MANUAL 1811.0 1811 BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY (GMB) AND DENSITY OF COMPACTED BITUMINOUS SPECIMENS USING PARAFFIN OR PARAFILM ASTM Designation D 1188 (MN/DOT Modified) 1811.1 SCOPE This test
More informationASTM D 1599 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
ASTM D 1599 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings This test method establishes the short-time hydraulic failure pressure of pipe and
More informationLap Fillet Weld Calculations and FEA Techniques
Lap Fillet Weld Calculations and FEA Techniques By: MS.ME Ahmad A. Abbas Sr. Analysis Engineer Ahmad.Abbas@AdvancedCAE.com www.advancedcae.com Sunday, July 11, 2010 Advanced CAE All contents Copyright
More informationCompression load testing straw bale walls. Peter Walker Dept. Architecture & Civil Engineering University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY.
Compression load testing straw bale walls Peter Walker Dept. Architecture & Civil Engineering University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY May 2004 1. Introduction Over the last 10 years a growing number of loadbearing
More informationThe elements used in commercial codes can be classified in two basic categories:
CHAPTER 3 Truss Element 3.1 Introduction The single most important concept in understanding FEA, is the basic understanding of various finite elements that we employ in an analysis. Elements are used for
More informationMany of our fiberglass models have optional lay-ups to suit their alternate intended usage.
COMPARING THE UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF FIBERGLASS, CARBON-FIBER AND KEVLAR, AS WELL AS THE BENEFITS OF INCORPORATING ONE OR MORE OF THESE MATERIALS INTO THE CONSTRUCTION OF YOUR COMPOSITE KAYAK Fiberglass
More informationDesign and Analysis of a Storage Container Used in Missile
Design and of a Storage Container Used in Missile 75 Prudvi Raju. Devarapalli M.Tech Student Technology, Ongole Venkata Ramesh Mamilla Associate Professor Technology Ongole M.V. Mallikarjun Professor Technology
More informationInvestigation of process parameters for an Injection molding component for warpage and Shrinkage
Investigation of process parameters for an Injection molding component for warpage and Shrinkage Mohammad Aashiq M 1, Arun A.P 1, Parthiban M 2 1 PGD IN TOOL & DIE DESIGN ENGINEERING-PSG IAS 2 ASST.PROFESSOR
More informationAraldite LY 3505* / Hardeners XB 3403* / Hardener XB 3404-1* / Aradur 3405*
Advanced Materials Araldite * / Hardeners * / Hardener * / Aradur 3405* WARM CURING EPOXY SYSTEMS Araldite is an epoxy resin Hardeners, and Aradur 3405 are based on aliphatic polyamines APPLICATIONS PROPERTIES
More informationWhy HARDOX in tipping trailers?
Why HARDOX in tipping trailers? 1. Higher elastic limit and higher ultimate stress 2. Longer life span (higher resistance to deformation, abrasion and scratching) 3. Excellent resistance to impact 4. Less
More informationStrip Flatness Prediction in a 4 High Tandem Mill Using a Dynamic Model.
