Scalable Internet Services and Load Balancing
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1 Scalable Services and Load Balancing Kai Shen Services brings ubiquitous connection based applications/services accessible to online users through Applications can be designed and launched quickly and immediately open to many many potential users Trends: Centralization of applications/services Scalability requirements: many simultaneous user accesses; large amount of hosted data, 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring /8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring Step 1 Crawling Crawling get all these Web pages out there: First retrieve some root pages; Parse their content and follow hyperlinks to retrieve more pages; Depth first search or breadth first search? Performance Analysis for Crawling What are the resources involved? CPU processing for TCP/HTTP protocol handling and the parsing of page content writing to disk storage network bandwidth to remote web sites Assume average page size 10KB raw processing power of a single CPU 1000 pages/sec I/O to a single disk 100 seeks/sec up to 100 pages/sec network bandwidth from/to the T1 link (1.5Mbit/s) 12 pages/sec T3 link (45Mbit/s) 360 pages/sec 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring /8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring CSC 257/457 - Spring
2 Challenge Parallel Crawling Avoid redundant crawling Indexing Step 2 Indexing crawled raw web pages are not easy to search. we index them to formats that are easy to search. As part of indexing, we need to give each page an ID using a hash function. Computer: Page #123 Page #357 Networks: Page #124 Page #468 Fast intersection? 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring /8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring Step 3 Online Search Partitioning and Replication Index server Index servers (partition 1) Firewall Web server/ Query handler Local-area network Local-area network Index servers (partition 2) Page server Web server/ Query handlers Scalability, reliability 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring Page servers 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring CSC 257/457 - Spring
3 Load Balancing over Servers Popular sites like Google or Facebook receive tens or hundreds of millions of hits per day. A large number of replicated servers are used at these sites. Key question: how to balance client requests over these servers? Goals: Performance Ease of deployment 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring Load Balancing on Servers Technique 1 DNS Rotation IP address of Facebook.com? IP address of Facebook.com? DNS server 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring Discussions on DNS Rotation Advantages Require almost no change on the existing architecture Load Balancing on Servers Technique 2 Cooperative Offloading Problems DNS Caching Rigid load balancing policy can t balance based on runtime load changes slow or no adjustment in response to failures 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring /8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring CSC 257/457 - Spring
4 Discussions on Cooperative Offloading Can be combined with the DNS rotation. Advantages: More flexible policy is possible Be more responsive to runtime workload and server failures (to a certain degree) Problems: Need software changes on servers Longer delay 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring Cooperative Offloading with TCP Handoff [Pai et al. ASPLOS1998] What does 1.3 do? What does 1.4 do? What does client do? for CNN.com Where is the TCP state? All packets in a TCP connection must offload to one server! 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring Cooperative Offloading vs. TCP Handoff Software changes on the servers Delays Load Balancing on Servers Technique 3 Load Balancing Firewall LB All packets in a TCP connection must offload to one server. for CNN.com 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring /8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring CSC 257/457 - Spring
![257/457 - Spring 2013 13 Cooperative Offloading with TCP Handoff [Pai et al. ASPLOS1998] What does 1.3 do? What does 1.4 do? What does client do? 1.3 1.3 1.4 for CNN.com Where is the TCP state?](/docs-images/49/17919338/images/page_4.jpg "All packets in a TCP connection must offload to one server! 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring 2013 14 Cooperative Offloading vs.")
5 More About Load Balancing Summary Load balancing policies in LB routers (Goal: transparency, plugand play) Simple rotation Least number of active requests Shortest response time How deep do we look into the network protocol stack? Network layer (IP)? Transport layer (TCP/UDP)? Application layer? Scalable servers partitioning replication Load balancing for servers DNS rotation Cooperative offloading (w. TCP handoff) Load balancing router Changes required on the components: DNS server?? Web server?? Client???? 4/8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring /8/2013 CSC 257/457 - Spring CSC 257/457 - Spring
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