Content Delivery Networks
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1 Content Delivery Networks Silvano Gai Cisco Systems, USA Politecnico di Torino, IT 1 Agenda What are Content Delivery Networks? DNS based routing Server Load Balancing Content Routers Ethical questions Conclusion 2 1
2 At the beginning were Web Caches S1 S2 IP Network IP Network S3 Web Cache A Web Cache is a device that stores a local copy of more recently required HTTP objects and reacts as proxy server to clients requests 3 Motivations for Content Delivery Networks A set of caches working together Server farms are far from users. Internet congestion fails the best server architectures. Traffic peaks crash sites 4 2
3 Content Delivery Networks (s( s) Distributed Web Hosting Video-On-Demand MPEG on LAN Low/Mid-rate streaming on WAN Scalable Live Streaming Dynamic Content Conditional-Access Content advertisements 5 Example of Content Updates Server Live Streams 1K to 10M Client Requests 6 3
4 An Overlay Network over Internet A is an overlaid network of Caches, a.k.a. Content Servers, a.k.a. Delivery Nodes, a.k.a. Replicas 7 Agenda What are Content Delivery Networks? DNS based routing Server Load Balancing Content Routers Ethical questions Conclusion 8 4
5 The idea: a new DNS Server Architecture DNS queries for Standard DNS interface Routing Engine {DNS-names, IP-SA} IP-DA 9 DNS-based s Host Names are used to redirect the traffic to the best replica the replica selections happens when the name is translated to an IP address DNS servers become Content Routers they measure as many metric as possible (RTT, Server Load, Layer 3 metrics, response time, etc.) to compute a replica routing table {{DNS-names, IP-SA} IP-DA} Metric measurement is not easy Layer 3 metrics alone are not particularly meaningful 10 5
6 Traditional Browsing Access Provider MSPG DNS XYZ Backbone Provider AT&T UUNET MCI Hosting Provider EXDS ABOV DNS Content Provider CNN 11 DNS-based Browsing Access Provider MSPG DNS XYZ Replica Replica Backbone Provider AT&T UUNET Replica MCI Hosting Provider EXDS GBLX DNS Content Provider CNN DNS 12 6
7 DNS-based s Limitations There are limitations The granularity of redirection is an host name, not a URL Content of large web sites cannot be split into multiple caches It is difficult to use the same host name for static and dynamic content The Akamai approach: Akamaized URLs: Proprietary request routing schemes based on traffic monitoring 13 Extension to DNS-based s How to implement more granular DNS-based s (e.g. how to look for the complete URL)? HTTP/RTSP Redirect Redirection can be obtained in two ways every server in the farm is capable to redirect An SLB (Server Load Balancer) is capable to redirect Effective only in a Local Area 14 7
8 The Next Step: URL-based s URLs are used to redirect the traffic to the best Content Server URL routing requires TCP termination TCP termination is complex and expensive TCP termination introduces delay There will be only one TCP termination point Close to the client? Close to the server? 15 Agenda What are Content Delivery Networks? DNS based routing Server Load Balancing Content Routers Ethical questions Conclusion 16 8
9 Server Farms A reality today Clients see a unique Virtual Server (IP address) Traffic destined to the Virtual Server is load balanced among different Real Servers R IP Network Client (Browser) Data Server Application Server Web Server Server Farm 17 Server Load Balancing Real Server S1 Real Server S2 SLB IP Network Real Server S3 Client (Browser) Virtual Server 18 9
10 Server Load Balancing Content-unaware (layer 4 switching) TCP connections are not terminated by the SLB Content-aware (layer 7 switching) TCP connections with both clients and servers are terminated To support SSL (https) the SLB requires the server keys 19 TCP Proxy Client SYN Content Aware Router (Layer 7 Switch) Server SYN/ACK ACK GET URL SYN SYN/ACK ACK GET URL Data Data 20 10
11 Limitations with SLB Some applications require that TCP connections from the same client are redirected to the same server (Sticky Connections): Shopping Cart Searches Forms Economic Transactions Stickiness may be addressed/complicated by: source IP address cookies SSL ID 21 Agenda What are Content Delivery Networks? DNS based routing Server Load Balancing Content Routers Ethical questions Conclusion 22 11
12 URL routing Can we build a router that routes on URLs? YES, but: statefull (we must terminate TCP) complex packet parsing (we need the URL) anycast router (a URL is associated to multiple replicas) Do we have URL routing tables? Do we have URL routing protocols? Do we have metrics? How do we compute them? 23 IP routing IP vs. Content Routing H1 R1 R2 R3 H2 Content routing or CR2 H1 CR1 H2 CR
13 Or even more complex H1 CR1 CR2 CR3 H2 CR2 CR4 H1 CR1 CR5 H2 CR3 25 Content Delivery Control Protocols Content Routers in series cannot all terminate the TCP session: we don t want to reinvent X.25 URL must be extracted by the first Content Router propagate by a Content Delivery Control Protocol Some protocols have been proposed: HUP Christmas Tree ICAP Still in a very preliminary phase: if successful, they can be integrated in the hosts
14 Agenda What are Content Delivery Networks? DNS based routing Server Load Balancing Content Routers Ethical questions Conclusion 27 The Ethical question Is it ethical to deploy Content Routers in the Internet? They hijack the packets They spoof the addresses They break the end-to-end model of IP 28 14
15 Where, is the question Access Provider Here No, or may be Backbone Provider NOT HERE!!! Hosting Provider Content Provider Here YES 29 Agenda What are Content Delivery Networks? DNS based routing Server Load Balancing Content Routers Ethical questions Conclusion 30 15
16 Sometime s are very good! 31 Sometime are not so good! 32 16
17 Content Provider Content Peering 1 2 Control POP Routing POP Delivery POP 3 33 Conclusions Content Delivery Networks (s) DNS-based will be widely deployed s are not only for web traffic, but also for multimedia streaming Replicas will have slightly different content (e.g. local advertisement) Content Peering is still an unsolved problem Server Farms and Server Load Balancing will be widely deployed Intrusive content routing poses: ethical questions scalability concerns 34 17
Content Delivery Networks
Content Delivery Networks Terena 2000 ftp://ftpeng.cisco.com/sgai/t2000cdn.pdf Silvano Gai Cisco Systems, USA Politecnico di Torino, IT [email protected] Terena 2000 1 Agenda What are Content Delivery Networks?
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