Commandes de vol électriques Airbus: une approche globale de la sûreté de fonctionnement
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1 Systèmes & Logiciels pour les NTIC dans le Transport 18 mai 2006 Presented by Pascal TRAVERSE Prepared with Isabelle LACAZE & Jean SOUYRIS Commandes de vol électriques Airbus: une approche globale de la sûreté de fonctionnement 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris
2 AIRBUS Fly-by-Wire Safety process & trade-off Fly-by-Wire design for dependability What is «fly-by-wire» dependability threats Physical faults Design & manufacturing errors Particular risks Human-Machine Interface 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 2
3 SAFETY REQUIREMENT ALLOCATION SAFETY SEVERITY CLASSES AND ASSOCIATED OBJECTIVES Classes Assumption of less than 100 Cat. FC CATASTROPHIC Objectives at FC level < 10-9/hr + Fail Safe criterion Objectives at Aircraft level < 10-7/hr + Fail Safe criterion HAZARDOUS < 10-7/hr no objective MAJOR < 10-5/hr no objective MINOR Gradation of effort Quantitative & qualitative no objective FC: Failure Condition no objective 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 3
4 SAFETY PROCESS Safety & Reliability method and process - Research, - Standards, - Processes, - Methods, - Guidelines, - Tools, - In service follow up - S/R Rules and recom. - Regulation Cost requirements s y s t e m l i s t Multi program, multi disciplinary activities Top Level Top Level TOP (AIRCRAFT) Program Product Requirements Requirements Top level requirements document Previous A/C design and In service experience A/C constraints A/C Functions List (COMPONENT) Function /Systems allocation matrix Aircraft functions list requirements DOWN PROCESS allocation Multi system activities on one program 3- System S/R Requirements document SRD Airworthiness regulation, MMEL 1- S/R Common Data Document 2- Aircraft FHA (Functional Hazard Analysis 4- System function list and System FHA 5- : Prelim. system Safety Assessment FIA: Function Implantation Analysis IHA/ECHA: Intrinsic/Environment hazard Analysis 6- Equipment S/R Requirements 8- COMMON CAUSE ANALYSIS (CCA): - PRA (Particular Risk Analysis) - ZSA (Zonal Safety Analysis) - CMA (Common Mode Analysis) - HHA (Human Hazard Analysis 7- Equipment level Safety/Reliability studies (FMEA/FMES, etc.) 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 4 PTS PTS PTS A/C Requirements/CRI, Significant Items, Aircraft S/R Reviews System/equipment activities on one program Aircraft 11-Airworthiness 12-Lessons manufacturer BOTTOM - UP directives monitoring learned evaluation System S/R Reviews Common Cause activities on one program Aircraft in service Aircraft certification 10- Aircraft Safety/ Reliability Synthesis 9b- System Safety Assessment and MMEL safety justification 9a- first flight, Interface S/R Activities Multi disciplinary activities
5 SAFETY PROCESS Cost requirements Top Level Program Requirements Top Level Product Requirements Previous A/C design and In service experience Airworthiness regulation, MMEL Aircraft manufacturer directives 11-Airworthiness monitoring 12-Lessons learned Aircraft in service Safety & Reliability method and process - Research, - Standards, - Processes, - Methods, - Guidelines, - Tools, - In service follow up - S/R Rules and recom. - Regulation s y s t e m l i s t Multi program, multi disciplinary activities Function /Systems allocation matrix A/C constraints Aircraft functions list Top level requirements document LESSONS LEARNED A/C Functions List Multi system activities on one program 3- System S/R Requirements document SRD 1- S/R Common Data Document 2- Aircraft FHA (Functional Hazard Analysis 4- System function list and System FHA 5- : Prelim. system Safety Assessment FIA: Function Implantation Analysis IHA/ECHA: Intrinsic/Environment hazard Analysis 6- Equipment S/R Requirements 8- COMMON CAUSE ANALYSIS (CCA): - PRA (Particular Risk Analysis) - ZSA (Zonal Safety Analysis) - CMA (Common Mode Analysis) - HHA (Human Hazard Analysis 7- Equipment level Safety/Reliability studies (FMEA/FMES, etc.) 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 5 PTS PTS PTS A/C Requirements/CRI, Significant Items, Aircraft S/R Reviews System/equipment activities on one program IN-SERVICE AIRCRAFT System S/R Reviews Common Cause activities on one program Aircraft certification 10- Aircraft Safety/ Reliability Synthesis 9b- System Safety Assessment and MMEL safety justification 9a- first flight, Interface S/R Activities Multi disciplinary activities