Strip Flatness Prediction in a 4 High Tandem Mill Using a Dynamic Model. M. A. Bello-Gomez 1, M. P. Guerrero-Mata 1, L. A. Leduc Lezama 1, T. P. Berber- Solano 1, L. Nieves 2, F. Gonzalez 2, H. R. Siller
More informationINVESTIGATION OF VISCOELASTICITY AND CURE SHRINKAGE IN AN EPOXY RESIN DURING PROCESSING
TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS INVESTIGATION OF VISCOELASTICITY AND CURE SHRINKAGE IN AN EPOXY RESIN DURING PROCESSING T. Shimizu *, H. Koinuma, K. Nagai Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
More informationDesign Improvements of Leaf Spring of BEML Tatra 815 VVNC 8 X 8 Truck
Design Improvements of Leaf Spring of BEML Tatra 815 VVNC 8 X 8 Truck Prof Prahalad Sawant Badkar 1 1 Prof Prahalad Sawant Badkar, DKTE Society s Textile &Engineering Institute Ichalkarnaji (Maharashtra),
More informationConstruction. 3-part thixotropic epoxy patching mortar. Product Description. Tests
Product Data Sheet Edition 05/12/2014 Identification no: 020204030010000044 Sikadur -41 CF Rapid 3-part thixotropic epoxy patching mortar Construction Product Description Uses Characteristics / Advantages
More informationDYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON STEEL FIBRE
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 179 184, Article ID: IJCIET_07_02_015 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationFatigue Performance Evaluation of Forged Steel versus Ductile Cast Iron Crankshaft: A Comparative Study (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY)
Fatigue Performance Evaluation of Forged Steel versus Ductile Cast Iron Crankshaft: A Comparative Study (EXECUTIVE SUMMARY) Ali Fatemi, Jonathan Williams and Farzin Montazersadgh Professor and Graduate
More informationInvestigating Methods of Prototyping with ABS
Investigating Methods of Prototyping with ABS Ben Chapman, Shivam Desai, Mark Muraoka, Teodora Vidolova 1 Abstract In this comparative study of the mechanical properties of plastic parts produced by three
More informationImpact testing ACTIVITY BRIEF
ACTIVITY BRIEF Impact testing The science at work Impact testing is of enormous importance. A collision between two objects can often result in damage to one or both of them. The damage might be a scratch,
More informationNaue GmbH&Co.KG. Quality Control and. Quality Assurance. Manual. For Geomembranes
Naue GmbH&Co.KG Quality Control and Quality Assurance Manual For Geomembranes July 2004 V.O TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Quality Assurance and Control 2.1 General 2.2 Quality management acc. to
More informationProperties of Fresh Concrete
Properties of Fresh Concrete Introduction The potential strength and durability of concrete of a given mix proportion is very dependent on the degree of its compaction. It is vital, therefore, that the
More informationMILMAN & ASSOCIATES STRUCTURAL CONSULTING ENGINEERS/ PROJECT MANAGERS
MILMAN & ASSOCIATES STRUCTURAL CONSULTING ENGINEERS/ PROJECT MANAGERS May 29, 2013 Revision B Structural Guideline for Design and Installation Holes in Composite Floor Slab Terminal 3, Departure Level
More informationHigh Efficient Casting Machine for Biaxially Oriented Film Manufacturing Plant
107 High Efficient Casting Machine for Biaxially Oriented Film Manufacturing Plant Hideo Kometani Hidetoshi Kitajima Hiroshi Tsuji Takuya Goto Masahiro Yoshizawa (MHI) has made incessant efforts to improve
More informationMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES HNC/D PRELIMINARY LEVEL TUTORIAL 1 BASIC STUDIES OF STRESS AND STRAIN
MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES HNC/D PRELIMINARY LEVEL TUTORIAL 1 BASIC STUDIES O STRESS AND STRAIN This tutorial is essential for anyone studying the group of tutorials on beams. Essential pre-requisite knowledge
More informationA Guide to Thermoform Processing of Polypropylene. Introduction
A Guide to Thermoform Processing of Polypropylene Introduction Thermoforming is the process of heating plastic sheet to a pliable state and forming it into shape. Thermoforming offers processing advantages
More informationImpregnating Machine
Impregnating Machine Dasan Engineering manufactured Resin Coating & Laminating Machine for composite material and insulating material in addition to Impregnating & drying machine by means of high efficiency
More informationCOMPUTATIONAL ENGINEERING OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION USING ABAQUS
International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 30 52, Article ID: IJARET_07_02_004 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijaret/issues.asp?jtype=ijaret&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationINJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS
