Mathematics of Internet Security. Keeping Eve The Eavesdropper Away From Your Credit Card Information
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1 The : Keeping Eve The Eavesdropper Away From Your Credit Card Information Department of Mathematics North Dakota State University 16 September 2010 Science Cafe
2 Introduction Disclaimer: is not an internet security expert. is an algebra expert. Ideas: 1. Some aspects of internet security are based on algebra: prime numbers, factorization, modular arithmetic 2. Security depends on the following fact: some mathematical operations are easy to do and hard to undo.
3 Security? The Internet: Transmit a message m from computer A to computer B. A: Alice B: Bob m: message represented as an integer (whole number) m 0 The Problem: How to keep Eve the eavesdropper from knowing m?
4 RSA What is it? An algorithm for public-key cryptography Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman (1978) Principle of RSA: Certain mathematical operations are computationally easy to do and computationally difficult to undo. Example: Multiplication is computationally easy. Factorization is computationally difficult. This is the first essential fact that makes RSA secure.
5 Modular Arithmetic Clock arithmetic Question: If it is 7:00 now, what time will it be in 9 hours? Answer: 4:00 Solution: = 16 Now subtract multiples of 12 to get back to clock numbers. 16 = = 4 Modular arithmetic: Let n be an integer (whole number) n 2 Z n = {0, 1,..., n 1} Addition and multiplication are defined modulo n : Add and multiply as usual, then subtract multiples of n to find an answer between 0 and n 1.
6 Modular Arithmetic (cont.) Example: Compute the powers of 4 in Z 10 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}: The point: 4 1 = = = 4 6 = 24 = = 16 = = 4 4 = 16 = 6 etc. Computing powers in Z n is computationally easy. Computing roots is computationally difficult: Given m e in Z n, it is difficult to figure out what m is. This is the second essential fact that makes RSA secure.
7 RSA: The Algebra Theorem: Choose two distinct prime numbers p and q. Set n = pq and φ = (p 1)(q 1). Find a prime number e < φ that is not a factor of φ. Find an integer d < φ such that de = 1 in Z φ. Then for all m in Z n, we have m = m ed = (m e ) d in Z n. Example: p = 5 and q = 7. Then n = 5 7 = 35 and φ = 4 6 = 24. e = 5 is a prime number less than 24 that is not a factor of 24. d = 5 is a positive integer such that ed = 1 in Z 24. With m = 2 we have m e = 2 5 = 32 and (computing in Z 35 ): (m e ) d = 32 5 = 33, 554, 432 = 958, = 2 = m.
8 RSA: Using The Theorem To Encrypt And Decrypt Alice wishes to transmit a message m securely to Bob. Bob chooses n, e, and d as in the theorem. e: the encrypting key d: the decrypting key Bob makes the numbers n and e public. Hence, public key. Bob keeps d secret. Encryption: Alice computes c = m e in Z n and sends c to Bob. c: the coded message Decryption: Bob recovers m from c by computing in Z n : c d = (m e ) d = m These steps are computationally easy
9 RSA: What Makes It Secure? Eve has the codeword c = m e ; she wants m. Without knowing d, it is computationally difficult to find m. To find d, Eve needs to know φ, so she needs to factor n. The factorization problem is computationally difficult. In practice, p and q are 1024-bit or 2048-bit bit: p, q and n bit: p, q and n There are about atoms in the known universe. Est. time to factor 1024-bit integer using 8.4 million PC s: 2 yrs. Record: 768-bit integer factored summer 2005 to Jan ,675 years of operation on a 2.2 GHz Opteron processor
10 Conclusion 1. Some aspects of internet security are based on algebra: prime numbers, factorization, modular arithmetic 2. The security of RSA depends on the fact that certain mathematical operations are computationally easy to do and computationally difficult to undo. multiplication is easy, factorization is hard exponentiation is easy, taking roots in Z n is hard
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