Sedentarity and Exercise in the Canadian Population. Angelo Tremblay Division of kinesiology

Transcription

1 Sedentarity and Exercise in the Canadian Population Angelo Tremblay Division of kinesiology

2 Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

3 Évolution de la pratique d activité physique des adultes canadiens min. d activité physique d intensité moyenne au moins 4 x / semaine 20 min. d activité physique d intensité élevée au moins 4 x / semaine Bryan, S. and Katzmarzyk, PT. Are Canadians meeting the guidelines for moderate and vigorous leisure time physical activity? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 34: , 2009.

4 BMI over time in Canadians kg/m 2 Male adults kg/m 2 Female adults Tremblay, MS. et coll., Condition physique des enfants et des jeunes au Canada: Résultats de l Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé, ,Rapport sur la santé No XPF, Statistique Canada, 2010.

5 Waist circumference over time in Canadians Male adults cm Female adults cm Shields, M. et coll., Condition physique des adultes au Canada: Résultats de l Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé, ,Rapport sur la santé No X, Statistique Canada, 2010.

6 Grip strength over time in Canadians Male adults kg Female adults kg Shields, M. et coll., Condition physique des adultes au Canada: Résultats de l Enquête canadienne sur les mesures de la santé, ,Rapport sur la santé No X, Statistique Canada, 2010.

7 Reduced fitness in a context of apparent reduced sedentariy: what does it mean?

8 Obesity and physical inactivity: the relevance to reconsider the notion of sedentariness J.-P. Chaput and A. Tremblay Obesity Facts 2: , 2009

9 Sleep: a component of sedentarity with the lowest energy cost which affects: Appetite control Thermogenesis Body weight Glycemic stability and glucose tolerance

10 Effect of sleep curtailment on appetite control Design: randomized, 2 period, 2 condition crossover clinical study in 12 healthy men Intervention: 2 days of sleep restriction and 2 days of sleep extension under controlled conditions of caloric intake and physical activity Results: plasma leptin (18%) ghrelin (28%) hunger (24%) appetite (23%) Spiegel K et al. Ann Intern Med (2004).

11 Mean energy intake from snacks during two 14-d stays with different bedtimes Variable Bedtime (h/day) Energy intake from 1087* 866 snacks (kcal/d) Carbohydrate intake 65* 61 (% kcal) *Significant difference between the two conditions (p < 0.05) Adapted from Nedeltcheva AV, AJCN 89: , 2009

12 Sleep: a component of sedentarity with the lowest energy cost which affects: Appetite control Thermogenesis Body weight Glycemic stability and glucose tolerance

13 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with: Obesity Metabolic disorders Hypertension Cardiovascular abnormalities

14 Body weight (kg) gain over the year before OSA diagnosis Subjects Weight gain Apneic 5.2 to 7.4 Control 0.5 to 0.5 From Phillips et al, J. Hypertens 1999 and AJP 2000

15 Prediction of EE from a reference population DEE SMR DEE (kcal/day) = age weight r 2 = 0.76 SMR (kcal/day) = age weight r 2 = 0.69 Body weight From: Hins J et al, Int J Obes 30: , 2006

16 From: Hins J et al, Int J Obes 30: , 2006

17 OSA and thermogenesis: postulated mechanism Arterial oxygen saturation Sympathetic nervous system activity Catecholamine resistance Thermogenesis

18 Sleep: a component of sedentarity with the lowest energy cost which affects: Appetite control Thermogenesis Body weight Glycemic stability and glucose tolerance

19 Difference in mean body weight (kg) at baseline and over a 6y follow-up between normal sleepers and short or long sleepers Short sleepers Long sleepers baseline y follow-up end of follow-up Adapted from Chaput JP et al, Sleep 2008; 31:

20 Risk factors for overweight and obesity in adulthood: Results from the Quebec Family Study Risk factors Adjusted OR BW (kg) vs (cross sectional) reference category (6 y follow up) Short sleep duration 3.81* 1.65 High disinhibition eating 3.8* 1.46 behavior Low dietary calcium intake 2.88* 1.3 High susceptibility to hunger 2.2* 1.28 behavior Non participation in high intensity 2.03* 1.23 physical exercise High dietary restraint behavior 2.01* 1.09 Non consumption of multivitamin 1.86* 0.87 and dietary supplements High dietary lipid intake 1.64** 0.61 High alcohol intake 1.37** 0.39 *p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05 Adapted from Chaput et al, Obesity 2009

21 Sleep: a component of sedentarity with the lowest energy cost which affects: Appetite control Thermogenesis Body weight Glycemic stability and glucose tolerance

22 OGTT glucose areas G AAF G ABF

23 Mean glucose area below fasting glucose concentration (G ABF ) G ABF (m m o l/l x m in ) * Men G ABF (m m o l/l x m in ) * Women Short sleepers Normal sleepers Long sleepers Short sleepers Normal sleepers Long sleepers Values are mean ± SEM. * Significantly different from normal sleepers (p<0.01); p<0.05. Significantly different from short sleepers (p<0.05). Adapted from Chaput et al, Diabetologia 50: , 2007

24 Relative risk for the incidence of type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) by sleep duration group Sleep duration Diabetes/IGT n % Multivariate adjusted* 6 h h h * Adjusted for age, smoking habits, employment status, annual household income, shiftworking history, resting metabolic rate, coffee intake, participation in vigorous physical activity, and waist circumference Adapted from Chaput et al, Sleep Medicine 10: , 2009

25 Glycemia and prediction of type 2 diabetes/igt over the 6-year follow-up Predicting Type 2 diabetes/igt Variables r p Fasting glucose level (mmol/l) 0.62 <0.01 Total glucose AUC (mmol/l x min) 0.53 <0.01 Glucose ABF (mmol/l x min) 0.34 <0.01 AUC, area under the curve; glucose ABF, glucose area below fasting glucose concentrations Adapted from Chaput et al, Sleep Medicine 10: , 2009

26 Knowledge-based (mental) work: a component of sedentarity with significant independent effects on: Energy balance Energy metabolism

27 Impact of mental work on energy intake 15 female students at university 2 tasks: read an article and write an abstract of 350 words or rest 45 minutes for each task Ad libitum buffet after the task Anthropometric measurements, energy expenditure, heart rate, blood pressure, daily food intake, analog visual scales, TFEQ, STAI

28 Energy cost of the two tasks and spontaneous energy intake Energy expenditure Energy intake * Expenditure (kcal/45 min) kcal CTR TM CTR TM Intake (kcal) kcal Energy balance: intake expenditure = +226 kcal Chaput et Tremblay, Physiol. Behav. 90: 66 72, 2007

29 Knowledge-based (mental) work: a component of sedentarity with significant independent effects on: Energy balance Energy metabolism

30 Mental workload quantification Control Reading-writing Test-battery NASA-Task Load Index ± ± 15.4** 63.3 ± 16.2** Reaction time (ms) ± ± 193** 883 ± 136** **p < 0.01 versus control values. 1 Questionnaire assessing the overall perceived workload. 2 Secondary task assessing the degree of mental solicitation. Adapted from Chaput et al, Psychosomatic Med 70: , 2008

31 Impact of KBW on glucose instability, cortisolemia and ad libitum energy intake as assessed by the reaction time *p < 0.05.

32 Overweight/obesity in relation to deviations from activity-related guidelines in children: low vigorous activity TV viewing sleep duration school homework Percent 43 Overweight/ Obese n deviations Adapted from Mathieu et al, Obes. Facts 2009