OPERATING SYSTEMS Internais and Design Principles

Transcription

1 OPERATING SYSTEMS Internais and Design Principles FOURTH EDITION William Stallings, Ph.D. Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

2 CONTENTS Web Site for Operating Systems: Internais and Design Principles, vi Preface, ix Chapter 0 Reader's Guide, Outline of the Book, Topic Ordering, Internet and Web Resources, 4 PART ONE BACKGROUND, 7 Chapter 1 Computer System Overview, Basic Elements, Processor Registers, Instruction Execution, Interrupts, The Memory Hierarchy, Cache Memory, I/O Communication Techniques, Recommended Reading, Problems, 39 Appendix 1A Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memory, 41 Appendix 1B Procedure Control, 48 Chapter 2 Operating System Overview, Operating System Objectives and Functions, The Evolution of Operating Systems, Major Achievements, Characteristics of Modern Operating Systems, Windows 2000 Overview, 83

3 XIV CONTENTS 2.6 Traditional UNIX Systems, Modern UNIX Systems, Recommended Reading, Problems, 101 PART TWO PROCESSES, 103 Chapter 3 Process Description and Control, Process States, 108,3.2 Process Description, Process Control, UNIX SVR4 Process Management, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 149 Chapter 4 Threads, SMP, and Microkernels, Processes and Threads, Symmetrie Multiprocessing, Microkernels, Windows 2000 Thread and SMP Management, Solaris Thread and SMP Management, Linux Process and Thread Management, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 194 Chapter 5 Concurrency: Mutual Exclusion and Synchronization, 5.1 Principles of Concurrency, Mutual Exclusion: Software Approaches, Mutual Exclusion: Hardware Support, Semaphores, Monitors, Message Passing, Readers/Writers Problem, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 255 Chapter 6 Concurrency: Deadlock and Starvation, Principles of Deadlock, Deadlock Prevention, Deadlock Avoidance, 275

4 CONTENTS XV 6.4 Deadlock Detection, An Integrated Deadlock Strategy, Dining Philosophers Problem, UNIX Concurrency Mechanisms, Solaris Thread Synchronization Primitives, Windows 2000 Concurrency Mechanisms, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 294 PART THREE MEMORY, 299 Chapter 7 Memory Management, Memory Management Requirements, Memory Partitioning, Paging, Segmentation, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 324 Appendix 7A Loading and Linking, 325 Chapter 8 Virtual Memory, Hardware and Control Structures, Operating System Software, UNIX and Solaris Memory Management, Linux Memory Management, Windows 2000 Memory Management, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 384 Appendix 8A Hash Tables, 387 PARTFOUR SCHEDULING, 391 Chapter 9 Uniprocessor Scheduling, Types of Scheduling, Scheduling Algorithms, Traditional UNIX Scheduling, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, 425

5 xvi CONTENTS 9.6 Problems, 426 Appendix 9A Response Time, 428 Appendix 9B Queuing Systems, 431 Chapter 10 Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling, Multiprocessor Scheduling, Real-Time Scheduling, Linux Scheduling, UNIX SVR4 Scheduling, 463 «10.5 Windows 2000 Scheduling, 465 '10.6 Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 469 PART FIVE INPUT/OUTPUT AND FILES, 471 Chapter 11 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling, I/O Devices, Organization of the I/O Function, Operating System Design Issues, I/O Buffering, Disk Scheduling, RAID, Disk Cache, UNIX SVR4 I/O, Windows 2000 I/O, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 514 Appendix IIA Disk Storage Devices, 515 Chapter 12 File Management, Overview, File Organization, File Directories, File Sharing, Record Blocking, Secondary Storage Management, UNIX File Management, Windows 2000 File System, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, 560

6 CONTENTS XVÜ Recommended Reading, Problems, 562 PART SIX Chapter 13 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS, 565 Distributed Processing, Client/Server, and Clusters, Client/Server Computing, 571 Distributed Message Passing, 583 Remote Procedure Calls, 586 Clusters, 590 Windows 2000 Cluster Server, 596 Sun Cluster, 598 Beowulf and Linux Clusters, 601 Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, 603 Recommended Reading, 604 Problems, 605 Chapter 14 Distributed Process Management, Process Migration, 608 Distributed Global States, 615 Distributed Mutual Exclusion, 620 Distributed Deadlock, 631 Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, 643 Recommended Reading, 643 Problems, 644 PART SEVEN SECURITY, 645 Chapter 15 Computer Security, Security Threats, Protection, Intruders, Malicious Software, Trusted Systems, Windows 2000 Security, Summary, Key Terms, and Review Questions, Recommended Reading, Problems, 690 Appendix 15A Encryption, 691

7 XVÜi CONTENTS APPENDICES Appendix A TCP/IP, 699 A.l The Need for a Protocol Architecture, 699 A.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture, 700 Appendix B Object-Oriented Design, 709 B.l Motivation, 709, B.2 Object-Oriented Concepts, 709 B.3 Benefits of Object-Oriented Design, 714 B.4 CORBA, 715 Appendix C Programming and Operating System Projects, 719 C.l Projects for Teaching Operating Systems, 719 C.2 Nachos, 720 C.3 Research Projects, 721 C.4 Programming Projects, 722 C.5 Reading/Report Assignments, 722 Appendix D OSP: An Environment for Operating System Projects, 723 D.l Overview, 723 D.2 Innovative Aspects of OSP, 726 D.3 Comparison with Other Operating System Courseware, 728 D.4 The OSP Software Distribution, 729 D.5 OSP Mailing List, 729 D.6 Future Plans, 730 Appendix E BACI: The Ben-Ari Concurrent Programming System, 731 E.l Introduction, 731 E.2 BACI, 732 E.3 Examples of BACI Programs, 735 E.4 BACI Projects, 739 E.5 Enhancements to the BACI System, 742 Glossary, 743 References, 757 Index, 771