FIFTH EDITION. Oracle Essentials. Rick Greenwald, Robert Stackowiak, and. Jonathan Stern O'REILLY" Tokyo. Koln Sebastopol. Cambridge Farnham.

Transcription

1 FIFTH EDITION Oracle Essentials Rick Greenwald, Robert Stackowiak, and Jonathan Stern O'REILLY" Beijing Cambridge Farnham Koln Sebastopol Tokyo

2 _ Table of Contents Preface xiii 1. Introducing Oracle 1 The Evolution of the Relational Database 3 Relational Basics 4 How Oracle Grew 5 The Oracle Database Family 7 Summary of Oracle Database Features 9 Database Application Development Features 10 Database Programming 10 Database Extensibility 13 Database Connection Features 14 Oracle Net Services 14 Oracle Internet Directory 14 Oracle Connection Manager 14 The Role of Oracle Fusion Middleware 15 Oracles WebLogic Server Oracle Tuxedo 18 Data Integration Business Intelligence Tools 18 Tools 19 WebCenter 19 Identity Management 20 Distributed Database Features 20 Distributed Queries and Transactions 21 Heterogeneous Services 21 Data Movement Features 22 Transportable Tablespaces 22 Advanced Queuing and Oracle Streams 22 Database Performance Features iii

3 Database Parallelization 23 Data Warehousing 23 Managing the Oracle Database 25 Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c 26 Real Application Testing Option Pluggable Databases Storage Management 28 High Availability Database Security Features 32 Advanced Security Option Label Security Option 32 Database Vault Option 33 Audit Vault and Database Firewall Option 33 Oracle Database Development Tools 33 Oracle SQL Developer Oracle Application Express Other Oracle Databases 35 Oracle MySQL 35 Berkeley DB & Oracle NoSQL Database 36 Oracle TimesTen 37 Cloudera Distribution of Hadoop Databases and Instances 39 Oracle Database Structures 40 Pluggable Databases 44 Database Initialization 45 Deploying Physical Components 46 Control Files 46 Datafiles 48 Redo Logfiles 50 Instance Memory and Processes 56 Memory Background Processes for an Instance 60 Configuration, Engineered Systems, and the Cloud 62 The Data Dictionary 63 Structures for an Instance 58 Installing and Running Oracle 65 Installing Oracle 65 Optimal Flexible Architecture 67 Supporting Multiple Oracle Versions on a Machine 67 Upgrading an Oracle Database 67 iv Table ofcontents

4 Creating a Database 68 Planning the Database 68 The Value of Estimating 70 Tools for Creating Databases 70 Oracle Net Services and Oracle Net 72 Resolving Oracle Net Service Names 73 Global Data Services 74 Oracle Net Manager 74 Oracle Connection Pooling 75 Auto-Discovery and Agents 75 Oracle Net Configuration Files 76 Starting Up the Database 77 Shutting Down the Database 78 Accessing a Database 79 Server Processes and Clients 79 Application Servers and Web Servers As Clients 80 Oracle Net and Establishing Network Connections 81 The Shared Server/Multi-Threaded Server 82 Database Resident Connection Pooling 86 Oracle in the Cloud 86 Oracle at Work 87 Oracle and Transactions 87 Flashback 89 A Transaction, Step by Step Oracle Data Structures 93 Datatypes 93 Character Datatypes 94 Numeric Datatype 95 Date. Datatype Other Datatypes 97 Type Conversion 99 Concatenation and Comparisons 100 NULLs 101 Basic Data Structures 102 Tables 102 Views 103 Indexes 104 Partitioning Additional Data Structures 111 Sequences Synonyms Table of Contents v

5 Clusters 112 Hash Clusters 113 Extended Logic for Data 113 Rules Manager H4 The Expression Filter 114 Data Design Constraints Triggers 120 Query Optimization 122 Rule-Based Optimization 123 Cost-Based Optimization 124 Specifying an Optimizer Mode 128 Saving the Optimization 131 Comparing Optimizations 131 Performance and Optimization 132 SQL Translation 132 Understanding the Execution Plan 132 SQL Advisors 134 Data Dictionary Tables 134 H5 5. Managing Oracle 137 Manageability Features 139 Database Advisors 140 Automatic Storage Management 142 Oracle Enterprise Manager 142 Enterprise Manager Architecture 145 Oracle Enterprise Manager Consoles 148 EM Express 151 Backup and Recovery 151 Types of Backup and Recovery Options 152 Oracle Secure Backup 154 Information Lifecycle Management 154 ILM in Oracle Database 12c 155 Working with Oracle Support 155 Reporting Problems 156 Automated Patching Oracle Security, Auditing, and Compliance 159 Security 159 Usernames, Privileges, Groups, and Roles 160 Identity Management 161 Security Privileges 161 vi Table of Contents

6 Special Roles: DBA, SYSDBA, and SYSOPER 162 Policies 164 Restricting Data-Specific Access 164 Label Security Option 166 Security and Application Roles and Privileges 166 Distributed Database and Multitier Security 167 Advanced Security Option 169 Encryption 170 Data Redaction 170 Secure Backup 170 Auditing 171 Compliance 172 Oracle Database Vault Option 173 Oracle Audit Vault Server 174 Flashback Data Archive 175 Transparent Sensitive Data Protection Oracle Performance 177 Oracle and Resource Usage 178 Oracle and Disk I/O Resources 179 I/O Planning Principles for an Oracle Database 179 Oracle and Parallelism 184 Block-Range Parallelism 185 Parallelism for Tables and Partitions of Tables 186 What Can Be Parallelized? 187 Partition-Based Parallelism 190 Oracle and Memory Resources 191 How Oracle Uses the System Global Area 191 How Oracle Uses the Program Global Area 194 Oracle and CPU Resources. 196 Performance Tuning Basics 198 Defining Performance and Performance Problems 199 Monitoring and Tuning the Oracle Database for Performance 199 Using the Oracle Database Resource Manager 202 Additional Monitoring and Tuning Available for Oracle Exadata 203 A Final Note on Performance Tuning Oracle Multiuser Concurrency 205 Basics of Concurrent Access 206 Transactions 206 Locks 207 Concurrency and Contention 208 Table of Contents vii

