PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE AND FUMIGATION IN GRAIN STORAGES. Winnipeg, Canada, June 11-13,1992 CAF

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1 PROCEEDINGS OF AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE AND FUMIGATION IN GRAIN STORAGES Winnipeg, Canada, June 11-13,1992 CAF UNDER THE AUSPICES OF Agricultural Research Organization, ARO The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel IN COLLABORATION WITH The Entomological Society of Israel AND The Permanent Committee of Conferences on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Grain Storages

2 FOREWORD OBITUARY OPENING ADDRESS CLOSING REMARKS TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. XI Xm XV XVH CAF CONFERENCE STATEMENT ON METHYL BROMIDE XVOI Session 1 - Current status of CA technology in different countries CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE AND FUMIGATION IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA - A DECADE OF PROGRESS RJ.DELMENICO 3 CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN CANADA N. D. G. WHITE, D.S. JAYAS, W.E. MUIRandR.N. SINHA 13 CURRENT STATUS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Glory C.SABIO 23 PRESENT AND PROSPECTIVE STATE OF THE 'TRIPLE-LOW" GRAIN STORAGE TECHNIQUE HuinaiXU and Nanyan WANG. 29 CARBON DIOXIDE FUMIGATION TRIALS IN INDIA K.S. NARASIMHAN, S. RAJENDRAN, T.S. KRISHNAMURTHY, Z.CHANDY.P.M.KHEDKAR and MA. HAKEEM 37 CURRENT STATUS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE IN NIGERIA S.D.AGBOOLA 51 Session 2 - Biological responses of arthropods to treatment with CA/fumigation LOW OXYGEN DISINFESTATION OF GRAIN: EXPOSURE PERIODS NEEDED FOR HIGH MORTALITY P.C.ANNISandH.A.DOWSETT 71 RESPONSES OF STORED-PRODUCTS INSECTS TO PHOSPHINE S. RAJENDRAN 85 CONTROLLING RUSTY GRAIN BEETLES WITH CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES G. SHUNMUGAM, D.S. JAYAS and N.D.G. WHITE 107

3 LOW OXYGEN ATMOSPHERES FOR THE CONTROL OF Callosobruchus maculatus (FABRICIUS) AND Acanthoscelides obtectus (SAY) Ch. REICHMUTH and T. I. OFUYA 115 NITROGEN-FLOW FUMIGATION FOR THE PRESERVATION OF WOOD, TEXTILES, AND OTHER ORGANIC MATERIAL FROM INSECT DAMAGE Ch. REICHMUTH, A. UNGER, W. UNGER, Gertrude BLASUM, H. PBENING, Patricia ROHDE-HEHR, R. PLARRE, Maja POSCHKO and A. WUDTKE 121 Session 3 - Biological responses of microflora to treatment with C A/fumigation EFFECTS OF INTERGRANULAR GAS COMPOSITION AND FUMIGANTS ON MOULD GROWTH AND MYCOTOXIN PRODUCTION J.LACEY 131 ANAEROBIC GROWTH OF STORAGE YEASTS IN CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE OF INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE GRAINS D.RICHARD-MOLARDandB.CAHAGNIER 151 USE OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE TO CONTROL FUNGI IN STORED GRAIN N.MAGAN 163 THE USE OF PHOSPHINE FOR INHIBITION OF FUNGAL GROWTH IN STORED GRAINS AilsaD. HOCKING and H.J. BANKS 173 DISINFECTION WITH METHYL BROMIDE OF POULTRY FEED AND STRAW LITTER CONTAMINATED ARTIFICIALLY WITH Salmonella typhimurium P. DROUIN, Jocelyne PROTAIS, P. DUCOM and Val6rie DUCOM ' 183 EFFECT OF PHOSPHINE AND DURATION OF STORAGE ON FUNGAL POPULATION AND SOME CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF SOYBEAN MEAL O.S.DHARMAPUTRA,H.SUSILO,M.SIDIKandH.HALID 191 Session 4 - Preservation of quality in CA/fumigation storage QUALITY CHANGES IN GRAIN UNDER CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE N.D.G. WHITE and D.S. JAYAS 205 MAJOR CHANGES IN STORAGE CONSTRUCTION AND THE SAFE STORAGE OF GRAIN IN TIANJIN Lianghua GUAN, Rui SUN, Shaojun YANG, Oiengguang ZHANG and Bin WANG. 215 PRESERVATION OF GRAIN IN HERMETICALLY SEALED PLASTIC LINERS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO STORAGE OF BARLEY IN CYPRUS S.NAVARRO,A.VARNAVAandE.DONAHAYE 223 VI