INJECTION MOLDING COOLING TIME REDUCTION AND THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS Tom Kimerling University of Massachusetts, Amherst MIE 605 Finite Element Analysis Spring 2002 ABSTRACT A FEA transient thermal structural
More informationEDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS NQF LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 1 - LOADING SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 3 LOADED COMPONENTS
EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIICATE/DIPLOMA MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS NQ LEVEL 3 OUTCOME 1 - LOADING SYSTEMS TUTORIAL 3 LOADED COMPONENTS 1. Be able to determine the effects of loading in static engineering
More informationANALYSIS OF GASKETED FLANGES WITH ORDINARY ELEMENTS USING APDL CONTROL
ANALYSIS OF GASKETED FLANGES WITH ORDINARY ELEMENTS USING AP... Page 1 of 19 ANALYSIS OF GASKETED FLANGES WITH ORDINARY ELEMENTS USING APDL CONTROL Yasumasa Shoji, Satoshi Nagata, Toyo Engineering Corporation,
More informationInfluence of Crash Box on Automotive Crashworthiness
Influence of Crash Box on Automotive Crashworthiness MIHAIL DANIEL IOZSA, DAN ALEXANDRU MICU, GHEORGHE FRĂȚILĂ, FLORIN- CRISTIAN ANTONACHE University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest 313 Splaiul Independentei
More informationDesign of Impact Load Testing Machine for COT
Design of Impact Load Testing Machine for COT Sandesh G.Ughade 1, Dr. A.V.Vanalkar 2, Prof P.G.Mehar 2 1 Research Scholar (P.G), Dept of Mechanical Engg, KDK College of Engg, Nagpur, R.T.M, Nagpur university,
More informationCOMPARISON OF STRESS BETWEEN WINKLER-BACH THEORY AND ANSYS FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR CRANE HOOK WITH A TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS-SECTION
COMPARISON OF STRESS BETWEEN WINKLER-BACH THEORY AND ANSYS FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR CRANE HOOK WITH A TRAPEZOIDAL CROSS-SECTION Yogesh Tripathi 1, U.K Joshi 2 1 Postgraduate Student, 2 Associate Professor,
More informationENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL
ENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIICATE LEVEL ENGINEERING SCIENCE C103 TUTORIAL - BASIC STUDIES O STRESS AND STRAIN You should judge your progress by completing the self assessment exercises. These may be sent
More informationINTERACTION BETWEEN MOVING VEHICLES AND RAILWAY TRACK AT HIGH SPEED
INTERACTION BETWEEN MOVING VEHICLES AND RAILWAY TRACK AT HIGH SPEED Prof.Dr.Ir. C. Esveld Professor of Railway Engineering TU Delft, The Netherlands Dr.Ir. A.W.M. Kok Associate Professor of Railway Engineering
More informationGENERAL TRADING TERMS (GTT) RMC by EUROSURFACES
GENERAL TRADING TERMS (GTT) RMC by EUROSURFACES PART I GENERAL COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS FOR THE SALE OF AGGLOMERATED STONE RMC by EUROSURFACES Manufacturer: Product Brand: EUROSURFACES PORTUGAL S.A. RMC Rua
More informationLab 1 Concrete Proportioning, Mixing, and Testing
Lab 1 Concrete Proportioning, Mixing, and Testing Supplemental Lab manual Objectives Concepts Background Experimental Procedure Report Requirements Discussion Prepared By Mutlu Ozer Objectives Students
More informationComposite Design Fundamentals. David Richardson
Composite Design Fundamentals David Richardson Contents A review of the fundamental characteristics of composites Stiffness and Strength Anisotropic Role of fibre, matrix and interface Composite failure
More informationENGINEERING SPECIFICATION FIBERGRATE MOLDED GRATING. January 24, 2014 06610-1
ENGINEERING SPECIFICATION FIBERGRATE MOLDED GRATING January 24, 2014 06610-1 SECTION 06610 FIBERGLASS REINFORCED PLASTICS (FRP) FABRICATIONS MOLDED GRATING PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE OF WORK A. The CONTRACTOR
More informationPredictive Modeling of Composite Materials & Structures: State-of-the-Art Solutions and Future Challenges.
Predictive Modeling of Composite Materials & Structures: State-of-the-Art Solutions and Future Challenges. Roger A. Assaker Roger.Assaker@e-Xstream.com www.e-xstream.com Short Abstract Computer Aided Engineering
More informationDESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE WITH TWO ENDS FIXED ON VERTICAL WALL USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 34-44, Article ID: IJCIET_07_02_003 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=7&itype=2
More informationNAN YA NYLON 66 Engineering Plastics. Flame Retardant.High Toughness.Heat Resistant. Impact Resistant.Moldability.Low Warpage
NAN YA NYLON 66 Engineering Plastics Flame Retardant.High Toughness.Heat Resistant. Impact Resistant.Moldability.Low Warpage Introduction NAN YA FR-NYLON 66 has water absorption propertieslike other nylons.