7 Integrity Problems Serialization Oracle and Concurrent User Access 209 Oracles Isolation Levels 210 Oracle Concurrency Features 211 How Oracle Handles Locking A Simple Write Operation A Conflicting Write Operation A Read Operation Concurrent Access and Performance 217 Workspaces Workspace Implementation 218 Workspace Operations 219 Workspace Enhancements Oracle and Transaction Processing 221 OLTP Basics 221 What Is a Transaction? 222 What Does OLTP Mean? 222 OLTP Versus Business Intelligence 224 Transactions and High Availability 225 Oracles OLTP Heritage 225 Architectures for OLTP 227 Traditional Two-Tier Client/Server 227 Stored Procedures 228 Three-Tier Systems 228 Application Servers and Web Servers 230 The Grid 231 OLTP and the Cloud 232 Oracle Features for OLTP 232 General Concurrency and Performance 232 Scalability 234 Real Application Clusters 237 Exadata and OLTP 239 High Availability Oracle Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence 243 Data Warehousing Basics 244 The Evolution of Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence 245 A Topology for Business Intelligence 246 Data Marts 247 The Operational Data Store and Enterprise Warehouse 248 viii Table of Contents

8 OLTP Systems and Business Intelligence 249 Big Data and the Data Warehouse 249 Data Warehouse Design 250 Query Optimization 252 Bitmap Indexes and Parallelism 253 Optimization Provided by the Exadata Storage Server Software 255 Dimensional Data and Hierarchies in the Database 256 Summary Tables 256 Materialized Views 257 OLAP Option 257 Analytics and Statistics in the Database 258 Basic Analytic and Statistical Functions 258 Other SQL Extensions 259 Advanced Analytics Option 260 Other Datatypes and Big Data 262 Loading Data into the Data Warehouse 263 Managing the Data Warehouse 265 Business Intelligence Tools 267 Oracle Business Intelligence Foundation Suite 267 Business Intelligence Applications 269 Data Discovery and Oracle Endeca Information Discovery 270 Oracle Exalytics 271 The Metadata Challenge 271 Putting It All Together 272 A Complete Analytics Infrastructure 272 Best Practices 273 Common Misconceptions Effective Strategy Oracle and High Availability 277 What Is High Availability? 278 Measuring High Availability 278 The System Stack and Availability 280 Server Hardware, Storage, and Database Instance Failure 281 What Is Instance Recovery? 282 Phases of Instance Recovery Protecting Against System Failure 284 Component Redundancy 284 Disk Redundancy 285 Automatic Storage Management 287 Site and Computer Server Failover 288 Oracle Data Guard and Site Failures Tableof Contents ix

9 Oracle Active Data Guard and Zero Data Loss 291 Oracle GoldenGate and Replication 291 Real Application Clusters and Instance Failures 293 Oracle Transparent Application Failover 296 Oracle Application Continuity 298 Recovering from Failures and Data Corruption 299 Developing a Backup-and-Recovery Strategy 299 Taking Oracle Backups 300 Using Backups to Recover 300 Recovery Manager 302 Read-Only Tablespaces and Backups 304 Old-Fashioned Data Redundancy 304 Point-in-Time Recovery 305 Flashback 305 Planned Downtime Oracle and Hardware Architecture 309 System Basics 310 Symmetric Multiprocessing Systems and Nodes 311 Clustered Solutions, Grid Computing, and the Cloud 313 Disk and Storage Technology 316 Oracle s Engineered Systems 317 Oracle Exadata Database Machine 317 Oracle Exalogic 320 Oracle SuperCluster 321 Oracle Database Appliance 322 Other Engineered Systems 322 Choosing and Defining the Right Platform 323 Sizing and Planning for Growth 323 Maximum Availability Architecture Considerations 324 Justifying an Oracle Engineered System Oracle Distributed Databases and Distributed Data 327 Accessing Distributed Databases 328 Distributed Data Across Multiple Oracle Databases 328 Access to and from Non-Oracle Databases 329 Two-Phase Commit 330 Oracle Tuxedo 331 Replication and Data Transport 333 Replication Basics 333 History of Oracle Replication Offerings 334 Oracle GoldenGate 335 x Table ofcontents

10 Global Data Services 336 Data Transport Using Database Features Oracle Extended Datatypes 339 Object-Oriented Development 340 Object-Relational Features 340 Java's Role and Web Services 343 JavaBeans 344 Extensibility Features and Options 345 Oracle Multimedia 345 Oracle Text 346 XML DB 346 Oracle Spatial and Graph Option 347 The Extensibility Architecture Framework Oracle and the Cloud 351 Cloud Definitions 351 Common Characteristics 352 Cloud Levels 353 Is the Cloud New? 354 Use Cases for Cloud Computing 356 Oracle Database in the Cloud 357 Oracle as a DBaaS 357 Oracle as a PaaS 357 Consumer and Provider 358 Oracle Database Cloud Service 358 History of Application Express 360 Architecture 361 Development with the Database Cloud Service 364 SQL Developer and the Database Cloud 369 Implementing Provider Clouds 369 A. What's New in This Book for Oracle Database 12c 371 B. Additional Resources 379 Index 389 Table of Contents xi