4 THE MECHANISM OF STORED GRAIN INSECT CONTROL AND GRAIN QUALITY MAINTENANCE BY LOW DOSAGE PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION ZhuPengQING 235 Session 5 - Physical and chemical processes in the application of CA/fumigation UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF FUMIGANTS BY GRAIN: SORPTION/DESORPTION PHENOMENA HJ. BANKS 241 CARBON DIOXIDE GAS SORPTION BY STORED WHEAT R.COFIE-AGBLOR,W.E.MUIR,S.CENKOWSKI and D.S. JAYAS 261 THE COMBINED ACTION OF LOW-TEMPERATURE, LOW-OXYGEN AND LOW-PHOSPHINE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE "TRIPLE-LOW" GRAIN STORAGE TECHNIQUE Nan-yan WANG, Quo-qiang ZHANG, Yan-yan ZHANG and Hu-naiXU 271 FINITE ELEMENT PREDICTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL CARBON DIOXIDE DIFFUSION IN GRAIN BINS K. ALAGUSUNDARAM, D. S. JAYAS, W. E. MUJR, N.D.G. WHITE and R.N.SINHA 281 COMPARISON OF RATE OF RELEASE OF PHOSPHINE FROM SOME COMMERCIAL FORMULATIONS GENERATED UNDER 75% RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND FOUR TEMPERATURES P.DUCOMandCBOURGES 293 A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR PHOSPHINE CONCENTRATION IN GRAIN STORAGE STRUCTURES P.CANNIS and HJ. BANKS 299 Session 6 - Application methodology of CA/fumigation (including storage sealing techniques) FLOW RATES OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERES REQUIRED FOR MAINTENANCE OF GAS LEVELS IN BOLTED METAL FARM BINS C. H. BELL, B. CHAKRABARTI, S. T. CONYERS, T. J. WONTNER-SMJTH andb.e.llewellin 315 PRE-FUMIGATION TO IMPROVE SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY OF PH3 GRAIN TREATMENT IN THE VESSEL'S HOLDS DURING A VOYAGE G.A. ZAKLADNOY, B. VACQUER and EJ». BELOBROV 327 EFFECT OF DELIVERY RATE OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON ITS DISTRIBUTION IN CONCRETE SILOS AND ITS SUBSEQUENT IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF STORED CORN Wu-Kang PENG and Chieh-Wu CHEN 331 vn

5 DUCTING SYSTEMS FOR SILO FUMIGATIONS IN TIANJIN MUNICIPALITY, CHINA Rui SUN, Lianghua GUAN, Chengguang ZHANG, Chunhe LIU andjianhualui 343 PURGE AND MAINTENANCE RATES OF CARBON DIOXIDE FOR WHEAT TREATMENT IN A REASONABLY SEALED SILO B. CHAKRABARTI, CH. BELL, B.E. LLEWELLJN andt.j. WONTNER-SMITH 353 Session 7 - Integrated pest control methods FUMIGATION DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES: ECONOMIC LOSSES VS. RISKS J. T. CRISWELL, G.W. CUPERUS, W.S. FARGO, R.T. NOYES, B. ADAM, P. KENKEL, E. WILLIAMS, and K. ANDERSON 365 USE OF A CYLINDER-BASED FORMULATION OF PHOSPHINE AS A CONTROL STRATEGY FOR FLOOR-STORED GRAIN C. H. BELL, B. CHAKRABARTI and K. A. MILLS 379 INTEGRATION OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE AND LOW TEMPERATURE FOR DISINFESTATION AND CONTROL OF DRIED FRUIT BEETLES S. NAVARRO, E. DONAHAYE, Miriam RJNDNER, R. DIAS and A. AZRIELI 389 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIROFLO IN AUSTRALIA R.G. WINKS 399 Session 8 - Potential threats to conventional fumigation (regulatory status, insect resistance, residues, environmental aspects) POTENTIAL THREAT TO CONVENTIONAL FUMIGATION FROM REGULATORY LEGISLATION IN EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Z.KORUNIC 413 THE FEDERAL GRAIN INSPECTION SERVICE FUMIGATION POLICY AND PROCEDURES J.GILER 433 METHYL BROMIDE FUMIGATION AND OZONE DEPLETION J.SARGENT 439 SPECIFICITY OF INDUCED RESISTANCE TO HYPOXIA AND HYPERCARBIA IN TWO STRAINS OF Tribolium castaneum (HERBST) E. DONAHAYE and Miriam RINDNER 441 PHOSPHINE RESISTANCE IN STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS J.L.ZETTLER 449 vm

6 Posters Session EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON Prostephanus truncatus (HORN) L.SUSS,DariaP.LOCATELLIandM.BORIANI 463 SEALED STACKS: A PROGRESS REPORT ON THE TECHNOLOGY M. SIDIK and J. E. van S. GRAVER 471 THE EFFECT OF DECREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF INSECT PESTS OF STORED-PRODUCTS M.J. DALES, R.W.D. TAYLOR and A.H. HARRIS 477 SEALED STORAGE TECHNOLOGY ON AUSTRALIAN FARMS A. S.ANDREWS and P. C.ANNIS 483 QUALITY CHANGES IN PEANUTS SHIPPED BY RAIL UNDER CARBON DIOXIDE K. HOLD and D.M. WILSON 485 PHYTO EXPLO FUMIGATION: IN TRANSIT GRAIN FUMIGATION IN THE HOLDS OF A TANKER/BULKER B. VACQUER, G. ZAKLADNOY, A. VASILIEV, E. BELOBROV, J. ROGERSON, B.KUGLERandM.ABDULLAEV 489 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATION OF MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN RICE GRAIN DURING STORAGE E.BEKKI and L. ZHANG 495 A DESCRIPTIVE MODEL FOR THE BEHAVIOUR OF PHOSPHINE WHERE VESSELS ARE DAMAGED WHILE CARRYING FUMIGATED GRAIN E.P. BELOBROV, G.A. ZAKLADNOY, B. VACQUER, P. QUESNEL, U.SCHWARTZ and D.COLEMAN 503 "DOUBLE-LOW": A SYNTHESIS OF CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE AND FUMIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR STORED GRAIN CONSERVATION TaoMEI-CHUAN and Wang YA-NAN 511 CURRENT RESEARCH WITH CARBON DIOXIDE IN CROATIA DarkaHAMEL 515 PHYTO EXPLO FUMIGATION APPLIED IN SILOS B. VACQUER, G. ZAKLADNOY, A. VASILIEV, E. BELOBROV, J. ROGERSON, B.KUGLER and M.ABDULLAEV 527 GRAIN PRESERVATION BY REDUCTION OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS USING MICROORGANISMS Jiang ZHONGZHU 533 Rapporteurs' reports. 543 Author indes 559 IX