6 SAFETY PROCESS Safety & Reliability method and process Cost requirements Top Level Program Requirements Top Level Product Requirements Top level requirements document Previous A/C design and In service experience - Research, A/C constraints A/C Functions List - Standards, - Zonal Safety Analysis - Processes, - Methods, - Guidelines, - Tools, - In service follow up - S/R Rules and recom. - Regulation s y s t e m l i s t Aircraft functions list 3- System S/R Requirements document SRD Airworthiness regulation, MMEL COMMON CAUSE ANALYSIS: - Particular Risk Analysis - Common Function /Systems Mode Analysis allocation matrix - Human Hazard Analysis Multi program, multi disciplinary activities Multi system activities on one program 1- S/R Common Data Document 2- Aircraft FHA (Functional Hazard Analysis 4- System function list and System FHA Aircraft manufacturer directives 5- : Prelim. system Safety Assessment FIA: Function Implantation Analysis IHA/ECHA: Intrinsic/Environment hazard Analysis 6- Equipment S/R Requirements 8- COMMON CAUSE ANALYSIS (CCA): - PRA (Particular Risk Analysis) - ZSA (Zonal Safety Analysis) - CMA (Common Mode Analysis) - HHA (Human Hazard Analysis 7- Equipment level Safety/Reliability studies (FMEA/FMES, etc.) 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 6 PTS PTS PTS A/C Requirements/CRI, Significant Items, Aircraft S/R Reviews System/equipment activities on one program 11-Airworthiness monitoring System S/R Reviews Common Cause activities on one program 12-Lessons learned Aircraft in service Aircraft certification 10- Aircraft Safety/ Reliability Synthesis 9b- System Safety Assessment and MMEL safety justification 9a- first flight, Interface S/R Activities Multi disciplinary activities
7 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN / trade-off (QAWA) Quantification of Availability & Weight of an Architecture Handling quality and flight control system characterisation for global aircraft optimisation (strong inter-dependency) Consolidated Safety (control availability), Weight, Dispatch Reliability, and Power needs evaluation (flight control and hydraulic) Common core methods and Matlab modules 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 7
8 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN / trade-off (structural loads) SF Reduced aircraft weight SF is the achieved Safety Factor Loads to be considered can be due to a design gust, when a Load Alleviation System is unavailable (SF = Ultimate loads / loads due to manoeuvre, gust, not alleviated) or the sum of loads due to a continuing failure (surface oscillation) and of all design loads λ is the probability per flight hour of the failure T is an exposure time during which loads are not alleviated Increased system cost And/or decreased reliability 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 8 λt
9 AIRBUS Fly-by-Wire Safety process & trade-off Fly-by-Wire design for dependability What is «fly-by-wire» dependability threats Physical faults Design & manufacturing errors Particular risks Human-Machine Interface 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 9
10 AIRBUS FLY-BY-WIRE: BACKGROUND SAFETY AVAILABILITY 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 10
11 What is Fly-by- Wire? From Mechanical Flight Control System. Flight Augmentation Computer AP Feel and Limitation Computer AP A/C response to Fly-By-Wire.or Electrical Flight Control System (EFCS). or Commandes de Vol électriques (CDVE) Auto-pilot computer A/P order Fly-by-wire computers A/C Response 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 11
12 What is Fly-by- Wire? From Fly-by-Wire. Auto-pilot computer A/P order Fly-by-wire computers A/C Response HYDRAULIC POWER to Fly-by-Wire associated to Power-by-Wire. Auto-pilot computer A/P order Fly-by-wire computers HYDRAULIC and A/C Response ELECTRICAL POWER 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 12
13 AIRBUS Fly-by-Wire Safety process & trade-off Fly-by-Wire design for dependability What is «fly-by-wire» dependability threats Physical faults Design & manufacturing errors Particular risks Human-Machine Interface 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 13
14 AIRBUS Fly-by-Wire Safety process Fly-by-Wire design for dependability What is «fly-by-wire» dependability threats Physical faults Design & manufacturing errors Particular risks Human-Machine Interface 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 14
15 PHYSICAL FAULTS SAFETY COM MON COMMAND & MONITORING COMPUTER 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 15