More informationRight Angle Grinder USA MADE FLAP DISCS
USA MADE FLAP DISC Right Angle Grinder CGW Offers the Most Extensive Line of Flap Discs in the Marketplace CGW flap discs blend and finish in one operation which replaces the traditional twostep grinding
More informationThermoplastic composites
Thermoplastic composites Definition By definition, a thermoplastic is a material based on polymer (macromolecular compound) which can be shaped, in a liquid (viscous) state at a temperature either higher
More informationIS THAT LINER THICK ENOUGH?
IS THAT LINER THICK ENOUGH? Philip McFarlane, Opus International Consultants Ltd ABSTRACT The amount of pipeline rehabilitation being undertaken in New Zealand is increasing each year. Larger diameter
More informationPVC PIPE PERFORMANCE FACTORS
PVC PIPE PERFORMANCE FACTORS PVC pipe, like all flexible pipe products, is very dependent on the surrounding soil for its structural capacity, in addition, the pipe material must have sufficient inherent
More informationMatrix system with enhanced mechanical performance: new infusion system for wind energy applications enables lighter, longer, lower cost rotor blades
White Paper Matrix system with enhanced mechanical performance: new infusion system for wind energy applications enables lighter, longer, lower cost rotor blades Malte Wichmann Momentive Specialty Chemicals
More informationCORROSION ENGINEERING RESIN-BASED POLYMER CONCRETES AND GROUTS
AN ERGONARMOR COMPANY TECHNICAL INFORMATION SPECIFICATION FOR INSTALLATION 07/11 SUPERSEDES 04/00 PAGE 1 OF 6 CORROSION ENGINEERING RESIN-BASED POLYMER CONCRETES AND GROUTS 1. SCOPE 1.1 This specification
More informationRear Impact Guard TEST METHOD 223. Standards and Regulations Division. Issued: December 2003
Transport Canada Safety and Security Road Safety Transports Canada Sécurité et sûreté Sécurité routière Standards and Regulations Division TEST METHOD 223 Rear Impact Guard Issued: December 2003 Standards
More informationTIE-31: Mechanical and thermal properties of optical glass
PAGE 1/10 1 Density The density of optical glass varies from 239 for N-BK10 to 603 for SF66 In most cases glasses with higher densities also have higher refractive indices (eg SF type glasses) The density
More informationThe Bending Strength of Pasta
The Bending Strength of Pasta 1.105 Lab #1 Louis L. Bucciarelli 9 September, 2003 Lab Partners: [Name1] [Name2] Data File: Tgroup3.txt On the cover page, include your name, the names of your lab partners,
More information3. Test Methods for Evaluation of ESCR of Plastics
3. Test Methods for Evaluation of ESCR of Plastics A common laboratory request for ESC-prone polymers is to check ESCR performance for quality control, competitive product evaluations, and research and
More informationSEISMIC RETROFITTING TECHNIQUE USING CARBON FIBERS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures Proceedings FRAMCOS-3 AEDIFICA TIO Publishers, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany SEISMIC RETROFITTING TECHNIQUE USING CARBON FIBERS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS H.
More informationHow To Improve Mechanical Properties Of A Composite Material
Usak University Journal of Material Sciences journal homepage: http://uujms.usak.edu.tr Research article Mechanical properties of bi axial glass fiber and pistachio shell reinforced polyester composites
More informationDesign and Construction of a Spaghetti Bridge. Michael Karweit Department of Chemical Engineering Johns Hopkins University
Design and Construction of a Spaghetti Bridge Michael Karweit Department of Chemical Engineering Johns Hopkins University Why build a spaghetti bridge? 1) To take math and science out of the textbook and
More informationCylinder Head Gasket Contact Pressure Simulation for a Hermetic Compressor
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conference School of Mechanical Engineering 2006 Cylinder Head Gasket Contact Pressure Simulation for a Hermetic Compressor Pavan P.
More informationCHAPTER 4 4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
41 CHAPTER 4 4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Simulation is a powerful tool that engineers use to predict the result of a phenomenon or to simulate the working situation in which a part or machine will perform in
More informationDYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THICK PLATES SUBJECTED TO EARTQUAKE
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THICK PLATES SUBJECTED TO EARTQUAKE ÖZDEMİR Y. I, AYVAZ Y. Posta Adresi: Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 68 Trabzon, TURKEY E-posta: yaprakozdemir@hotmail.com
More information