16 PHYSICAL FAULTS AVAILABILITY C M P1 C M S1 P2 C M C M REDUNDANCY ACTIVE / STAND-BY P1/Green P2/Blue S1/Green S2/Blue S2 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 16
17 DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ERROR Airbus Fly-by-Wire: system is developed to ARP 4754 level A Computers to DO178B & DO254 level A (plus internal guidelines) Fault prevention & removal Two types of dissimilar computers are used PRIM SEC Fault tolerance C M 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 17 P1 C M S1
18 DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ERROR FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION - interface between aircraft & computer sciences - automatic code generation - Classical V&V means, plus - virtual iron bird (simulation) - some formal proof 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 18
19 DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ERROR PROOF of PROGRAM Applied on A380 FbW software, on a limited basis credit for certification Method appraisal on-going on system functional specification 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 19
20 DESIGN & MANUFACTURING ERROR P1 P2 C M C M C M C M S1 S2 FAULT TOLERANCE - SEC simpler than PRIM - PRIM HW SEC HW - 4 different software - data diversity - From random dissimilarity to managed one - Comforted by experience 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 20
21 PARTICULAR RISKS COMMON POINT AVOIDANCE PRIM1-SEC VU - Qualification to environment - Physical separation - Ultimate back-up PRIM3-SEC3- CPIOMC VU PRIM2-SEC2- CPIOMC VU 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 21
22 PARTICULAR RISKS ULTIMATE BACK-UP - Continued safe flight while crew restore computers - Expected to be Extremely Improbable - No credit for certification - From mechanical (A320) to electrical (A380 & A400M) 3000psi 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 22 r 28VDC
23 ELECTRICAL ACTUATION A A340 ELECTRICAL GENERATION HYDRAULIC GENERATION EMER GEN GEN 1 GEN 2 APU GEN GREEN PUMP YELLOW PUMP BLUE PUMP Avionics Flight Controls Actuators A380 A400M ELECTRICAL GENERATION HYDRAULIC GENERATION EMER GEN GEN 1 GEN 2 APU GEN GREEN PUMP YELLOW PUMP Avionics Flight Controls Actuators MORE REDUNDANCY DISSIMILAR (HYDRAULIC / ELECTRICAL) INCREASED SEGREGATION 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 23
24 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE Protection Detection, warning Situation Awareness, Advisory Aircraft handling, SOPs, environment AUTOMATISATION Ultimate safety net Instant flight management off danger Routine tasks DECISION HELP Reduction of workload, stress, complexity Pilot as a supervisor 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 24
25 HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE -Flight envelope protections -TCAS, TAWS - Airbus protections Stick released : Aircraft will fly inside normal Flight Envelope Normal Let the crew concentrate on trajectory Peripheral Stick on the stops : Aircraft will fly at the maximum safe limit 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 25
26 FLY-BY-WIRE DEPENDABILITY Some lessons The aircraft is safe if a global approach is taken (stack of redundancy vs. common point) continuity in the process (design.. Certification.. In-service) management is supportive & pro-active Reference: Traverse, P., Lacaze, I., Souyris, J.: Airbus fly-by-wire: a total approach to dependability. 18 th IFIP World Computer Congress Topical session fault tolerance for trustworthy and dependable information infrastructure (Toulouse, France), Kluwer Academic Press, 2004, pp ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 26
27 This document and all information contained herein is the sole property of AIRBUS S.A.S. No intellectual property rights are granted by the delivery of this document and the disclosure of its content. This document shall not be reproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express written consent of AIRBUS S.A.S. This document and its content shall not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. They are based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressed in good faith. Where the supporting grounds for these statements are not shown, AIRBUS S.A.S. will be pleased to explain the basis thereof. 10ième session : transports et sûreté de fonctionnement - outils, techniques et approches, ENST, Paris 18 mai 2006 Page 27
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